Tamm, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from an order entered on July 1,1969, by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia granting a judgment in favor of the defendant, Aetna Insurance Company.1 The order was entered pursuant to the trial judge’s written findings of fact and conclusions of law based on two days of trial, affidavits and briefs. Since counsel has not objected to the trial court’s findings of fact and since we find no error in the conclusions of law, we would affirm.
This is an action against Aetna for the recovery of insurance premium refunds, that is, unearned premiums on insurance policies cancelled prior to their expiration date. The plaintiffs are corporations primarily engaged in operating and maintaining apartment hotels and other properties for lease. The various plaintiffs obtained insurance [73] policies covering the properties owned by them through the Washington Insurance Agency, Inc. (hereinafter “WIA”)- WIA is not a party to this action, but at all times pertinent hereto, was the general agent of Aetna as well as of other insurance companies. Under the agency contract between them, WIA had the power to sign and issue binding insurance contracts for Aetna. WIA placed plaintiffs’ insurance with Aetna as well as with other insurance companies it served. Plaintiff, Jonathan Wood-ner Company (hereinafter “Woodner”), as parent corporation of the other plaintiffs, agreed to be responsible for all insurance premiums due on policies issued to the other plaintiffs. The Aetna policies about which this suit is centered were issued during the period from 1963 to 1966 and each contained a provision that in the event of cancellation prior to the expiration date, the paid premium allocable to the unexpired term would be refunded. During the period March 1,1966 to June 10,1966, all of the subject policies were cancelled, the gross unearned premiums thereon totaling $20,329.57.
WIA had handled exclusively all of the insurance needs for the properties of plaintiff Woodner located in the metropolitan area. Throughout the greater part of their business relationship, WIA maintained for this company what is known as an “open account,” which account was later enlarged to include all transactions with WIA of each of the other plaintiffs. The account related to insurance purchased from various companies including Aetna. The mentioned “open account” worked in the following manner. The premiums paid to Aetna and other insurance companies by WIA for policies for plaintiffs would be entered in the open account as debits. Sums received on account of plaintiffs’ policies were entered by WIA in the open account as credits. When policies were financed through a bank and the bank sent its check to WIA to cover the premiums, the amount of the check went in the open account as a credit. Under invoice agreements the insured, as security for the loan, assigned to the bank the return premiums on the policies so financed up to an amount sufficient to sat[74] isfy the unpaid balance under the invoice agreements. Whenever policies were cancelled and unearned premiums (which had not been assigned) were refunded, the amount of these premiums would be entered as a credit in the open account.
On March 10, 1966, Mr. Lewis Bowen, the Comptroller and Secretary of Woodner, telephoned Mr., Bosenberg of WIA and advised him that in the future a Mr. Matarasso would be handling all the Woodner properties regarding insurance. A week later, Mr. Matarasso visited WIA and discussed the matter of cancellation of current policies. Mr. Matarasso did not give WIA definite information as to the effective date of cancellation, it being understood, however, that Matarasso wanted to get binders giving temporary insurance coverage before the current policies were can-celled. In the following weeks WIA received binders covering some of the policies and correspondence from Matarasso advising that other binders were on their way to WIA. On April 21, 1966, WIA received a one paragraph letter dated April 20, 1966, written by Mr. Bowen which stated: “We have appointed the firm of A. Matarasso & Co., Inc., as our insurance agents for all properties previously handled by you.” By early June, all policies which had been placed by WIA for the plaintiffs had been cancelled. The full amount of unearned premiums which are the subject of this suit had been refunded by Aetna to WIA. WIA added to the refunds the amount of its unearned commissions allocable to the unexpired period, and credited the open account with this gross amount. A final account, dated June 15, 1966, was rendered by WIA to plaintiffs, which account shows all disbursements and all credits made in connection with the cancellation of these policies.
In a letter to Aetna, dated June 28, Mr. Bowen listed the Aetna policies, which are the subject of this suit, and requested that the unearned premium refunds thereon be sent directly to plaintiffs. Aetna replied to Mr. Bowen in a letter dated June 29, 1966, informing Mr.. Bowen that Aetna did not deal directly with its insured, and assuring him that the matter had been turned over to Aetna’s agent, WIA. At no time did plaintiffs direct WIA to return the [75] unearned premium refunds to the plaintiffs and not to apply them to the open account. Aetna had never dealt directly with plaintiffs in the past with respect to receiving orders for insurance and refunding unearned premiums upon cancellation of policies. In fact, WIA maintained an “open account” for the insureds throughout the greater part of this twenty-year business relationship. Prior to June 28, 1966, there was no communication from plaintiffs to Aetna requesting that unearned premiums he returned directly to plaintiffs and not to WIA.
The plaintiffs’ main contentions on appeal are twofold. First, the plaintiffs contend that they had expressly terminated their relationship with WIA more than three months prior to complete remittance of the unearned premiums by the insurer to WIA.2 Because the purported agency relationship between WIA and the insured was terminated, they argue, WIA had no authority to receive the premium returns on June 9, 1966. It is asserted that since WIA was a general policy-writing agent for Aetna, the knowledge of this agency termination is appropriately imputable to Aetna, the principal. Before we mention the plaintiffs’ second contention we will deal directly with their first argument.
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Tamm, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from an order entered on July 1,1969, by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia granting a judgment in favor of the defendant, Aetna Insurance Company.1 The order was entered pursuant to the trial judge’s written findings of fact and conclusions of law based on two days of trial, affidavits and briefs. Since counsel has not objected to the trial court’s findings of fact and since we find no error in the conclusions of law, we would affirm.
This is an action against Aetna for the recovery of insurance premium refunds, that is, unearned premiums on insurance policies cancelled prior to their expiration date. The plaintiffs are corporations primarily engaged in operating and maintaining apartment hotels and other properties for lease. The various plaintiffs obtained insurance [73] policies covering the properties owned by them through the Washington Insurance Agency, Inc. (hereinafter “WIA”)- WIA is not a party to this action, but at all times pertinent hereto, was the general agent of Aetna as well as of other insurance companies. Under the agency contract between them, WIA had the power to sign and issue binding insurance contracts for Aetna. WIA placed plaintiffs’ insurance with Aetna as well as with other insurance companies it served. Plaintiff, Jonathan Wood-ner Company (hereinafter “Woodner”), as parent corporation of the other plaintiffs, agreed to be responsible for all insurance premiums due on policies issued to the other plaintiffs. The Aetna policies about which this suit is centered were issued during the period from 1963 to 1966 and each contained a provision that in the event of cancellation prior to the expiration date, the paid premium allocable to the unexpired term would be refunded. During the period March 1,1966 to June 10,1966, all of the subject policies were cancelled, the gross unearned premiums thereon totaling $20,329.57.
WIA had handled exclusively all of the insurance needs for the properties of plaintiff Woodner located in the metropolitan area. Throughout the greater part of their business relationship, WIA maintained for this company what is known as an “open account,” which account was later enlarged to include all transactions with WIA of each of the other plaintiffs. The account related to insurance purchased from various companies including Aetna. The mentioned “open account” worked in the following manner. The premiums paid to Aetna and other insurance companies by WIA for policies for plaintiffs would be entered in the open account as debits. Sums received on account of plaintiffs’ policies were entered by WIA in the open account as credits. When policies were financed through a bank and the bank sent its check to WIA to cover the premiums, the amount of the check went in the open account as a credit. Under invoice agreements the insured, as security for the loan, assigned to the bank the return premiums on the policies so financed up to an amount sufficient to sat[74] isfy the unpaid balance under the invoice agreements. Whenever policies were cancelled and unearned premiums (which had not been assigned) were refunded, the amount of these premiums would be entered as a credit in the open account.
On March 10, 1966, Mr. Lewis Bowen, the Comptroller and Secretary of Woodner, telephoned Mr., Bosenberg of WIA and advised him that in the future a Mr. Matarasso would be handling all the Woodner properties regarding insurance. A week later, Mr. Matarasso visited WIA and discussed the matter of cancellation of current policies. Mr. Matarasso did not give WIA definite information as to the effective date of cancellation, it being understood, however, that Matarasso wanted to get binders giving temporary insurance coverage before the current policies were can-celled. In the following weeks WIA received binders covering some of the policies and correspondence from Matarasso advising that other binders were on their way to WIA. On April 21, 1966, WIA received a one paragraph letter dated April 20, 1966, written by Mr. Bowen which stated: “We have appointed the firm of A. Matarasso & Co., Inc., as our insurance agents for all properties previously handled by you.” By early June, all policies which had been placed by WIA for the plaintiffs had been cancelled. The full amount of unearned premiums which are the subject of this suit had been refunded by Aetna to WIA. WIA added to the refunds the amount of its unearned commissions allocable to the unexpired period, and credited the open account with this gross amount. A final account, dated June 15, 1966, was rendered by WIA to plaintiffs, which account shows all disbursements and all credits made in connection with the cancellation of these policies.
In a letter to Aetna, dated June 28, Mr. Bowen listed the Aetna policies, which are the subject of this suit, and requested that the unearned premium refunds thereon be sent directly to plaintiffs. Aetna replied to Mr. Bowen in a letter dated June 29, 1966, informing Mr.. Bowen that Aetna did not deal directly with its insured, and assuring him that the matter had been turned over to Aetna’s agent, WIA. At no time did plaintiffs direct WIA to return the [75] unearned premium refunds to the plaintiffs and not to apply them to the open account. Aetna had never dealt directly with plaintiffs in the past with respect to receiving orders for insurance and refunding unearned premiums upon cancellation of policies. In fact, WIA maintained an “open account” for the insureds throughout the greater part of this twenty-year business relationship. Prior to June 28, 1966, there was no communication from plaintiffs to Aetna requesting that unearned premiums he returned directly to plaintiffs and not to WIA.
The plaintiffs’ main contentions on appeal are twofold. First, the plaintiffs contend that they had expressly terminated their relationship with WIA more than three months prior to complete remittance of the unearned premiums by the insurer to WIA.2 Because the purported agency relationship between WIA and the insured was terminated, they argue, WIA had no authority to receive the premium returns on June 9, 1966. It is asserted that since WIA was a general policy-writing agent for Aetna, the knowledge of this agency termination is appropriately imputable to Aetna, the principal. Before we mention the plaintiffs’ second contention we will deal directly with their first argument.
Although it is quite agreed that WIA no longer had authority to purchase insurance policies for Woodner, it seems evident that WIA was expected to cancel the policies [76] with. Aetna. Mr.. Bowen’s March 10, 1966, telephone call to Mr. Bosenberg advising him that a Mr. Matarasso wonld be handling all the Woodner properties regarding insurance, the subsequent conversation between Bosenberg and Matarasso at which time Bosenberg was told to cancel their policies as soon as they received binders (Bosenberg Tr. 65), and the April 20, 1966, letter written by Mr. Bowen naming A. Matarasso & Co., Inc., as their “insurance agents for all properties previously handled by [WIA]” (emphasis added), indicate very strongly that WIA was to arrange for the cancellation of the policies.. Inasmuch as WIA was to cancel these policies, it could be assumed, unless there were contrary instructions, that the cancellation and refunding of unearned premiums were to be handled as they had been the past twenty years. At no time prior to June 28, 1966, did plaintiffs direct anyone to return the unearned premium refunds to the plaintiffs and not to apply them to the open account. Plaintiffs were in contact with WIA throughout the months in which these cancellations were being effected. Plaintiffs had ample opportunity to instruct WIA regarding the unearned premium refunds which would be forthcoming from the policies to be cancelled. In the absence of directions from plaintiffs in regard to these unearned premiums Aetna and WIA handled the cancellation and refunds as in the past. All such handling had been completed prior to plaintiffs’ June 28, 1966, letter to Aetna in which plaintiffs made their initial request that refund checks be sent directly to them. Thus, even if we impute the knowledge of WIA to Aetna, plaintiffs would still be estopped from asserting that premium refunds have not been returned to them by Aetna, as the procedure used was a continuation of a long course of conduct and uninterrupted custom adopted by WIA and plaintiffs. See Goodman v. Dicker (1948), 83 App. D. C. 353, 169 F. 2d 684.
The plaintiffs’ second contention is based on their interpretation of D. C. Code, Section 35-1334 (1967), which provides in pertinent part:
“Any policy-writing agent or salaried company em[77] ployee authorized by any company to solicit, negotiate, bind, write, or issue policies or applications therefor shall, in any controversy between the insured or his representative and the said company, be held to be the agent of the company which issued or effected the policy solicited or so applied for, anything in the application or policy to the contrary notwithstanding. (Emphasis added.)
“Any payment made by or on behalf of the insured to any broker for policies issued to such broker for delivery to the insured or issued directly to the insured on the order of such broker, shall, in controversies between the insured and the company, be deemed to have been paid to the company.”
The plaintiffs read this provision in the Code to say that the policy-writing agent may be the agent only for the insurer, thereby excluding any possibility of a duel agency relationship whereby WIA could be an agent for both the insured and the insurer. Thus, they would say, the return of the unearned premiums to WIA is merely a payment to their own agent and is not payment to an agent of the insured.. We can see in this statute no intention of Congress to abolish the concept of dual agency that is prevalent in many jurisdictions. American Eagle Fire Ins. Co. v. Burdine (10th Cir. 1952), 200 F. 2d 26; Indemnity Ins. Co. v. Midwest Transfer Co. (7th Cir. 1950), 184 F. 2d 633; Home Ins. Co. v. Campbell Mfg. Co. (4th Cir. 1935), 79 F. 2d 588.. In fact very recently our own District of Columbia Court of Appeals recognized the dual agency concept. Adkins v. Ainley, Inc., v. Eli Busada (1970), D. C. App. 270 A. 2d 135. If Congress had wished to avoid this popular concept, it could easily have created the statute to read that any policy-writing agent shall be considered the agent of the company exclusively. Ohio had adopted this type of statute with respect to soliciting agents for life insurance companies. It provides in pertinent part, “[A]ny person who so-solicits * * * shall in any controversy * * * be considered the agent of the company and not the agent of the insured.” B. C. 3911.22 (1953). (Emphasis added..) It is significant to note that Ohio does not have this negative limitation in a [78] separate statute dealing with, soliciting agents for non-life insurance companies. It is provided there that “[a,] person who solicits * * * shall be considered as the agent of the * * * company * * V’ II. C. 3929.27 (1953). This variation in the statutes seems to indicate an intention of the Ohio legislature to expressly forbid the concept of dual agency in life insurance transactions but leaves open the possibility for such a relationship in non-life insurance transactions. Furthermore, Wisconsin has interpreted a statute very similar to the District of Columbia’s as not precluding a solicitor from acting as agent of the insured in some circumstances. John R. Davis Lumber Co. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. (1897), 95 Wis. 226, 70 N. W. 84.
We believe it is also significant that the italicized portion of D. C. Code Section 35-1334 set forth heretofore is substantially limited in its latitude by the limiting clause “ anything in the application or policy to the contrary notwithstanding.” The obvious purpose of this provision is to protect the insured, or his representative, from the “small print” pitfalls which in an earlier age were the subject of far-reaching dissatisfaction to the several courts and legislative bodies. We are unable to conclude from any legislative history or recorded cases that this code provision was designed to govern, apply to, or vary, merely upon its invocation, a pattern of business relationships which had existed for some twenty years. An effort to stretch this concise statutory provision into an all inclusive and absolute mandate governing situations neither enumerated' nor simple to the simply absurd.
It is quite obvious that WIA was acting in a dual role as an agent not only to the insurer, but also to the insured plaintiffs as their “broker.” A “broker” in the insurance field is defined in D. C. Code Section 35-1303' (1967) as:
“* * * [A]ny person who for a consideration acts or aids in any manner in the solicitation or negotiation on behalf of the assured of contracts of insurance, surety, or indemnity.”
WIA certainly meets the requirements of this definition. It purchased insurance for the plaintiffs not only [79] from Aetna but other insurance companies as well. WIA even went so far as to procure for the plaintiffs financing arrangements through banking institutions. To keep these dealings wth the various companies as free from complication as possible WIA ran a single “open account” for the benefit of the plaintiffs not Aetna.
When Congress enacted the first paragraph we referred to from D. C. Code Section 35-1334 (1967), it most rightfully wished to protect the insured from the insurance company’s agent, whose propensity to honesty and reliability has been evaluated by only the insurer and whom the insured can neither hire nor discharge. We feel by enacting the subsequent paragraph of Section 35-1334 Congress showed less eagerness to protect the insured when his own broker was involved in a controversy, for in that case the statute offers protection to the insured only in the limited circumstances when the insured has paid money to the broker for requested policies. Apparently Congress felt that when an insured’s interests are being represented by one of his own choosing he needs only limited protection. WIA was the “broker” chosen by the plaintiffs to purchase insurance for their various properties. WIA had been authorized for twenty years to collect unearned premiums for the plaintiffs. It was keeping the “open account” as an efficient method of bookkeeping for the plaintiffs and not for Aetna. With the facts as they are, we must consider WIA a policy-writing agent and a “broker.” As payment to one’s insurance broker is payment to the insured, Kaufman v. McLaughlin Co. (1966), 123 App. D. C. 92, 357 F. 2d 283, 6 Couch on Insurance 2d Section 34:102 (1961), we rule that the plaintiffs were properly paid by Aetna and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Affirmed.