Jose C. Blake, etc. v. Commonwealth

• Court: Court of Appeals of Virginia
• Decided: July 2, 1996
• Docket: 1849941
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Baker, Willis and Overton Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

JOSE C. BLAKE, a/k/a JOSEPH C. BLAKE MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 1849-94-1 BY JUDGE JOSEPH E. BAKER JULY 2, 1996 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH Jerome B. Friedman, Judge Alan E. Rosenblatt, Judge

Eric W. Schwartz (George H. Bowles; Mays & Valentine, on briefs), for appellant.

Monica S. McElyea, Assistant Attorney General (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Jose C. Blake also known as Joseph C. Blake (appellant)

appeals from judgments of the Circuit Court of the City of

Virginia Beach (trial court) that approved jury verdicts

convicting him of two counts of robbery in violation of Code

§ 18.2-58 and two counts of use of a firearm in the commission of

a felony in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. Appellant was

convicted of one count of each violation in two separate jury

trials (Emrick trial and Murray trial). On appeal from the

Emrick trial appellant argues (1) that the witness's in-court

identification of appellant was inadmissible as being

impermissibly suggestive and (2) that the trial court erred in

* Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not designated for publication. refusing to instruct the jury with respect to the lesser-included

offense of grand larceny from the person. On appeal from the

Murray trial, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

permitting him to be cross-examined beyond the scope of his

direct examination. Finding no error, we affirm the judgments of

the trial court.

Emrick Trial

On appeal we view the evidence "in the light most favorable

to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences

fairly deducible therefrom." Evans v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 609,

612, 212 S.E.2d 268, 271 (1975). Timothy Emrick (Emrick) worked

part-time as a taxicab driver. On October 23, 1993, at 7:28

p.m., Emrick was dispatched to Tivoli Apartments, Tivoli

Crescent. Emrick pulled up in front of the apartment to which he

had been dispatched. After waiting several minutes and as he was

starting to leave, Emrick noticed two people coming from the back

side of the apartments. From where he first saw the two people,

it took them a "minute or less" to reach the cab. During this

time Emrick was looking directly at them. As Emrick observed the

two, he felt he should not "pick them up."

The two approached the passenger side of the cab and

appellant knocked on the cab's front passenger-side window,

stating, "Hey. You're here for us." Appellant directed Emrick

to a destination.

Appellant opened the front passenger door and sat in the

- 2 - front seat. The other man entered the backseat of the cab from

the right rear door and sat behind appellant. As appellant

entered the car, the dome light was on and Emrick had a "[c]lear

line of vision" to appellant. Appellant was seated about a foot

from Emrick. Emrick made an entry in his log and radioed his

dispatcher that he was proceeding to the destination.

Emrick backed out of a parking space and proceeded to a stop

sign. Emrick stopped at the sign and, as he was looking to the

left, heard a "loud noise -- a bang." Emrick, startled, looked

to his right and saw a smoking gun pointed at him. Emrick did

not know if he had been shot. Appellant stated, "Give me your

money." Emrick gave appellant $19 and then appellant and the

other man fled, running toward the passenger side front end. The

whole incident, from when appellant tapped on the window to when

they fled, lasted about three minutes. Emrick left the immediate area and notified his dispatcher.

Police arrived within three to five minutes. Emrick gave the

police a description of the robbers. Emrick told one of the

police officers that he believed the gun used may have been a

"blank" gun. When asked whether he would have given appellant

money if he had not had a gun pointed at him, Emrick stated,

"Probably not. I would say no."

About a week after the incident, Emrick met with the

Virginia Beach Police. Emrick was shown a set of twelve

photographs, including one of appellant. Emrick did not identify

- 3 - appellant nor any of the other photos presented to him.

Following the presentation of the photo array Emrick never spoke

with the police or the Commonwealth's Attorney's office about

identifying suspects.

On January 4, 1994, Emrick testified at appellant's

preliminary hearing. While Emrick was testifying, appellant

walked in the room and sat down at a table with his lawyer.

There were no other black teenagers or people sitting with a

lawyer in the courtroom. At the preliminary hearing Emrick

identified appellant as one of his assailants. Emrick testified that on the night of the incident,

appellant's hair was styled similar to the way it was at the

preliminary hearing and at the trial. Appellant's hair may have

been a little shorter on the night of the robbery, but it was

styled the same, in an Afro style. The picture of appellant that

was shown to Emrick in the photo lineup was a picture of

appellant with much shorter hair, almost no hair at all. At

trial, Emrick was asked if he was "positive" that appellant was

the person who robbed him at gunpoint; Emrick responded that

there was "[n]o question about it."

Witness's Identification

Due process is violated if the pretrial identification

procedure is "so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a

very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification."

Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968). If an

- 4 - identification procedure is deemed impermissibly suggestive, it

must be determined "whether [the] identification[] . . . w[as]

nevertheless so reliable that no substantial likelihood of

misidentification existed." Wise v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App.

178, 184, 367 S.E.2d 197, 201 (1988) (citing Neil v. Biggers, 409

U.S. 188, 198 (1972)). The factors to be considered in making

this determination are: (1) the opportunity of the witness to

view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the witness's

degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness's prior

description of the criminal; (4) the level of certainty

demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5) the

length of time between the crime and the confrontation. Id. at

184-85, 367 S.E.2d at 201.

The application of these factors to this case demonstrates

that no substantial likelihood of a misidentification of

appellant by Emrick existed. Here, Emrick had the opportunity to

view appellant for approximately a minute as he approached the

cab. Additionally, Emrick had the opportunity to view appellant

at close range as he entered the cab and sat in the front seat

next to him and as appellant faced Emrick to demand money.

Emrick testified that he felt uneasy about picking up appellant

and his companion and that he was looking directly at them for

the entire time it took them to reach his cab, indicating that

Emrick was not a passive observer. Although not inordinately

specific, Emrick's first description of appellant accurately

- 5 - described appellant. Emrick stated that there was "[n]o

question" that appellant was the person who robbed him. Emrick

explained his inability to identify appellant from the photo

array, stating that, at all times that he had contact with

appellant, appellant's hair was longer and styled differently

from how appellant appeared in his picture presented as part of

the photo array. Finally, slightly more than two months passed

between the time of the robbery and the identification; this is

not an impermissibly long period of time. See Fogg v.

Commonwealth, 208 Va. 541, 159 S.E.2d 616 (1968) (victim

identified defendant at preliminary hearing more than two months

after the crime).

Jury Instruction

Appellant argues that the trial court erroneously refused to

offer a "grand larceny from the person" instruction because the

jury could have concluded that appellant effectuated the taking

from Emrick without violence or intimidation. This argument is

based on Emrick's statement to the police that he believed the

gun appellant used may have been a gun designed to shoot blanks.

Appellant's argument is without merit. Appellant pointed a

smoking gun at Emrick and demanded money. Emrick's testimony

discloses that he was frightened by appellant's actions and that

but for the presentation of the smoking gun, he would not have

given the money to appellant. The trial court did not err when

it refused to grant the instruction requested by appellant.

- 6 - Murray Trial

On October 30, 1993, James H. Murray (Murray), a delivery

driver for Chanello's Pizza, made a delivery to Regency

Apartments in Virginia Beach. Murray received the call to

deliver the pizza around 8:00 p.m. As Murray drove into the

parking lot, three young men approached his vehicle. As he

turned his vehicle around, they went back under the breezeway

from which they had come. Murray exited his car and was

approaching the building when the three men came toward him. As

they approached, one of the men pulled out a gun and said, "Come

over here. Give me the pizza and all your money." The man with

the gun directed appellant to take the pizza and the money.

Thereafter, the man with the gun ordered Murray to leave and then

shot him. At trial Murray stated that he was "pretty sure" that

appellant was the man who took the pizza and money from him. At trial, appellant relied upon an alibi defense. Evidence

in support of appellant's alibi was introduced through the direct

examination of appellant's girlfriend, Victoria Pinaro (Pinaro),

his mother, Marcia Samuels, and appellant. They testified that

on the night of the robbery appellant was with Pinaro, and later

with his mother, and that he was not involved in the crime. On

cross-examination, Pinaro denied previously telling the police

that appellant and appellant's co-defendants, Curtis Brandon

(Brandon) and Terrence Paige (Paige), visited her at her aunt's

apartment on the night of the robbery. No mention of Brandon or

- 7 - Paige was made during appellant's direct examination.

On cross-examination of appellant, the Commonwealth asked

appellant if he knew Brandon. Over appellant's objection, he

responded in the affirmative and offered that he met Brandon at a

detention home. Appellant was also asked if he knew Paige and,

over objection, responded that he had met him in school "a couple

of months" after the start of the school year.

On redirect, the Commonwealth called Virginia Beach Police

Officer Paul C. Yoakam (Yoakam). Yoakam testified to a

conversation he had with Pinaro on December 12, 1993. He stated

that Pinaro told him that appellant, Brandon, and Paige visited

her at her aunt's apartment on the night of the robbery, and that

Paige told her that Brandon shot the pizza man. The aunt's

apartment was one "court" over from the site of the shooting. Appellant argues that the trial court erred in permitting

the Commonwealth to cross-examine him on matters that exceeded

the scope of his direct examination. We disagree. "When

[appellant] took the witness stand and denied complicity in the

offenses then on trial, he opened the door for any questions on

cross-examination that the trial court, in the exercise of its

discretion, might find relevant to the issue of guilt or

innocence." Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 220, 252, 421

S.E.2d 821, 840 (1992). Since appellant denied taking part in

the robbery and shooting at issue, and the Commonwealth's theory

of the case was that appellant and two others, namely Brandon and

- 8 - Paige, perpetrated the robbery and shooting of Murray, whether

appellant knew Brandon and Paige is a matter which certainly may

be considered relevant to a determination of appellant's guilt or

innocence. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in

presiding over appellant's cross-examination.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court

in both the Emrick and the Murray trials are affirmed.

Affirmed.

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