NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 15 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JORGE CANDELAS-GARCIA, No. 19-71064
Petitioner, Agency No. A091-658-537
v. MEMORANDUM* WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted June 2, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and R. COLLINS,*** District Judge.
Jose Candelas-Garcia, the petitioner, entered the United States without
inspection or admission from Mexico in 1996. From that time until recently, he
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. did not commit any crimes and avoided deportation. A series of domestic abuse
incidents several years ago, however, brought Candelas to the attention of the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which sought to reinstate his prior order
of removal based on his 1991 conviction for attempted robbery, in violation of
California Penal Code section 211. Candelas applied for withholding of removal
and withholding and deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture
(CAT). An immigration judge (IJ) found that Candelas was barred from
withholding of removal because of his conviction of a “particularly serious crime,”
but granted Candelas deferral of removal under the CAT on the ground that he
would likely be tortured if he were removed to Mexico because of his numerous,
gang-related tattoos. In separate decisions, the Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA) affirmed the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal and sustained DHS’s
appeal of the IJ’s grant of deferral of removal.
Petitioning for review of both BIA decisions, Candelas argues that (1) the
BIA abused its discretion in concluding that his crime was “particularly serious,”
disqualifying him from withholding; and (2) the BIA erred in overturning the IJ’s
determination that Candelas met his burden of showing a likelihood of future
torture. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Reviewing the BIA’s
particularly-serious-crime determination for abuse of discretion and its CAT-relief
determination for substantial evidence, Arbid v. Holder, 700 F.3d 379, 383, 385-86
2 (9th Cir. 2012) (per curiam), we deny the petition.1
1. The BIA applied the correct legal standard for determining whether
Candelas’s attempted robbery conviction was “particularly serious.” See Gomez-
Sanchez v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 985, 991 (9th Cir. 2018) (“[A] crime is particularly
serious if the nature of the conviction, the underlying facts and circumstances[,]
and the sentence imposed justify the presumption that the convicted immigrant is a
danger to the community.” (alterations in original) (quoting Alphonsus v. Holder,
705 F.3d 1031, 1041 (9th Cir. 2013))). In Candelas’s case, the BIA examined (1)
“the nature of the crime itself (with its requirement that the taking be by force or
fear)”; (2) the circumstances and underlying facts of the conviction, including “the
fact that [Candelas’ crime] involved the use of a screwdriver in an attempt to rob
someone, [as well as] the fact that [Candelas, the instigator and getaway driver]
played a ‘pivotal role’ in the crime”; and (3) Candelas’s “lengthy 3-year sentence,”
the maximum authorized confinement for his offense.
Candelas argues that his crime was not particularly serious because he “did
not personally engage in any violent conduct,” did not explicitly “tell his friends to
steal or rob the money,” and merely acted as a driver, never intending for such
conduct to be carried out. He further argues that his three-year sentence “was only
1 Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, we do not discuss them in detail here.
3 half the sentence for a completed robbery.” But these arguments go to the weight
of the evidence rather than the BIA’s application of a legal standard. See
Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 800 F.3d 1072, 1078 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Konou
v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2014)). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction
to consider them. Id. The BIA applied the correct legal standard to determine that
Candelas committed a particularly serious crime, and that determination was
reasonable.
2. “To qualify for CAT relief, a petitioner must establish that ‘it is more
likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country
of removal.’” Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762, 770 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(c)(2)). Candelas argues that the BIA (1) improperly ignored the IJ’s
predictive findings that Candelas would likely be tortured in Mexico, and (2)
misinterpreted and improperly disregarded specific evidence bearing on Candelas’s
claim. These arguments present related but distinct legal questions and two
different standards of review.
An IJ’s predictions as to what is likely to happen to an applicant for CAT
relief if the applicant is removed are “facts,” subject to clear error review. Ridore
v. Holder, 696 F.3d 907, 918-19 (9th Cir. 2012). Under this standard, “the BIA
cannot disregard the IJ’s findings and substitute its own view of the facts”; instead,
“it must find clear error, explaining why; or, if critical facts are missing, it may
4 remand to the IJ.” Id. at 919 (citing Rodriguez v. Holder, 683 F.3d 1164, 1177 (9th
Cir. 2012)). Here, we find that, unlike in Ridore, the BIA did not ignore the
evidence or reject the IJ’s findings without explaining why. Instead, it addressed
and “grapple[d] with the evidentiary record,” Ridore, 696 F.3d at 916, clearly
articulating why, in its view, the IJ’s predictive findings were not supported by the
record. Accordingly, we do not need to remand for the BIA to reconsider the IJ’s
grant of CAT deferral under the clear error standard.
Where, as here, the BIA addresses the evidentiary record and explains why
the IJ’s findings are clearly erroneous, we review for substantial evidence the
BIA’s independent conclusion that the petitioner does not qualify for CAT relief.
Under this deferential standard, we uphold the BIA’s determination “unless the
evidence in the record compels a contrary conclusion.” Cole, 659 F.3d at 770
(quoting Arteaga v. Mukasey,
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 15 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JORGE CANDELAS-GARCIA, No. 19-71064
Petitioner, Agency No. A091-658-537
v. MEMORANDUM* WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted June 2, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: CALLAHAN and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and R. COLLINS,*** District Judge.
Jose Candelas-Garcia, the petitioner, entered the United States without
inspection or admission from Mexico in 1996. From that time until recently, he
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. did not commit any crimes and avoided deportation. A series of domestic abuse
incidents several years ago, however, brought Candelas to the attention of the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which sought to reinstate his prior order
of removal based on his 1991 conviction for attempted robbery, in violation of
California Penal Code section 211. Candelas applied for withholding of removal
and withholding and deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture
(CAT). An immigration judge (IJ) found that Candelas was barred from
withholding of removal because of his conviction of a “particularly serious crime,”
but granted Candelas deferral of removal under the CAT on the ground that he
would likely be tortured if he were removed to Mexico because of his numerous,
gang-related tattoos. In separate decisions, the Board of Immigration Appeals
(BIA) affirmed the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal and sustained DHS’s
appeal of the IJ’s grant of deferral of removal.
Petitioning for review of both BIA decisions, Candelas argues that (1) the
BIA abused its discretion in concluding that his crime was “particularly serious,”
disqualifying him from withholding; and (2) the BIA erred in overturning the IJ’s
determination that Candelas met his burden of showing a likelihood of future
torture. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Reviewing the BIA’s
particularly-serious-crime determination for abuse of discretion and its CAT-relief
determination for substantial evidence, Arbid v. Holder, 700 F.3d 379, 383, 385-86
2 (9th Cir. 2012) (per curiam), we deny the petition.1
1. The BIA applied the correct legal standard for determining whether
Candelas’s attempted robbery conviction was “particularly serious.” See Gomez-
Sanchez v. Sessions, 892 F.3d 985, 991 (9th Cir. 2018) (“[A] crime is particularly
serious if the nature of the conviction, the underlying facts and circumstances[,]
and the sentence imposed justify the presumption that the convicted immigrant is a
danger to the community.” (alterations in original) (quoting Alphonsus v. Holder,
705 F.3d 1031, 1041 (9th Cir. 2013))). In Candelas’s case, the BIA examined (1)
“the nature of the crime itself (with its requirement that the taking be by force or
fear)”; (2) the circumstances and underlying facts of the conviction, including “the
fact that [Candelas’ crime] involved the use of a screwdriver in an attempt to rob
someone, [as well as] the fact that [Candelas, the instigator and getaway driver]
played a ‘pivotal role’ in the crime”; and (3) Candelas’s “lengthy 3-year sentence,”
the maximum authorized confinement for his offense.
Candelas argues that his crime was not particularly serious because he “did
not personally engage in any violent conduct,” did not explicitly “tell his friends to
steal or rob the money,” and merely acted as a driver, never intending for such
conduct to be carried out. He further argues that his three-year sentence “was only
1 Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, we do not discuss them in detail here.
3 half the sentence for a completed robbery.” But these arguments go to the weight
of the evidence rather than the BIA’s application of a legal standard. See
Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 800 F.3d 1072, 1078 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Konou
v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2014)). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction
to consider them. Id. The BIA applied the correct legal standard to determine that
Candelas committed a particularly serious crime, and that determination was
reasonable.
2. “To qualify for CAT relief, a petitioner must establish that ‘it is more
likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country
of removal.’” Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762, 770 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(c)(2)). Candelas argues that the BIA (1) improperly ignored the IJ’s
predictive findings that Candelas would likely be tortured in Mexico, and (2)
misinterpreted and improperly disregarded specific evidence bearing on Candelas’s
claim. These arguments present related but distinct legal questions and two
different standards of review.
An IJ’s predictions as to what is likely to happen to an applicant for CAT
relief if the applicant is removed are “facts,” subject to clear error review. Ridore
v. Holder, 696 F.3d 907, 918-19 (9th Cir. 2012). Under this standard, “the BIA
cannot disregard the IJ’s findings and substitute its own view of the facts”; instead,
“it must find clear error, explaining why; or, if critical facts are missing, it may
4 remand to the IJ.” Id. at 919 (citing Rodriguez v. Holder, 683 F.3d 1164, 1177 (9th
Cir. 2012)). Here, we find that, unlike in Ridore, the BIA did not ignore the
evidence or reject the IJ’s findings without explaining why. Instead, it addressed
and “grapple[d] with the evidentiary record,” Ridore, 696 F.3d at 916, clearly
articulating why, in its view, the IJ’s predictive findings were not supported by the
record. Accordingly, we do not need to remand for the BIA to reconsider the IJ’s
grant of CAT deferral under the clear error standard.
Where, as here, the BIA addresses the evidentiary record and explains why
the IJ’s findings are clearly erroneous, we review for substantial evidence the
BIA’s independent conclusion that the petitioner does not qualify for CAT relief.
Under this deferential standard, we uphold the BIA’s determination “unless the
evidence in the record compels a contrary conclusion.” Cole, 659 F.3d at 770
(quoting Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 940, 944 (9th Cir. 2007)). When it is
apparent that the BIA’s analysis of the risk of future torture and state acquiescence
“did not consider all of the evidence before it”—for example, if the agency
“misstat[es] the record [or] fail[s] to mention highly probative or potentially
dispositive evidence”—we generally remand for the BIA to reconsider its denial,
taking into account the specific evidence presented. Id. at 771-72. Furthermore,
we have held that “the BIA must consider the risk of torture posed by conspicuous
tattoos that display affiliation with a gang, for deportation to a country where gang
5 members are routinely tortured.” Andrade v. Lynch, 798 F.3d 1242, 1245 (9th Cir.
2015) (emphasis added) (citing Cole).
Candelas argues that the BIA failed to acknowledge three, small portions of
the record bearing on his entitlement to CAT relief: (1) a newspaper article about
repatriates to Mexico who are “sometimes assault[ed] [or] torture[d]” and gang
recruitment efforts at a migrant shelter; (2) his testimony that a friend with tattoos
who returned to Mexico was threatened with torture if he refused to work for the
cartels; and (3) a 2015 Congressional Research Service Report that documented
isolated instances of torture by the cartels. Unlike in Cole, however, it is not
apparent that the BIA failed to consider this evidence, none of which is
“potentially dispositive” with respect to Candelas’s entitlement to deferral of
removal. Instead, as the BIA observed, Candelas made only a “generalized”
showing that violence and torture are more frequent in Mexico and that, in some
instances, former gang members—including but not limited to those with tattoos—
have been subject to harassment and threats by the cartels. The BIA’s conclusion
that Candelas did not present sufficient, particularized evidence of a likelihood of
torture based on his tattoos is reasonable, and the record does not compel a
contrary conclusion.
PETITION DENIED.2
2 The petitioner’s motions for stay of removal are denied as moot.