Adams, J.
The ultimate question is whether the title to the thirty-two shares of stock in the Citizens National Bank of Hendersonville is in the plaintiff as the representative of S. Y. Pickens or in the defend
ants as tbe representatives of bis wife. Tbe answer depends upon tbe interpretation of tbe testator’s will and tbe legal significance of tbe certificates of deposit.
Tbe bank certified that S. V. Pickens bad deposited the money and that it was “payable to the order of self or Cornelia S. Pickens, bis wife.” Tbe defendants say (1) that in effect the deposits were made in the names of botb the bnsband and the wife, were payable to either, and upon the death of the bnsband were payable to the wife without regard to any provision in'the husband’s will; or (2) if this position is unsound, that the word “or” should be construed to mean “and,” thereby giving to the wife a one-balf interest in all the deposits.
Tbe appellants cite C. S., 230 as supporting their first contention; but this section applies only when the deposit is made “in the names of two persons, payable to either, or payable to either or the survivor.” Tbe certificates show that the deposits were made, not in the names of two persons, but in the name of S. Y. Pickens only. Of more direct interest to the appellants is the question whether the subsequent clause in the certificates converts the deposits into a gift, in whole or in part, to the depositor’s wife. S. Y. Pickens having made the deposit in bis own name is presumed in the absence of contradictory or inconsistent evidence to be the owner of the money. It remained bis unless bis wife obtained title to it or to a part of it by trust, gift, or bequest. It is not contended that a trust was created, but that the depositor intended the certificates, treated independently of bis will, as a gift
inter vivos
to bis wife.
In the cases relating to this subject there is a distinction between those in which the account was opened or placed in the names of the depositor and another and those in which a person other than the original owner was merely authorized to draw on the deposit. Cases discussing the effect of a joint deposit in the names of the original owner and another generally refer to those who open an account on the books of the bank as joint tenants or tenants in common of the fund. An interesting collection of decisions on. this subject appears in the annotation subjoined to
Parrish v. Merchants & M. Sav. Bank,
L. R. A., 1917 C, 548, 550. In our case these decisions are not controlling for the reason that the deposit was made in the name of only one person — S. V. Pickens. Tbe second class is illustrated by eases adhering to the principle enunciated in 3 E. C. L., 579: “Where a certificate of deposit is issued payable to the order of the depositor or bis wife, it seems that after the depositor’s death the wife cannot demand payment of the deposit upon a return of the certificate. Tbe reason for this is that the title to the deposit is in the depositor, and the only right which the wife has to draw out the money is under the authority con
ferred upon her by her husband, she acting as his agent. Her power being that of an agent merely, it is revoked by the death of her husband.”
The principle was upheld many years ago by the Court of Appeals of Maryland in
Murray v. Cannon, Admrx.,
41 Md., 466. There the entry on the books of the bank and in the book of deposit was as follows: “James Cannon, subject to his order, or to the order of Mary E. Cannon.” Mary E. Cannon, the depositor’s daughter, who afterwards became the wife of a Mr. Murray, claimed the money on deposit. She had acquired possession of the deposit book during the lifetime of James Cannon, and she contended that the entry in the books was evidence of her title. The Court, disapproving her position, used this language: “To perfect a gift, the delivery of a thing intended to be given is indispensable. 'There must be a parting by the donor with the legal power and dominion over it. If he retains the dominion, if there remains to him a
locus pemt&rdice,
. . . there cannot be a perfect and legal donation, and that which is not a good and valid gift in law cannot be made good in equity.’
Patterson’s Admr. v. Gittings’ Exr.,
2 G. & J., 217;
Nickerson v. Nickerson,
28 Md., 327. The money in question was deposited in the Savings Bank to the credit of James Cannon, and so continued up to the time of his death. He retained dominion and control over it by the very terms of the account with the bank, and could at any time have drawn it out, or revoked the power given to Mary E. Cannon to obtain it upon her own order. If she had drawn out any portion of the money, she would have drawn it out as the money of James Cannon, acting in the matter as his agent, and by virtue of a then existing authority derived from him. This agency was revoked by his death,
Carey v. Dennis,
13 Md., 18, and the bank properly refused to recognize it after that period.”
The same conclusion was reached in
Second National Bank of Baltimore v. Wrightson, Ex’r,
63 Md., 81. The certificate introduced in that case showed that Samuel Stines had deposited in the bank $1,000, payable to the order of himself or Ellen Stines, his wife, on the return of the certificate. It was adjudged that the certificate did not authorize the payment of the money to Ellen Stines after the death of Samuel Stines. The principle has been applied in other cases.
Lufkin v. Lufkin,
90 Atl. (Me.), 493;
Wayne County and Home Sav. Bank v. Smith,
160 N.
W.
(Mich.), 472.
The certificate was not a gift
inter vivos
of the deposit to Cornelia S. Pickens. “To constitute a gift of a bank deposit there must be an intention to give and the consummation of an intention by a deliver of, and a loss of dominion over, the property given.” 30 C. J., 701, sec. 297. So far as the record discloses S. V. Pickens never abandoned control of the deposit or parted with the certificates. He appointed his
wife as Ms agent to withdraw the money on return of the certificate properly endorsed. The agency, which was not exercised in his lifetime, was revoked by his death. It follows that the agency cannot be converted into a tenancy in common by transforming the word “or” into “and,” as contended by the appellant.
Smith v. Smith,
190 N. C., 764, is therefore not in point.
It is contended by the appellants that without regard to the certificates, Mrs. Pickens acquired title to the personal property and the. money described in the fourth and fifth paragraphs of the will because her husband bequeathed the property and the money with absolute power of disposition and that such bequest imports absolute ownership. This is denied by the plaintiff, who contends that Mrs. Pickens acquired only a life estate in the personal property, “not specifically and otherwise disposed of in the will.” The accepted doctrine is this: “If an estate be given to a person generally or indefinitely, with a power of disposition, it carries a fee, unless the testator gives to the first taker an estate for life only, and annexes to it a power of disposition of the reversion.
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Adams, J.
The ultimate question is whether the title to the thirty-two shares of stock in the Citizens National Bank of Hendersonville is in the plaintiff as the representative of S. Y. Pickens or in the defend
ants as tbe representatives of bis wife. Tbe answer depends upon tbe interpretation of tbe testator’s will and tbe legal significance of tbe certificates of deposit.
Tbe bank certified that S. V. Pickens bad deposited the money and that it was “payable to the order of self or Cornelia S. Pickens, bis wife.” Tbe defendants say (1) that in effect the deposits were made in the names of botb the bnsband and the wife, were payable to either, and upon the death of the bnsband were payable to the wife without regard to any provision in'the husband’s will; or (2) if this position is unsound, that the word “or” should be construed to mean “and,” thereby giving to the wife a one-balf interest in all the deposits.
Tbe appellants cite C. S., 230 as supporting their first contention; but this section applies only when the deposit is made “in the names of two persons, payable to either, or payable to either or the survivor.” Tbe certificates show that the deposits were made, not in the names of two persons, but in the name of S. Y. Pickens only. Of more direct interest to the appellants is the question whether the subsequent clause in the certificates converts the deposits into a gift, in whole or in part, to the depositor’s wife. S. Y. Pickens having made the deposit in bis own name is presumed in the absence of contradictory or inconsistent evidence to be the owner of the money. It remained bis unless bis wife obtained title to it or to a part of it by trust, gift, or bequest. It is not contended that a trust was created, but that the depositor intended the certificates, treated independently of bis will, as a gift
inter vivos
to bis wife.
In the cases relating to this subject there is a distinction between those in which the account was opened or placed in the names of the depositor and another and those in which a person other than the original owner was merely authorized to draw on the deposit. Cases discussing the effect of a joint deposit in the names of the original owner and another generally refer to those who open an account on the books of the bank as joint tenants or tenants in common of the fund. An interesting collection of decisions on. this subject appears in the annotation subjoined to
Parrish v. Merchants & M. Sav. Bank,
L. R. A., 1917 C, 548, 550. In our case these decisions are not controlling for the reason that the deposit was made in the name of only one person — S. V. Pickens. Tbe second class is illustrated by eases adhering to the principle enunciated in 3 E. C. L., 579: “Where a certificate of deposit is issued payable to the order of the depositor or bis wife, it seems that after the depositor’s death the wife cannot demand payment of the deposit upon a return of the certificate. Tbe reason for this is that the title to the deposit is in the depositor, and the only right which the wife has to draw out the money is under the authority con
ferred upon her by her husband, she acting as his agent. Her power being that of an agent merely, it is revoked by the death of her husband.”
The principle was upheld many years ago by the Court of Appeals of Maryland in
Murray v. Cannon, Admrx.,
41 Md., 466. There the entry on the books of the bank and in the book of deposit was as follows: “James Cannon, subject to his order, or to the order of Mary E. Cannon.” Mary E. Cannon, the depositor’s daughter, who afterwards became the wife of a Mr. Murray, claimed the money on deposit. She had acquired possession of the deposit book during the lifetime of James Cannon, and she contended that the entry in the books was evidence of her title. The Court, disapproving her position, used this language: “To perfect a gift, the delivery of a thing intended to be given is indispensable. 'There must be a parting by the donor with the legal power and dominion over it. If he retains the dominion, if there remains to him a
locus pemt&rdice,
. . . there cannot be a perfect and legal donation, and that which is not a good and valid gift in law cannot be made good in equity.’
Patterson’s Admr. v. Gittings’ Exr.,
2 G. & J., 217;
Nickerson v. Nickerson,
28 Md., 327. The money in question was deposited in the Savings Bank to the credit of James Cannon, and so continued up to the time of his death. He retained dominion and control over it by the very terms of the account with the bank, and could at any time have drawn it out, or revoked the power given to Mary E. Cannon to obtain it upon her own order. If she had drawn out any portion of the money, she would have drawn it out as the money of James Cannon, acting in the matter as his agent, and by virtue of a then existing authority derived from him. This agency was revoked by his death,
Carey v. Dennis,
13 Md., 18, and the bank properly refused to recognize it after that period.”
The same conclusion was reached in
Second National Bank of Baltimore v. Wrightson, Ex’r,
63 Md., 81. The certificate introduced in that case showed that Samuel Stines had deposited in the bank $1,000, payable to the order of himself or Ellen Stines, his wife, on the return of the certificate. It was adjudged that the certificate did not authorize the payment of the money to Ellen Stines after the death of Samuel Stines. The principle has been applied in other cases.
Lufkin v. Lufkin,
90 Atl. (Me.), 493;
Wayne County and Home Sav. Bank v. Smith,
160 N.
W.
(Mich.), 472.
The certificate was not a gift
inter vivos
of the deposit to Cornelia S. Pickens. “To constitute a gift of a bank deposit there must be an intention to give and the consummation of an intention by a deliver of, and a loss of dominion over, the property given.” 30 C. J., 701, sec. 297. So far as the record discloses S. V. Pickens never abandoned control of the deposit or parted with the certificates. He appointed his
wife as Ms agent to withdraw the money on return of the certificate properly endorsed. The agency, which was not exercised in his lifetime, was revoked by his death. It follows that the agency cannot be converted into a tenancy in common by transforming the word “or” into “and,” as contended by the appellant.
Smith v. Smith,
190 N. C., 764, is therefore not in point.
It is contended by the appellants that without regard to the certificates, Mrs. Pickens acquired title to the personal property and the. money described in the fourth and fifth paragraphs of the will because her husband bequeathed the property and the money with absolute power of disposition and that such bequest imports absolute ownership. This is denied by the plaintiff, who contends that Mrs. Pickens acquired only a life estate in the personal property, “not specifically and otherwise disposed of in the will.” The accepted doctrine is this: “If an estate be given to a person generally or indefinitely, with a power of disposition, it carries a fee, unless the testator gives to the first taker an estate for life only, and annexes to it a power of disposition of the reversion. In that case the expressed limitation for life will control the operation of the power, and prevent it from enlarging the estate in fee.” 4 Kent Com., 520, cited in
Chewning v. Mason,
158 N. C., 578. This doctrine has been clearly stated in reference to both real and personal property in several of our decisions, among which are
Troy v. Troy,
60 N. C., 624;
Chewning v. Mason, supra; Allen v. Smith,
183 N. C., 222;
Roane v. Robinson,
189 N. C., 628. See, also,
Roberts v. Saunders,
192 N. C., 191. In
Long v. Waldraven,
113 N. C., 337, the following clause in the will of John B. Doub was contested: “It is my will that after the death of my wife my estate shall be equally divided between the heirs of my brothers and sisters with the exception of one-third of my estate which I leave at the disposal of my wife to be left as she may will.” The Court held that the testator’s widow took a life estate in all the personalty with the power of disposing of one-third of it during her life, and that as she failed to make such disposition the personal property went to the heirs of the testator’s brothers and sisters.
The fourth paragraph of testator’s will gives to Mrs. Pickens for her natural life all his personal property not otherwise disposed of by preceding or subsequent clauses, to be used and disposed of by her during her life as she saw fit. But there was a direction that the proceeds of the personal property and of the cash referred to in paragraph 5 “not disposed of by her during her life” should be collected and sold for cash by a commissioner appointed by the court. ¥e think it obvious that the testator thereby intended to give to his wife only a life estate in the personal property and in the cash described in paragraphs four and five of the will.
Tbe appellants say in tbe next place that tbe power conferred upon Mrs. Pickens to dispose of these articles was exercised by ber testamentary disposition of tbe property. Tbis position is inconsistent witb tbe direction in tbe fourth paragraph of ber husband’s will. Tbe direction is that tbe personal property therein described not disposed of by ber before ber death shall be sold, and tbe cash referred to in tbe fifth paragraph not disposed of by her before ber death shall be collected. Tbe exercise of tbe power by tbe instrumentality of ber will is thus expressly precluded. Tbe judgment is
Affirmed.