McCLELLAN, J.
The indictment, comprising two counts, charged Roy Cardwell, Will Jones, Jim Jones, and Dock Jones, with the murder of Alonzo Jones. Upon a severance, this defendant (Will Jones) was tried alone.
In the first count, the allegation is that the homicide was committed “by striking him with a rock,” and, in the second count, “by striking him with a rock or rocks, and by assaulting and beating him.”
[56] While there was some evidence that this defendant had in his hand or pocket, a short time before the fatal difficulty, a rock or rocks, there was no evidence that he, at any time actually struck deceased with a rock or rocks. His guilt of this homicide, under this indictment, must, therefore, depend upon whether he aided or abetted the person who did strike the deceased with a rock or rocks, in causing his death, or whether he so conspired or preconcerted with such person as to render' him culpable in consequence of the act of the person who did .strike the deceased'the fatal blow with the rock or rocks.
The substantive law, applicable to this prosecution— to the determination of the guilt vel non of the accused —has been often declared by this court. These expressions of presently pertinent and controlling principles and rules are quoted, that brevity and accuracy may be better conserved.
By Code 1907, § 6219, it is provided that “all persons concerned in the commission of a feloiry, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid or abet in its commission, though not present, must hereafter be indicted, tried, and punished as principals, as in the case of misdemeanors.”
“When by prearrangement, or on the spur of the mb ment, two or more persons enter upon a common enterprise or adventure, and a criminal offense is contemplated, then each is a. conspirator, and if the purpose is carried out each is guilty of the offense committed, whether he did any overt act or not. This rests on the principle that one who is present, encouraging, aiding, abetting, or assisting * * * the active perpetrator in the commission of the offense is a guilty participant, and, in the eye of the law, is equally guilty with the one who does the act. Such community of purpose^ [57] or conspiracy, needs not be proved by positive testimony. It rarely is so proved. The jury are to determine whether it exists, and the extent of it, from the conduct of the parties, and all the testimony in the case.” —Morris v. State, 146 Ala. 66, 88, 41 South. 274, 280-collecting many authorities.
Aid and abet “comprehend all assistance rendered by acts or words of encouragement or supports or presence, actual or constructive, to render assistance should it become necessary. No particular acts are necessary. If encouragement be given to commit the felony, or if, giving due weight to all the testimony, the jury are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was present with a view to render aid should it become necessary, then that ingredient of the offense is made out.” — Railford’s case, 59 Ala. 106; Tally’s Case, 102 Ala. 65 et seq., 15 South. 722.
If there is no prearrangement or preconcert, mere presence, with the intent to give aid if necessary, is not aiding or abetting “unless the principal knew of the presence, with intent to aid, of such person.” — Tally’s Case, supra; Raiford’s Case, supra; Morris’ Case, supra; 1 Whar. Cr. Law, § 210.
“Conspiracy, or a common purpose to' do an unlawful act, need not be shown by positive testimony. ' Nor need it be shown that there was prearrangement to dó the specific Avrong complained of.” — Martin’s Case, 89 Ala. 115, 8 South. 23, 18 Am. St. Rep. 91.
“So, if being present without preconcert,” two or more persons “entered into a common illegal purpose, and one or more of them did the deed of violence, and the others Avere present, aiding, abetting, encouraging, or' giving countenance to the unla.Avful act, or ready (with the perpetrator’s knoAvledge of their intent to render assistance to him if necessary — Tally’s Case, su[58] pro) to lend assistance if it should become necessary, * * the other or others are as guilty as the-actor or actors.” — Amos’s Case, 83 Ala. 1, 4, 3 South. 749, 751 (3 Am. St. Rep. 682).
“To establish a conspiracy, it is not always necessary to show prearrangement to do the particular wrongful act committed. But it is true that, when two or more persons enter upon an unlawful purpose with a common intent to aid or encourage each other in carrying out their common design, they are each responsible, civilly and criminally, for everything which may consequently and proximately result from such unlawful purpose, whether specially contemplated or not.”— Green’s Case, 97 Ala. 59, 12 South. 416, 15 South. 242.
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McCLELLAN, J.
The indictment, comprising two counts, charged Roy Cardwell, Will Jones, Jim Jones, and Dock Jones, with the murder of Alonzo Jones. Upon a severance, this defendant (Will Jones) was tried alone.
In the first count, the allegation is that the homicide was committed “by striking him with a rock,” and, in the second count, “by striking him with a rock or rocks, and by assaulting and beating him.”
[56] While there was some evidence that this defendant had in his hand or pocket, a short time before the fatal difficulty, a rock or rocks, there was no evidence that he, at any time actually struck deceased with a rock or rocks. His guilt of this homicide, under this indictment, must, therefore, depend upon whether he aided or abetted the person who did strike the deceased with a rock or rocks, in causing his death, or whether he so conspired or preconcerted with such person as to render' him culpable in consequence of the act of the person who did .strike the deceased'the fatal blow with the rock or rocks.
The substantive law, applicable to this prosecution— to the determination of the guilt vel non of the accused —has been often declared by this court. These expressions of presently pertinent and controlling principles and rules are quoted, that brevity and accuracy may be better conserved.
By Code 1907, § 6219, it is provided that “all persons concerned in the commission of a feloiry, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid or abet in its commission, though not present, must hereafter be indicted, tried, and punished as principals, as in the case of misdemeanors.”
“When by prearrangement, or on the spur of the mb ment, two or more persons enter upon a common enterprise or adventure, and a criminal offense is contemplated, then each is a. conspirator, and if the purpose is carried out each is guilty of the offense committed, whether he did any overt act or not. This rests on the principle that one who is present, encouraging, aiding, abetting, or assisting * * * the active perpetrator in the commission of the offense is a guilty participant, and, in the eye of the law, is equally guilty with the one who does the act. Such community of purpose^ [57] or conspiracy, needs not be proved by positive testimony. It rarely is so proved. The jury are to determine whether it exists, and the extent of it, from the conduct of the parties, and all the testimony in the case.” —Morris v. State, 146 Ala. 66, 88, 41 South. 274, 280-collecting many authorities.
Aid and abet “comprehend all assistance rendered by acts or words of encouragement or supports or presence, actual or constructive, to render assistance should it become necessary. No particular acts are necessary. If encouragement be given to commit the felony, or if, giving due weight to all the testimony, the jury are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was present with a view to render aid should it become necessary, then that ingredient of the offense is made out.” — Railford’s case, 59 Ala. 106; Tally’s Case, 102 Ala. 65 et seq., 15 South. 722.
If there is no prearrangement or preconcert, mere presence, with the intent to give aid if necessary, is not aiding or abetting “unless the principal knew of the presence, with intent to aid, of such person.” — Tally’s Case, supra; Raiford’s Case, supra; Morris’ Case, supra; 1 Whar. Cr. Law, § 210.
“Conspiracy, or a common purpose to' do an unlawful act, need not be shown by positive testimony. ' Nor need it be shown that there was prearrangement to dó the specific Avrong complained of.” — Martin’s Case, 89 Ala. 115, 8 South. 23, 18 Am. St. Rep. 91.
“So, if being present without preconcert,” two or more persons “entered into a common illegal purpose, and one or more of them did the deed of violence, and the others Avere present, aiding, abetting, encouraging, or' giving countenance to the unla.Avful act, or ready (with the perpetrator’s knoAvledge of their intent to render assistance to him if necessary — Tally’s Case, su[58] pro) to lend assistance if it should become necessary, * * the other or others are as guilty as the-actor or actors.” — Amos’s Case, 83 Ala. 1, 4, 3 South. 749, 751 (3 Am. St. Rep. 682).
“To establish a conspiracy, it is not always necessary to show prearrangement to do the particular wrongful act committed. But it is true that, when two or more persons enter upon an unlawful purpose with a common intent to aid or encourage each other in carrying out their common design, they are each responsible, civilly and criminally, for everything which may consequently and proximately result from such unlawful purpose, whether specially contemplated or not.”— Green’s Case, 97 Ala. 59, 12 South. 416, 15 South. 242.
This tragedy occurred a short distance from the scene of a picnic. According to a phase of the testimony, and there was much conflict in it, deceased was, when he received the fatal blow, on his “all fours,” with his head forced to the ground. The defendant was upon his back, striking him, on the head and back with his fists. At this juncture, Roy Cardwell, from a distance of about five feet, threw a rock, evidently with great force, at the head of deceased, striking him in the back of the head, and thereby causing his almost immediate death. On the picnic grounds there was a dance platform. Near it ran a spring branch. Deceased and one Connell came to the grounds late in the afternoon. Deceased was drunk. Jim Jones, and his two sons Dock and Will (defendant), as was Roy Cardwell, were there, the first named appearing, from some of the evidence, to have had a part in the management or direction of the occasion. From a phase of the testimony it appears that Jim Jones undertook to restrain his son Dock from responding to a request of deceased for a talk with him. Soon after this, and after deceased [59] and Connell laid crossed tlie branch from the side of it on which Jim Jones was, Jim Jones, some of the testimony went to show, made a hostile remark of a character readily susceptible of the interpretation that it referred to deceased and Connell, and which was capable of being understood as commanding the “boys” to take extreme measures against deceased and Connell if they undertook to recross the branch; to which Dock replied, “I’ll do it.” Deceased went off with Connell, something like 100 yards, from the picnic grounds. They stopped on the roadside, deceased sitting or lying down. Within a few minutes Jim Jones and Charley Barnes went in the same general direction, but by another road. The defendant’s contention was that Jim Jones and Barnes were in search of Jim Jones’ horse. The theory of the prosecution seems to have been that their purpose was to intercept deceased and Connell or to strike the road on which they were, beyond them, and to return by the place where deceased and Connell were. Dock Jones, Boy Cardwell, and defendant remained upon or about the platform. Jim Jones and Barnes, according to some of the testimony, did come by deceased and Connell; whereupon Jim Jones and Connell, or deceased, or both, became involved in a controversy. There was testimony from which it could be reasonably found that Barnes, during, or immediately after, this controversy, returned to the platform and had a few words with Dock Jones; that Dock and the defendant, almost immediately, started at a rapid gait toward the place at which deceased and Connell were; that Boy Cardwell followed them a few steps behind, he being in a run; that Dock, upon his arrival at the place, first encountered Connell and entered into a fight with him; that defendant passed on a few feet, and, deceased having gotten up, he (defend[60] ant)- assailed deceased with his fist, knocking him down-; and that Roy Cardwell came np, and, Avhile the situation and action, in respect of defendant and deceased, Avas as before stated, CardAvell struck deceased in the head Avith a rock, hurled with great force.
There Avas testimony tending to sIioav that at times during the period intervening, stated to have ranged from 45 minutes down to 15 minutes betAveen the arrival of deceased at the picnic grounds and the fatal blow, Jim Jones, Roy Cardwell, and defendant each had a rock in his hand .or pocket.
Under the facts, acts of the parties, and circumstances shown by phases of the testimony, an outline (only) of which we have given, the questions, whether there Avas a conspiracy, prearrangement, entered into by Jim, Dock, and Will Jones (defendant) and Roy Cardwell, to assail deceased and Connell, or, Avhether there was a community of unlawful purpose, in the premises, existing betAveen Dock and Will Jones and Roy Cardwell, or whether defendant aided or abetted Cardwell in the premises, Avere for the jury. The court took that view and so correctly submitted those issues to the jury.
A great number of special charges were requested by defendant. Many were given. A large number were refused. Those refused are urged, in brief, as being erroneously so treated. The court has, with great care, considered each of these charges refused, and so in connection with those .given at defendant’s request. The major part of those refused were faulty in their pretermission or reference, in hypothesizing defendant’s ac-' quittal, to the jury issues of conspiracy, or prearrangement, vel non, or community of purpose.
Some sought the instruction that there Avas no evidence of a stated proposition. ■ Such charges may al[61] ways be refused. They announce no legal proposition. Charge 50 is of this class. The remainder of those refused were covered by those given at defendant’s request.
We discover no error in the exception to the excerpt from the oral charge of the court. It was a general statement of abstractly sound propositions.
There was no prejudicial error in the court’s declining, on defendant’s motion, to prevent counsel assisting the prosecution from taking part in the trial after the selection of the jury and after it had been announced before the selection of the jury that the counsel later taking part in the trial would not participate therein. The court qualified the jury as to relationship and connection with the firm, and its members, thus later entering upon the trial. It does not appear that defendant would havé employed his peremptory challenges otherwise than he did when under the impression that the assisting counsel would not participate in the prosecution; nor that he would have so challenged any member of the jury in the box when informed that assisting, counsel would participate in the trial. We know of no right of any court to forbid the ■entrance of properly engaged counsel into a trial at any stage of the proceedin gs.
The condition of deceased, as to soberness, several hours before the tragedy was irrelevant. The evident object of questions in that connection and of that with respect to blood being on deceased’s face about 1:00 o’clock before his death at 5:00 o’clock, was to thereby account for bruises and wounds, other than that inflicted by Cardwell, seen on his face and head after his death. The court otherwise gave defendant the full benefit of the testimony of his witnesses to that [62] effect. There was no error in sustaining objections to the questions indicated.
And in this connection, what deceased tolcl the witness Avery, several hours before the killing, as to how he received the wounds, was obviously inadmissible.
Jim Jones not being on trial, the court properly disallowed the question to Venna Hand, seeking to show her father’s state of feeling toward Jim Jones.
There was no error in allowing, over defendant’s objection, the questions of the solicitor, on cross-examination of Rosa Roden, with reference to when, where, and how many times she saw Jim, Jones the day of the tragedy. The court did not thereby permit undue latitude on that character of examination of a Avitness for the defendant. The conduct and acts of Jim Jones on' that day Avere legitimate subjects of inquiry upon the issues in the case.
Whether Barnes, a Avitness for defendant, had been talking Avith Mr. Hand, another Avitness, about the case Avas irrevelant. It was not attempted to be-shown that Barnes had been improperly influenced in respect of his testimony by Hand.
The alleged declaration of Jim Jones to his wife that he Avas going to hunt his mare, a statement tending to refute the prosecution’s theory that his journey, on the occasion, was with a vieAV to intercept or to encounter deceased and Connell, was inadmissible. It was self-serving. It was no more than a statement of his motive or purpose.
Dr. Miller was introduced by the defendant, and testified as an expert. Among other subjects touched upon by him in his testimony was the character and location of alleged wounds, etc., upon the exhumed skull of deceased. In this connection he testified, substantially, that he did not see the skull while before the grand [63] jury returning tbe indictment, for tbe reason that be was not examined before that body. It ivas competent for the state to show, in rebuttal, that bis statement in this regard ivas erroneous. Tbe matter went to his credibility and ivas not, as is obvious, immaterial.
No prejudicial errin’ appearing, tbe judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Dowdell, O. J., and Simpson and Mayfield, JJ., concur.