Meredith, Judge:
On October 24, 1919, Ivol Hickman, a step-daughter of defendant, and who was then a member of his family and under twenty-one years of age, was driving defendant’s automobile in returning from a foot-ball game in Parkersburg.. She was the only member of defendant’s family in the automobile, but had with her a number of her young friends. At the intersection of Covert and Sixteenth Streets she permitted defendant’s automobile to run into and practically demolish plaintiff’s automobile. Plaintiff seeks recovery of damages. As the record now stands, plaintiff clearly showed that she was negligent and that plaintiff was not. Plaintiff made a clear ease against her, but she is not made a defendant. It was also proved that the car she drove belonged to defendant. Defendant introduced, no evidence, but at the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence, defendant moved the court to exclude it and to direct a verdict for defendant, and this was done. ■
Plaintiff’s injury, the driver’s negligence and defendant’s ownership of the automobile were proved. This made a prima facie case.
“When the plaintiff has suffered injury from the negligent management of a vehicle, such as a boat, car or carriage, it is sufficient prima facie evidence that the negligence was imputable to the defendant, to show that he was the owner of the thing, without proving affirmatively that the person in charge was the defendant’s servant. It lies with the-defendant to show that the person in charge was not his-servant, leaving him to show, if he can, that the property was not under his control at the time, and that the accident was; [712]*712occasioned by tbe fault of a stranger, an independent contractor, or other person.” Shearman & Redfield, Law of Negligence, (6th ed.) Section 158.
In the case of Norris v. Kohler, 41 N. Y. 42, it was held that in an action for causing death in the streets of a city, charged to have been due to the negligence of the defendant’s servants, evidence that the fatal injury was occasioned by a run-a-way span of horses and wagon, owned by the defendant, was sufficient to authorize a jury to find persons in charge of such horses and wagon to be his servants. In discussing this phase of the evidence, the court says:
‘ ‘ The property being proved to belong to the defendant, it is urged that a presumption arises that it was in use for his benefit, and on his own account. This argument, I think, is a sound one. The ownership of personal property draws to it the possession. The owner is entitled to have and to keep possession, and no person can justly obtain possession until some act of authority from the owner is proved. Own-crship implies possession, and possession is in subordination of title. No proof was given in the present case, separating the ownership from the possession and the presumption of law is, that the wagon and horses of the defendant were in use in his service, and on his account.”
In Schaefer v. Osterbrink, 67 Wis. 495, 30 N. W. 922, 58 Am. Rep. 875, it was held that:
“In an action against a father and a son jointly to recover for the negligence of the son, a minor, where it is charged that, at the time the plaintiff was injured, the son was acting as the servant of the father it is not error to charge that ‘the presumption is that a minor child living with his father, and using his team and conveyance in and about the business of such father, is acting in his behalf and upon his direction, until the contrary is made to appear by the evidence; this fact established, the burden to show that his son was not his servant is imposed upon the father,’— where the court, in other parts of its charge, has submitted to the jury the question whether or not, at the time the negligence was committed, the son was in fact the servant of his father.”
[713]*713See also, Svenson v. Steamship Company, 57 N. Y. 108; McCoun v. Railroad Co., 66 Barb. (N. Y.) 338; Lovingston v. Baucheus, 34 Ill.App. 544; 6 Thompson, Commentaries on Negligence, Sec. 7659; 1 Cooley, Torts, (3rd. ed.) page 181.
Whether the driver of defendant’s automobile at the time\ of the accident was in,his employment.was peculiarly within his knowledge, and her negligence in its use and his. ownership of it being shown, the jury could very properly have found .that the driver was his servant; the facts shown created a presumption that she was in his service and acting on his account, and the case should have been submitted to the^ jury.
But there arises a more serious question on the record. It can fairly be inferred from the evidence that defendant’s .automobile was a “big closed” Hudson “family car;” that it was acquired by him for the use and pleasure of his family, ■including his step-daughter ■ that she was accustomed to drive it with his knowledge and consent, not only generally, but •also with his-permission on this particular occasion, and that on this drive she was using it for her own pleasure and that of her friends, one of the very purposes for which it was acquired and kept. Therefore, the question for decision is whether the defendant is liable for an accident occurring by reason of the proved negligence of his step-daughter while ■driving his automobile acquired for the purposes mentioned, by his permission, and for her pleasure.
(1) To this question courts of high order make directly opposite answers. All agree, however, that defendant’s liability depends upon whether the driver of the automobile was his servant and engaged upon defendant’s business at the time the negligent act occurred. Kayser v. Van Nest, 125 Minn. 277, 146 N. W. 1091, 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 970; Hartley v. Miller, 165 Mich. 115, 130 N. W. 336; McNeal v. McKain, 33 Okla. 449, 126 Pac. 742, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 775; Birch v. Abercrombie, 74 Wash. 486, 133 Pac. 1020, 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 59; Griffin v. Russell, 144 Ga. 275, 87 S. E. 10, L. R. A. 1916F 216, Ann. Cas. 1917D 994; Van Blaricom v. Dodgson, 220 N. Y. 111, 115 N. E. 443, L. R. A. 1917F 363; Doran v. Thomsen, 76 N. J. L. 754, 71 Atl. 296, 19 L. [714]*714R. A. (N. S.) 335, 131 A. S. R. 677; Missell v. Hayes, 86 N. J. L. 348, 91 Atl. 322; King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217, 204 S. W. 296, L. R. A. 1918F 293; Arkin v. Page, 287 Ill. 420, 123 N. E. 30, 5 A. L. R. 216.
(2) The defendant could not be held liable for the negligent wrong of his step-daughter merely because of the family relation between them. Blair v. Broadwater, 121 Va. 301, 93 S. E. 632; Cohen v. Meador, 119 Va. 429, 89 S. E. 876; Smith v. Jordan, 211 Mass. 269, 97 N. E. 761; Mirick v. Suchy, 74 Kan. 715, 87 Pac. 1141, 11 Ann. Cas. 366.
(3) An automobile is not per se such a dangerous agency that its owner is liable for injuries on a highway inflicted while being driven by another, irrespective of the relationship of master and servant, or of principal and agent. On this proposition we believe there is little disagreement, though we have no doubt that the dangerous character of the. automobile has had a very important bearing on the decisions.
(4) It necessarily follows that unless the driver of defendant’s car at the time of the injury was in his service the-defendant is not liable. The authorities can not be reconciled.
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Meredith, Judge:
On October 24, 1919, Ivol Hickman, a step-daughter of defendant, and who was then a member of his family and under twenty-one years of age, was driving defendant’s automobile in returning from a foot-ball game in Parkersburg.. She was the only member of defendant’s family in the automobile, but had with her a number of her young friends. At the intersection of Covert and Sixteenth Streets she permitted defendant’s automobile to run into and practically demolish plaintiff’s automobile. Plaintiff seeks recovery of damages. As the record now stands, plaintiff clearly showed that she was negligent and that plaintiff was not. Plaintiff made a clear ease against her, but she is not made a defendant. It was also proved that the car she drove belonged to defendant. Defendant introduced, no evidence, but at the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence, defendant moved the court to exclude it and to direct a verdict for defendant, and this was done. ■
Plaintiff’s injury, the driver’s negligence and defendant’s ownership of the automobile were proved. This made a prima facie case.
“When the plaintiff has suffered injury from the negligent management of a vehicle, such as a boat, car or carriage, it is sufficient prima facie evidence that the negligence was imputable to the defendant, to show that he was the owner of the thing, without proving affirmatively that the person in charge was the defendant’s servant. It lies with the-defendant to show that the person in charge was not his-servant, leaving him to show, if he can, that the property was not under his control at the time, and that the accident was; [712]*712occasioned by tbe fault of a stranger, an independent contractor, or other person.” Shearman & Redfield, Law of Negligence, (6th ed.) Section 158.
In the case of Norris v. Kohler, 41 N. Y. 42, it was held that in an action for causing death in the streets of a city, charged to have been due to the negligence of the defendant’s servants, evidence that the fatal injury was occasioned by a run-a-way span of horses and wagon, owned by the defendant, was sufficient to authorize a jury to find persons in charge of such horses and wagon to be his servants. In discussing this phase of the evidence, the court says:
‘ ‘ The property being proved to belong to the defendant, it is urged that a presumption arises that it was in use for his benefit, and on his own account. This argument, I think, is a sound one. The ownership of personal property draws to it the possession. The owner is entitled to have and to keep possession, and no person can justly obtain possession until some act of authority from the owner is proved. Own-crship implies possession, and possession is in subordination of title. No proof was given in the present case, separating the ownership from the possession and the presumption of law is, that the wagon and horses of the defendant were in use in his service, and on his account.”
In Schaefer v. Osterbrink, 67 Wis. 495, 30 N. W. 922, 58 Am. Rep. 875, it was held that:
“In an action against a father and a son jointly to recover for the negligence of the son, a minor, where it is charged that, at the time the plaintiff was injured, the son was acting as the servant of the father it is not error to charge that ‘the presumption is that a minor child living with his father, and using his team and conveyance in and about the business of such father, is acting in his behalf and upon his direction, until the contrary is made to appear by the evidence; this fact established, the burden to show that his son was not his servant is imposed upon the father,’— where the court, in other parts of its charge, has submitted to the jury the question whether or not, at the time the negligence was committed, the son was in fact the servant of his father.”
[713]*713See also, Svenson v. Steamship Company, 57 N. Y. 108; McCoun v. Railroad Co., 66 Barb. (N. Y.) 338; Lovingston v. Baucheus, 34 Ill.App. 544; 6 Thompson, Commentaries on Negligence, Sec. 7659; 1 Cooley, Torts, (3rd. ed.) page 181.
Whether the driver of defendant’s automobile at the time\ of the accident was in,his employment.was peculiarly within his knowledge, and her negligence in its use and his. ownership of it being shown, the jury could very properly have found .that the driver was his servant; the facts shown created a presumption that she was in his service and acting on his account, and the case should have been submitted to the^ jury.
But there arises a more serious question on the record. It can fairly be inferred from the evidence that defendant’s .automobile was a “big closed” Hudson “family car;” that it was acquired by him for the use and pleasure of his family, ■including his step-daughter ■ that she was accustomed to drive it with his knowledge and consent, not only generally, but •also with his-permission on this particular occasion, and that on this drive she was using it for her own pleasure and that of her friends, one of the very purposes for which it was acquired and kept. Therefore, the question for decision is whether the defendant is liable for an accident occurring by reason of the proved negligence of his step-daughter while ■driving his automobile acquired for the purposes mentioned, by his permission, and for her pleasure.
(1) To this question courts of high order make directly opposite answers. All agree, however, that defendant’s liability depends upon whether the driver of the automobile was his servant and engaged upon defendant’s business at the time the negligent act occurred. Kayser v. Van Nest, 125 Minn. 277, 146 N. W. 1091, 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 970; Hartley v. Miller, 165 Mich. 115, 130 N. W. 336; McNeal v. McKain, 33 Okla. 449, 126 Pac. 742, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 775; Birch v. Abercrombie, 74 Wash. 486, 133 Pac. 1020, 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 59; Griffin v. Russell, 144 Ga. 275, 87 S. E. 10, L. R. A. 1916F 216, Ann. Cas. 1917D 994; Van Blaricom v. Dodgson, 220 N. Y. 111, 115 N. E. 443, L. R. A. 1917F 363; Doran v. Thomsen, 76 N. J. L. 754, 71 Atl. 296, 19 L. [714]*714R. A. (N. S.) 335, 131 A. S. R. 677; Missell v. Hayes, 86 N. J. L. 348, 91 Atl. 322; King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217, 204 S. W. 296, L. R. A. 1918F 293; Arkin v. Page, 287 Ill. 420, 123 N. E. 30, 5 A. L. R. 216.
(2) The defendant could not be held liable for the negligent wrong of his step-daughter merely because of the family relation between them. Blair v. Broadwater, 121 Va. 301, 93 S. E. 632; Cohen v. Meador, 119 Va. 429, 89 S. E. 876; Smith v. Jordan, 211 Mass. 269, 97 N. E. 761; Mirick v. Suchy, 74 Kan. 715, 87 Pac. 1141, 11 Ann. Cas. 366.
(3) An automobile is not per se such a dangerous agency that its owner is liable for injuries on a highway inflicted while being driven by another, irrespective of the relationship of master and servant, or of principal and agent. On this proposition we believe there is little disagreement, though we have no doubt that the dangerous character of the. automobile has had a very important bearing on the decisions.
(4) It necessarily follows that unless the driver of defendant’s car at the time of the injury was in his service the-defendant is not liable. The authorities can not be reconciled. In the leading case of Doran v. Thomsen, supra, a case very similar to the case at bar, the court held that the owner was not liable. In that case the daughter, who was the driver, was the only member of defendant’s family in the-automobile. In the later case of Missell v. Hayes, supra, a son of the defendant was driving the automobile, and with him at the time of the accident were the defendant’s wife and daughter, and two guests. The court differentiates that case from the case of Doran v. Thomsen in that in the Mis-sell case there were members of defendant’s family in the automobile other than the driver, and held that it was a question for the jury to determine whether the son while driving the automobile was the father’s servant on the father’s business, saying: “It was within the scope of the-father’s business to furnish his wife and daughter, who were-living with him as members- of his immediate family, with outdoor recreation just the same as it was his business to> furnish them with food and clothing, or to minister to their [715]*715health in other ways,” and affirmed a judgment in favor of the plaintiff. This view is sustained in the following cases: Denison v. McNorton, 142 C. C. A. 631, 228 Fed. 401; Lemke v. Ady, 159 N. W. 1011, (Ia. 1916); Collission v. Cutter, 186 Ia; 276, 170 N. W. 420; Uphoff v. McCormick, 139 Minn. 392, 166 N. W. 788; Stowe v. Morris, 147 Ky. 386, 144 S. W. 52, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 224; McNeal v. McKain, 33 Okla. 449, 126 Pac. 742, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 775.
We see no possible ground of difference- concerning the owner’s liability, whether there be but one member of the family or all members of the family in the automobile at the time of the negligent injury. If the father makes it his business or affair to furnish members of his family with ah automobile for family use, and he maintains it for that purpose, just the same as it is his business to furnish them with food and clothing or to minister to their health in other ways, then he is in the furtherance of that business just as surely when a single member of the family is driving it for his own pleasure and convenience as if all the family were riding in it. Counsel for defendant say that defendant is not liable for the negligence of the step-daughter in the operation of the automobile in the present case because it was none of his affair; but we hold that he made it his affair by maintaining the automobile for the very purpose for which she was using it at the time of the injury. He owned the machine and had the right to say where, how, and by whom it might be used, and impliedly, if not expressly, authorized the use to which it was put when the accident occurred. The doctrine of agency is not confined to merely commercial f business transactions, but extends to cases where, the father ; maintains an automobile for family use, with a general au-; thority, expressed or implied, that it may be used for the Í comfort, convenience, pleasure, and entertainment or outdoor recreation of members of the owner’s family. This view accords with the great weight of authority, and is sustained by: Kayser v. Van Nest; Stowe v. Morris; McNeal V. McKain; Birch v. Abercrombie; Smith v. Jordan; Griffin v. Russell; Denison v. McNorton; all cited supra; also, Crittendon v. Murphy, 36 Cal. App. 803, 173 Pac. 595; Tyree v. [716]*716Tudor, 181 N. C. 214, 106 8. E. 675; Davis v. Littlefield, 97 S. C. 171, 81 S. E. 487; Johnson v. Smith, 143 Minn. 350, 173 N. W. 675; Benton v. Regeser, 20 Ariz. 273, 179 Pac. 966; Boes v. Howell, 24 N. M. 142, 173 Pac. 966.
This view was also applied in cases of horse drawn vehicles, decided before the introduction of the automobile, Schaefer v. Osterbrink, 67 Wis. 495, 30 N. W. 922; Lashbrook v. Patten, 1 Duvall (Ky.) 316. It is not a new graft on the law of agency. It is merely applying old principles to new conditions. There are practical considerations involved to which courts can not close their eyes. This doctrine puts the financial responsibility of the owner behind the automobile while it is being used by a member of the family, (who is likely to be financially irresponsible), in furtherance of the business and purposes for which it is maintained. The Supreme Court of Tennessee in the case of King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217, 204 S. W. 296, L. R. A. 1918F 293, has tersely stated the doctrine, and we quote with approval from the opinion in that case:
“If a father purchases an automobile for the pleasure and entertainment of his family, and, as Dr. Smythe did, gives his adult son, who is a member of his family, permission to use it for pleasure, except when needed by the father, it would seem perfectly clear that the son is in the furtherance of this purpose of the father while driving the car for his own pleasure. It is immaterial whether this purpose of the father be called his business or not. The law of agency is not confined to business transactions. It is true that an automobile is not a dangerous instrumentality so as to make the owner liable, as in the case of a wild animal loose on the streets; but, as a matter of practical justice to those who are injured, we can not close our eyes to the fact that an automobile possesses excessive weight, that it is capable of running at a rapid rate of speed, and when moving rapidly upon the streets of a populous city, it is dangerous to life and limb and must be' operated with care. If an instrumentality of this kind is placed in the hands of his family by a father, for the family’s pleasure, comfort, and entertainment, the dictates of natural justice should require that the owner should [717]*717be responsible for its negligent operation, because only by doing so, as a general rule, can substantial justice be attained. A judgment for damages against an infant daughter or an infant son, or a son without support and without property, who is living as a member of the family, would be an empty form. The father, as owner of the automobile and as head of the family, can prescribe the conditions upon which it may be run upon the roads and streets, or he can forbid its use altogether. . He must know the nature of the instrument and the probability that its negligent operation will produce injury and damage to others. We think the practical administration of justice between the parties is more the duty of the court than the preservation of some esoteric theory concerning the law of principal and agent. If owners of automobiles are made to understand that they will be held liable for injury to person and property occasioned by their negligent operation by infants or others who are financially irresponsible, they will doubtless exercise a greater degree of care in selecting those who are permitted to go upon the public streets with such dangerous instrumentalities. An automobile cannot be compared with golf sticks and other small articles bought for the pleasure of the family. They are not used on public highways, and are not of the same nature of automobiles. ’ ’
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment, set aside the verdict, and grant the plaintiff a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.