UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA Newport News Division
MALIK JONES, ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 4:22cv3 ) MIDLAND FUNDING LLC, ) Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Malik Jones (“Mr. Jones”), appearing pro se, filed this action against Defendant Midland Funding LLC (“Defendant”).1 Compl., ECF No. 1. In an Order entered on April 7, 2022, the Court identified certain jurisdictional and pro se representation issues that required attention before this action could proceed and solicited a response from Mr. Jones. Order at 1-5, ECF No. 3. This matter is before the Court to assess Mr. Jones’s response. Resp., ECF No. 6. This matter is also before the Court on a Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant. Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 7. For the reasons set forth below, this action will be DISMISSED for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(h)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, will be DISMISSED as moot.
1 The Complaint identifies Mr. Jones and Taneaka Robinson (“Mrs. Robinson”) as named Plaintiffs in this action. Compl. at 1-8, ECF No. 1. However, the Complaint does not contain the signature of—nor contact information for— Mrs. Robinson. Id.; see E.D. Va. Loc. Civ. R. 7(B) (explaining that “[a]ll pleadings filed by non-prisoner litigants proceeding pro se shall contain an address where notice can be served on such person and a telephone number where such person can be reached or a message left”). In an Order entered on April 7, 2022, the Court noted that Mrs. Robinson did not sign the Complaint, and Mrs. Robinson took no action to provide her signature or otherwise indicate her intent to participate in this litigation as a named plaintiff. Order at 2, ECF No. 3. Mrs. Robinson has not signed any of the filings submitted by Mr. Jones in this action and has not submitted any filings to the Court on her own behalf. See Compl. at 1-8; Resp. at 1-14, ECF No. 6. Accordingly, the Court construes this action as one filed by a single Plaintiff, Mr. Jones, and the Clerk is DIRECTED to terminate Mrs. Robinson as a named Plaintiff on the docket of this matter. The case caption has been updated to reflect this change. I. BACKGROUND In this action, Mr. Jones alleges that on or about January 3, 2022, Mrs. Robinson “obtained a copy of her credit report from ‘credit karma’” and “observed a tradeline” from Defendant that showed “two different amounts” that Mrs. Robinson “allegedly owed to Comenity Capital Bank.” Compl. at 5. Mrs. Robinson “made a dispute via telephone”; however, Defendant “fail[ed] to
communicate to [the] consumer reporting agencies” regarding the “credit information” that Defendant knew, or should have known, was false. Id. at 5-6. Mr. Jones claims that the alleged “inaccurate and incomplete information” on Mrs. Robinson’s credit report damaged Mrs. Robinson’s “personal and credit reputation” and caused Mrs. Robinson to suffer “sever[e] humiliation and emotional distress, mental anguish, and damage to her FICO scores.” Id. at 5. Based on these alleged facts, Mr. Jones asserts a claim against Defendant pursuant to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”). Id. at 6. Although this action only involves issues regarding Mrs. Robinson’s credit report and the resulting injuries allegedly suffered by Mrs. Robinson, Mr. Jones states that he “has been assigned 100 percent of these claim(s) . . . [and] also
is Attorney-in-Fact pursuant to Virginia [Code] § 64.2-1633.” Id. at 2. Upon review, the Court questioned whether it could properly exercise jurisdiction over this action. Order at 2-4, ECF No. 3. In an Order entered on April 7, 2022, the Court explained: It is well-settled that the party asserting jurisdiction bears the burden of proving that subject matter jurisdiction exists by a preponderance of the evidence. United States ex rel. Vuyyuru v. Jadhav, 555 F.3d 337, 347-48 (4th Cir. 2009). Courts have an “independent duty to ensure that jurisdiction is proper and, if there is a question as to whether such jurisdiction exists, [they] must ‘raise lack of subject- matter jurisdiction on [their] own motion,’ without regard to the positions of the parties.” Mosley v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 802 F. Supp. 2d 695, 698 (E.D. Va. 2011) (citing Ins. Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982)); see Plyler v. Moore, 129 F.3d 728, 731 n.6 (4th Cir. 1997) (“[Q]uestions concerning subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time by either party or sua sponte by [the] court.”); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) (explaining that “[i]f the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action”). A federal court does not have jurisdiction over an action unless the plaintiff adequately establishes that he or she has standing to pursue the asserted claims. Miller v. Brown, 462 F.3d 312, 316 (4th Cir. 2006) (explaining that federal courts only have jurisdiction over “cases and controversies,” and that “standing is an integral component of the case or controversy requirement”). As courts have explained, to possess standing, a plaintiff must establish, among other things, that he or she “suffered an injury-in-fact.” Hutton v. Nat’l Bd. of Examiners in Optometry, Inc., 892 F.3d 613, 619 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016)). This requires a plaintiff to show that he or she “suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected interest’ that is ‘concrete and particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.’” Id. at 621 (quoting Spokeo, Inc., 578 U.S. at 339); see Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). Id. at 2-3. Although the Complaint indicates that Mr. Jones “has been assigned 100 percent” of Mrs. Robinson’s FDCPA claim, the Court noted in its April 7, 2022 Order that there were “no further details of the alleged assignment” before the Court and “the alleged assignment was not provided to the Court for review.” Id. at 3. The Court determined that without additional information regarding the assignment and its validity, it was unclear whether Mr. Jones had standing to pursue the asserted claim. Id. at 3-4. In its April 7, 2022 Order, the Court also stated that the facts alleged in this action raised concerns regarding the unauthorized practice of law and the improper representation of others on a pro se basis. Id. at 4-5. The Court explained: Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1654, litigants have the right to bring civil claims pro se; however, “[t]he right to litigate for oneself . . . does not create a coordinate right to litigate for others.” Myers v. Loudoun Cnty. Pub. Sch., 418 F.3d 395, 400 (4th Cir. 2005) (emphasis in original); see 28 U.S.C. § 1654. Courts recognize that the legal competence of a “layman . . . is clearly too limited to allow him to risk the rights of others.” Myers, 418 F.3d at 400 (citation omitted). Id. at 4. The Court noted that (i) “this lawsuit involves alleged errors discovered on Mrs. Robinson’s credit report and alleged injuries suffered by Mrs. Robinson”; and (ii) Mr. Jones does not appear to be a licensed attorney. Id. Thus, the Court explained that “generally speaking, Mr. Jones cannot litigate this action on behalf of Mrs. Robinson on a pro se basis.” Id. The Court recognized that Mr. Jones claims to be acting as the “Attorney-in-Fact” for Mrs.
Robinson pursuant to Virginia law; however, the Court stated: To the extent that Mr. Jones seeks to represent the interests of Mrs. Robinson on a pro se basis under the alleged authority of a power of attorney, the Court finds that Mr. Jones cannot do so. As courts have explained, although a “power of attorney may confer certain decision-making rights under state law, . . . it does not allow [a plaintiff] to litigate pro se on behalf of [another] in federal court.” Banks v. Gates Hudson & Assocs., No. 1:19cv1259, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 110615, at *6 (E.D. Va. June 23, 2020). Id. at 4-5. After summarizing the above issues, the Court ordered Mr. Jones2 to provide the Court with a copy of the pertinent assignment document within twenty-one days, and explained that “[u]pon receipt and review of the assignment, the Court will issue a separate Order that will provide further instructions to the parties regarding the next steps to be taken in this action.” Id. at 5. II. MR. JONES’S RESPONSE Mr. Jones filed a timely response to the Court’s April 7, 2022 Order (“Response”) and attached thereto a copy of the assignment, as well as a copy of a document titled, “Limited Power of Attorney.” Resp. at 1-14, ECF No. 6. In relevant part, the assignment, which was signed by Mrs. Robinson on December 1, 2021, purports to “transfer[] 100%” of Mrs. Robinson’s interest in
2 In the Court’s April 7, 2022 Order, the Court referred to Mr. Jones and Mrs. Robinson collectively as “Plaintiffs”; however, for the reasons set forth above, the Court has construed this action as one filed by a single Plaintiff, i.e., Mr. Jones. See supra note 1. her FDCPA claim to Mr. Jones. Id. at 13. Mr. Jones argues that he has “the express power to bring suit” based on the terms of the assignment and the power of attorney.3 Id. at 1. This Court addressed a strikingly similar issue in Schmidt v. Fair Collection & Outsourcing, Inc., No. 1:17cv313, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6982, at *1-5 (E.D. Va. Jan. 12, 2018). In Schmidt, a pro se plaintiff attempted to assert several claims, including an FDCPA claim, on
behalf of another individual who was not named as a plaintiff in the action. Id. at *1. The plaintiff “allege[d] violations related to collection activity” on the other individual’s account and sought “to recover damages from the credit reporting of [the other individual’s] debt.” Id. at *3. The plaintiff claimed “that he acquired the account in question” from the other individual. Id. The operative complaint contained no allegations to suggest that the defendant attempted to collect a debt from the named plaintiff, or that the named plaintiff “suffered any harm whatsoever from [the defendant’s] actions.” Id. The Court in Schmidt ultimately determined that the pro se plaintiff lacked standing to bring his asserted claims. Id. at *3-4. First, the Court explained that “the Constitution requires
that a plaintiff have standing to bring a case or controversy before a federal court.” Id. at *2. To meet this requirement, a plaintiff must “demonstrate that he suffered ‘injury in fact,’ that the injury is ‘fairly traceable’ to the actions of the defendant, and that the injury will likely be redressed by a favorable decision.” Id. (quoting Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 162 (1997)). Next, the Court noted that the plaintiff’s allegations arose from collection efforts that were targeted at an individual who was not the plaintiff. Id. at *3. Although the plaintiff claimed that he had “acquired the account in question” from the other individual, the Court explained that under Virginia law, “only
3 After Mr. Jones filed his Response to the Court’s April 7, 2022 Order, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss. Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 7. However, as set forth in more detail herein, the Court sua sponte finds that it lacks jurisdiction over this action and that dismissal is warranted under Federal Rule 12(h)(3). Thus, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, will be DISMISSED as moot. those causes of action for damage to real property or personal property, . . . and causes of action ex contractu are assignable.” Id. (alteration in original) (citing Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-26). Thus, the Court concluded that the plaintiff failed “to demonstrate that he [was] a real party of interest who ha[d] suffered an injury in fact, and therefore lack[ed] standing” to bring the asserted claims. Id. at *3-4.
Other courts faced with similar factual scenarios have reached the same outcome. For example, a pro se plaintiff filed several cases in the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, in which he sought to assert the FDCPA claims of others, who were not named plaintiffs, based on alleged claim assignments. See Dotson v. Transworld Sys., No. CIV-22-29, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120649, at *1-7 (W.D. Okla. July 8, 2022); Lottie v. Midland Credit Mgmt., No. CIV-21-1171, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111315, at *1-5 (W.D. Okla. June 23, 2022); Dotson v. Credit Bureau Servs. Ass’n, No. CIV-22-256, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115323, at *1-5 (W.D. Okla. May 25, 2022); Dotson v. Awa Collections, No. CIV-22-14, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87958, at *1-5 (W.D. Okla. May 9, 2022). In these cases, the United States
District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma explained that because the FDCPA does not address the assignability of claims, courts turn to state law to determine the validity of purported FDCPA claim assignments. See Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120649, at *5; Lottie, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111315, at *4; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115323, at *3; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87958, at *2. Pursuant to a statute in Oklahoma, the governing state law in these cases, “only contract rights are assignable; claims sounding in tort, such as personal injury and privacy claims, cannot be assigned.” Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120649, at *5 (citing Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 2017(D)); see Lottie, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111315, at *4; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115323, at *3; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87958, at *2. Because the FDCPA claims at issue in these cases sought to remedy “personal harm[s], not . . . contractual one[s],” the Court determined that the FDCPA claims were “legally unassignable.” Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120649, at *5-6; see Lottie, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111315, at *4-5; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115323, at *3-4; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87958, at *2-3. Without a valid assignment, the Court determined that the pro se plaintiff lacked standing to bring the asserted
FDCPA claims. Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120649, at *6-7 (explaining that “an invalid assignment defeats standing if the assignee has suffered no injury in fact himself” and noting that the pro se plaintiff did “not allege any injury of his own”); see Lottie, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111315, at *4-5; Dotson, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115323, at *4. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas recently addressed the same issue in Young v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, No. 6:22-CV-81, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106980, at *1-7 (E.D. Tex. May 20, 2022), adopted by 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107209 (E.D. Tex. June 15, 2022). In Young, a pro se plaintiff asserted FDCPA claims that related to the alleged debt of another, who was not a named plaintiff in the action. Id. at *1. The pro se plaintiff
claimed that he had been “assigned 100 percent of the claims.” Id. The Court in Young ultimately determined that the pro se plaintiff lacked standing to assert the FDCPA claims of the other individual. Id. at *7. In reaching its decision, the Court stated: [T]he entirety of Plaintiff’s allegations relate to an alleged injury—the lowering of a credit score due to a debt failed to be listed as disputed by Defendant—suffered by [another individual], not Plaintiff. Plaintiff has failed to allege that he can stand in the shoes of the consumer . . . and he does [not] plead any injurious exposure from Defendant’s alleged actions. As such, the court finds that Plaintiff fails to allege any basis that would give him standing to bring the FDCPA claim as alleged. Moreover, Plaintiff has not cited, and the court is unaware of, any authority that would allow [the other individual] to assign his FDCPA claim to Plaintiff. In addition, as [Plaintiff] is proceeding pro se in this matter and is not a licensed attorney, any representation of [the other individual] by [Plaintiff] would result in the unauthorized practice of law. Id. at *6-7 (citations omitted). As summarized above, in the instant action, Mr. Jones seeks to assert an FDCPA claim of Mrs. Robinson based on a purported assignment of claim and/or under the authority of an alleged power of attorney. Compl. at 2. However, pursuant to Virginia law,4 “[o]nly those causes of action for damage to real or personal property . . . and causes of action ex contractu are assignable.” Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-26; see Schmidt, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6982, at *3. The FDCPA claim
asserted by Mr. Jones does not fall into this limited category of assignable claims. See Schmidt, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6982, at *3. Thus, the Court finds that Mr. Jones’s purported assignment is invalid. Without a valid assignment and without any factual allegations to suggest that Mr. Jones personally suffered any “injury-in-fact,” the Court concludes that Mr. Jones lacks standing to bring the FDCPA claim asserted in this action. See Hutton, 892 F.3d at 619 (explaining that an “injury- in-fact” is a necessary component of the standing doctrine). Because “standing is an integral component of the case or controversy requirement,” the Court further concludes that it lacks jurisdiction over this action and that dismissal is warranted under Federal Rule 12(h)(3). Miller,
462 F.3d at 316; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). As noted above, Mr. Jones continues to argue that he may bring this action on behalf of Mrs. Robinson based on the purported authority of a power of attorney that was executed by Mrs. Robinson and Mr. Jones. Resp. at 1-3, 12. However, as the Court previously explained to Mr. Jones, “although a ‘power of attorney may confer certain decision-making rights under state law, . . . it does not allow [a plaintiff] to litigate pro se on behalf of [another] in federal court.’” Order
4 The Court finds that Virginia law governs the validity of the purported assignment. See Hill v. PeopleSoft USA, Inc., 412 F.3d 540, 543 (4th Cir. 2005) (explaining that “state law determines questions ‘concerning the validity, revocability, or enforceability of contracts generally’” (citation omitted)); see also Compl. at 2, ECF No. 1 (identifying Mr. Jones and Mrs. Robinson as Virginia residents); Resp. at 13, ECF No. 6 (summarizing the details of the purported assignment). at 5, ECF No. 3 (quoting Banks v. Gates Hudson & Assocs., No. 1:19¢v1259, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 110615, at *6 (E.D. Va. June 23, 2020)). Thus, the Court finds that the power of attorney document attached to Mr. Jones’s Response does not alter the Court’s jurisdictional findings, as summarized above, and does not authorize Mr. Jones to litigate this action for Mrs. Robinson on a pro se basis. Il. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, this action will be DISMISSED for lack of subject matter Jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(h)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, will be DISMISSED as moot. An appropriate Order shall issue.
Ly a Roderick C. Young United States District Judge Richmond, Virginia August 29, 2022