MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), May 20 2016, 8:47 am this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK Indiana Supreme Court court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Ruth Johnson Gregory F. Zoeller Suzy St. John Attorney General of Indiana Marion County Public Defender Agency George P. Sherman Appellate Division Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jonathan Wallace, May 20, 2016 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A02-1507-CR-819 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Linda E. Brown, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G10-1501-CM-632
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 1 of 15 [1] Following a bench trial, Jonathan Wallace appeals his conviction for Class A
misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a license1 and raises the following
restated issued: whether the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted
into evidence, over Wallace’s objection, the handgun that was discovered
during a pat-down search of Wallace, which occurred during a traffic stop.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] On the evening of January 2, 2015, around 6:20 p.m., Indianapolis
Metropolitan Police Department (“IMPD”) Officer Kyle Flynn was on patrol in
his fully marked police car. He was stopped at the stoplight at 38th Street and
Keystone Avenue, which IMPD considers as one of its targeted “high crime”
areas. Tr. at 8-9, 13. Officer Flynn checked the license plates of some of the
cars that were also at the intersection, including a green Toyota Camry (“the
Toyota”) stopped in the lane to the right of Officer Flynn’s car, and he learned
that the license plate was expired. Officer Flynn watched the Toyota abruptly
change lanes and turn left onto Keystone Avenue. It then promptly turned right
onto East 37th Street, “at a pretty fast rate of speed.” Id. at 12. Keeping the
Toyota in his sight, Officer Flynn continued through the intersection and then
caught up to the Toyota on 37th Street. Officer Flynn activated his vehicle’s
emergency siren and lights to conduct a traffic stop of the Toyota due to the
1 See Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 2 of 15 expired license plates. The Toyota made a turn onto Caroline Avenue,
proceeded past a few houses, pulled to the left (west) side of the street, and
parked. Id. at 12-13.
[4] Officer Flynn got out of his car and approached the Toyota. The driver, later
identified as Wallace, was alone in the car. Officer Flynn asked Wallace for his
license and the vehicle’s registration, as was customary for him to do. Wallace
replied that “he didn’t have a license; he didn’t have his wallet[;] and that it was
his girlfriend’s car.” Id. at 14. While in the car, Wallace was “fidgeting” and
appeared nervous. Id. Wallace “was debating actively” with Officer Flynn
about why he was stopped, and his tone was “aggressive” and “very
confrontational,” which Officer Flynn believed was “not normal” for a traffic
stop. Id. at 17, 20. Officer Flynn determined that it would not be safe for him
to leave Wallace in the Toyota while he returned to his patrol car to conduct a
records search, so he asked Wallace to step out of his vehicle, and finding
Wallace’s conduct to be “very suspicious,” he performed a pat-down of
Wallace for officer safety. Id. at 15, 17.
[5] In Wallace’s front pocket, Officer Flynn felt what he believed from experience
to be a magazine for a Glock handgun. He then found a Glock firearm in
Wallace’s waistband. Officer Flynn removed the handgun and placed Wallace
in handcuffs. Around the time that Officer Flynn discovered and removed the
handgun and magazine from Wallace, back-up assistance arrived. At that time,
one of the officers conducted a record check on Wallace’s name. There were
no outstanding warrants, but the officers learned that Wallace’s driving status
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 3 of 15 was “suspended prior on learning permit” and that Wallace’s handgun permit
was “in limbo” as it had not yet been approved. Id. at 29. The Marion County
Sheriff’s Department transported Wallace to jail.2
[6] The State charged Wallace with one count of Class A misdemeanor carrying a
handgun without a license. Wallace waived his right to a jury trial. During the
bench trial, Wallace moved to suppress the handgun, arguing that it was the
fruit of an unconstitutional search under the Fourth Amendment and his rights
under Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. Wallace renewed the
constitutional objections throughout Officer Flynn’s testimony. The trial court
admitted the handgun into evidence over Wallace’s objections.
[7] Officer Flynn testified that the Toyota’s sudden turns in a high crime area,
along with the fact that the car had expired plates, caused him some concern,
explaining that sudden movements of that nature sometime reflect evasive
moves taken by a person to avoid being seen by police. He also noted that
when he activated his lights and siren, the Toyota did not immediately stop, but
rather turned and drove past several houses, before it stopped on the left side of
the street and turned off all its lights. Officer Flynn testified that, during the
traffic stop of the Toyota, after Wallace verbally identified himself, he
recognized Wallace from having met him during a previous encounter that
2 Officer Flynn testified that during the arrest and processing of evidence at the scene, a woman believed to be Wallace’s girlfriend came out of one of the homes near where Wallace had parked the Toyota, and the officer told her that Wallace was being arrested and that the vehicle was being towed. Tr. at 31-32.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 4 of 15 occurred some months prior, in which Wallace was the complainant, alleging
theft of his cell phone. During that prior interaction, Officer Flynn had checked
Wallace’s identification information in a system called “InterAct,” which had
indicated Wallace “may be known to carry a firearm.” 3 Corrected. Tr. at 19.
Officer Flynn testified that during the traffic stop, when he was speaking to
Wallace in the Toyota, Wallace was “fidgeting” and appeared nervous,
although Wallace did not appear to be specifically trying to reach around in the
car to grab or hide anything. Tr. at 14. When Officer Flynn asked for license
and registration, Wallace stated that he “didn’t have a license” and that he
“didn’t have his identification because he didn’t have his wallet.” Id. at 14, 20.
Wallace also told Officer Flynn that the car belonged to his girlfriend. Officer
Flynn testified that although Wallace was not loud and did not make any
threats, his tone was “argumentative,” “aggressive,” and “very
confrontational.” Id. at 17, 20. Officer Flynn testified that, based on the
situation, he made the assessment that “it was not safe to leave Wallace in the
vehicle” while the officer returned to his patrol car, so Officer Flynn asked
Wallace to step out of his car and did “a quick pat down for officer safety,”
discovering the magazine and handgun. Id. at 15. A records search revealed
that Wallace did not possess a driver’s license and also did not have a valid
permit to carry the handgun.
3 Wallace notes that InterAct was a public reports system used by IMPD for a period of time, but IMPD quit using it in December 2015. Appellant’s Br. at 7, n.3.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 5 of 15 [8] IMPD Detective Tanya Terry also testified at trial, stating that, during the
additional investigation on the case, she contacted the Indiana State Police
(“ISP”) Licensing Section and learned that when Wallace was found in
possession of the handgun, he had previously applied for a permit, but it had
not been issued yet.
[9] Wallace testified that he applied for a permit to carry a firearm at “the end of
October” 2014, and on November 14, 2014, he paid for it. Id. at 58. Wallace
testified that upon his release from jail,4 he checked his mailbox and found the
permit was there, stating, “[I]t was sent two days after I was arrested.” Id. at
59. Wallace introduced a copy of his “concealed carry permit” (“Permit”),
which the trial court admitted over the State’s objection. Def.’s Ex. B. The
Permit reflected that it was issued on January 7, 2015, five days after his arrest.
Id. Wallace testified that on January 2, 2015, the date he was arrested, he
believed that he was allowed to carry a handgun. He explained, “ISP . . . had
ninety days to approve [my] permit . . . so I believed it was approved within the
ninety days of November 14th of me paying.” Tr. at 61. He further stated that
he had not received anything to advise him that it had not been approved, and
“Like I said[,] it had been ninety days.” Id. at 62.
4 During sentencing, counsel advised the trial court that Wallace spent twelve days in jail. Tr. at 74.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 6 of 15 [10] At the conclusion of the evidence, and following argument by counsel, the trial
court found Wallace guilty as charged and sentenced him to 365 days in jail,
with 341 days suspended. Wallace now appeals.
Discussion and Decision [11] Wallace asserts that Officer Flynn lacked reasonable suspicion that Wallace
was armed and dangerous, and, therefore, the handgun was the fruit of an
unlawful search and should not have been admitted into evidence. 5 During the
bench trial, Wallace moved to suppress the handgun as the fruit of an
unconstitutional search; the trial court denied the motion, and the matter
proceeded to a bench trial. Therefore, the issue is properly framed as whether
the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence at trial. Johnson v.
State, 38 N.E.3d 658, 660 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied; Widduck v. State,
861 N.E.2d 1267, 1269 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
Our standard of review of rulings on the admissibility of evidence is essentially the same whether the challenge is made by a pretrial motion to suppress or by trial objection. We do not reweigh the evidence, and we consider conflicting evidence most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. However, we must also consider the uncontested evidence favorable to the defendant. In this sense, the standard of review differs from the typical sufficiency of the
5 Wallace does not dispute that Officer Flynn had a lawful basis for initiating the traffic stop based on the expired plates on the Toyota. Under both the Fourth Amendment and Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution, “It is well settled that a police officer may stop a vehicle when he observes a minor traffic violation.” Kroft v. State, 992 N.E.2d 818, 821 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 7 of 15 evidence case where only evidence favorable to the verdict is considered.
Widduck, 861 N.E.2d at 1269 (internal citations omitted). On appeal,
determinations regarding admissibility of evidence are reviewed for an abuse of
discretion and will be reversed only when admission is clearly against the logic
and effect of the facts and circumstances, and the error affects a party’s
substantial rights. N.W. v. State, 834 N.E.2d 159, 161 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005),
trans. denied; see also Johnson, 38 N.E.3d at 661 (even if evidentiary decision was
abuse of discretion, we will not reverse if admission constituted harmless error).
We may affirm a trial court’s decision to admit evidence seized as a result of a
search based on any legal theory supported by the record. Johnson, 38 N.E.3d
at 661. We review de novo a ruling on the constitutionality of a search or
seizure, but we give deference to a trial court’s determination of the facts, which
will not be overturned unless clearly erroneous. Id. (citing Campos v. State, 885
N.E.2d 590, 596 (Ind. 2008)). Wallace argues on appeal that the handgun
should not have been admitted into evidence because Officer Flynn’s search of
him, resulting in the seizure of the handgun, violated his rights under both the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11
of the Indiana Constitution.
Fourth Amendment
[12] The Fourth Amendment, which is applicable to the states through the
Fourteenth Amendment, protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects[ ] against unreasonable searches and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 8 of 15 seizures” by the government. U.S. Const. amend. IV. “[I]t is well-settled
Fourth Amendment jurisprudence that police may, without a warrant or
probable cause, briefly detain an individual for investigatory purposes if, based
on specific and articulable facts, the officer has reasonable suspicion that
criminal activity ‘may be afoot.’” Overstreet v. State, 724 N.E.2d 661, 663 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2000) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)), trans. denied. A
Terry stop is a lesser intrusion on the person than an arrest and may include a
request to see identification and inquiry necessary to confirm or dispel the
officer’s suspicions. Holbert v. State, 996 N.E.2d 396, 400 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013),
trans. denied.
[13] A routine traffic stop “is more analogous to a so-called ‘Terry stop’ . . . than to a
formal arrest.” Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d 775, 780 (Ind. 2001). If, after
making a Terry stop, an officer has a reasonable fear of danger, he may perform
a carefully limited pat-down of the outer clothing of the individual in an
attempt to discover weapons that might be used to harm the officer. N.W., 834
N.E.2d at 162; see also Mitchell, 745 N.E.2d at 780 (officer may perform Terry
pat-down of driver or any passenger if he has reasonable suspicion that they
may be armed and dangerous).
The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger. And in determining whether the officer acted reasonably in such circumstances, due weight must be given, not to his inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 9 of 15 “hunch,” but to the specific reasonable inferences which he is entitled to draw from the facts in light of his experience.
Mitchell, 745 N.E.2d at 781 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). “‘[I]n justifying the
particular intrusion, the police officer must be able to point to specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant that intrusion.’” Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 21).
Because the standard under Terry is one of objective reasonableness, we are not
limited to what the stopping officer testifies to or to evidence of his subjective
rationale; rather, we look to the record as a whole to determine what facts were
known to the officer and then consider whether a reasonable officer in those
circumstances would have been in fear of his safety. Dixon v. State, 14 N.E.3d
59, 61-62 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Parker v. State, 697 N.E.2d 1265, 1267
(Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied), trans. denied.6 Thus, if the facts known by
the officer at the time of the stop are such that a person of reasonable caution
would believe that the action taken was appropriate, the Fourth Amendment is
satisfied. Terry, 392 U.S. at 22.
[14] Wallace claims that the trial court should not have admitted the handgun
because “[t]he circumstances establish at most a generalized concern for officer
safety which does not support a lawful frisk.” Appellant’s Br. at 8. The State
6 We note that, originally, transfer was granted in Dixon v. State, but following oral argument, the Supreme Court vacated the order granting transfer, reinstated the Court of Appeals opinion, and denied transfer. Dixon v. State, 14 N.E.3d 59, 67 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. granted, 18 N.E.3d 1005 (Ind. 2014), vacated, 27 N.E.3d 736 (Ind. 2015) and trans. denied, 27 N.E.3d 736 (Ind. 2015).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 10 of 15 maintains that, contrary to Wallace’s argument, the pat-down was based on
Officer Flynn’s reasonable suspicion of criminal activity or reasonable safety
concerns. After a review of the record, we agree with the State.
[15] Although Wallace asserts that Officer Flynn patted him down on nothing more
than a “hunch” that he might be armed and dangerous, Wallace’s argument
disregards the fact that Wallace was driving a vehicle, not his own, with expired
plates, in a “high crime” area, and that Wallace’s vehicle made an abrupt lane
change and successive immediate turns. Officer Flynn testified that, in his
experience, sudden turns of that sort may indicate evasive maneuvers intended
to avoid police. When Officer Flynn did catch up with Wallace and activate his
emergency lights and siren, Wallace did not immediately stop, but turned onto
Caroline Street and drove past several houses, before he parked the car on the
left side of the street and turned off all the vehicle’s lights. When Officer Flynn
asked Wallace for his license and registration, Wallace told Officer Flynn that
“he didn’t have a license,” that he did not have identification because he did
not have his wallet with him, and that the car belonged to his girlfriend. Tr. at
14. Officer Flynn described Wallace as combative, argumentative, and
aggressive. Officer Flynn acknowledged that an individual has a right to ask
why he or she was stopped by police, but Wallace’s tone and demeanor was
“not normal during a traffic stop.” Id. at 20. Although Wallace did not actively
make furtive movements that indicated he was reaching for something, he did
appear very nervous and was fidgeting. Officer Flynn found that Wallace’s
behavior was “very suspicious” to the extent that he did not feel comfortable
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 11 of 15 walking back to his patrol car and leaving Wallace inside his vehicle. Id. at 15.
Moreover, during the course of the stop, after Wallace had verbally identified
himself, Officer Flynn recalled that he had met Wallace in a prior encounter,
and a search at that time on the InterAct database had indicated that Wallace
was described as someone who “may be known to carry a firearm.” Corrected
Tr. at 19-20.
[16] While any one factor standing alone might not support a pat-down for officer
safety, the overall circumstances do. Officer Flynn’s testimony identified
particularized facts in support of a heightened concern that his safety or that of
others was in danger, and the information known to Officer Flynn at the time of
the pat-down was such that a person of reasonable caution would believe that
the action taken was appropriate. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it rejected Wallace’s claim that the handgun should be
suppressed because its seizure violated his Fourth Amendment rights, and it
admitted the handgun into evidence.
Article 1, Section 11
[17] While Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution is almost identical in
wording to the Fourth Amendment, our constitutional analysis is different.
D.F. v. State, 34 N.E.3d 686, 689 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. We “focus
on the actions of the police officer and employ a totality-of-the-circumstances
test to evaluate the reasonableness of the officer’s actions.” Id. at 690 (quoting
Duran v. State, 930 N.E.2d 10, 17 (Ind. 2010)). The State has the burden to
demonstrate the police intrusion was reasonable. Id. “To determine whether Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 12 of 15 an officer’s actions were reasonable under the circumstances, we must balance:
‘(1) the degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has
occurred; (2) the degree of intrusion that the method of the search and seizure
imposes on the citizen’s ordinary activities; and (3) the extent of law
enforcement needs.’” Id. (quoting Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356, 361 (Ind.
2005)).
[18] On appeal, Wallace’s argument focuses on the Fourth Amendment, and he
does not make a separate argument pursuant to Article 1, Section 11 of the
Indiana Constitution, noting, “‘The analysis under the Indiana Constitution is
much the same as that under the Fourth Amendment.’” Appellant’s Br. at 10,
n.6 (quoting J.D. v. State, 902 N.E.2d 293, 296 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans.
denied). While we agree that the analysis is similar, we find that a separate
analysis is warranted, as our Supreme Court has observed, “The Indiana
Constitution may protect searches that the federal Constitution does not.” State
v. Washington, 898 N.E.2d 1200, 1206 (Ind. 2008). Having failed to pose a
separate argument, we find that Wallace has waived his claim that the handgun
should have been suppressed under the Indiana Constitution. Jackson v. State,
996 N.E.2d 387, 383 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (failure to make independent
analysis under Article 1, Section 11 constitutes waiver on appeal, citing Ind.
Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)), trans. denied. Waiver notwithstanding, we find the
pat-down did not violate Wallace’s rights under Article 1, Section 11.
[19] Here, Officer Flynn observed the Toyota, which had expired plates, abruptly
change lanes at the intersection at which both Officer Flynn and the Toyota
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 13 of 15 were stopped, then make a left turn, and immediately thereafter, make
successive turns, noting that the Toyota was driving at a “pretty fast rate of
speed.” Tr. at 12. Officer Flynn testified that, in his experience, this type of
driving may indicate an attempt to avoid law enforcement. When Officer
Flynn thereafter caught up with the Toyota, he activated his emergency lights
and siren to conduct a traffic stop; the Toyota made another turn onto Caroline
Street, passed several houses, and came to a stop and parked on the left side of
the street, turning off its lights. Wallace debated with Officer Flynn about why
he was stopped. Wallace told Officer Flynn that he did not have a license, he
did not have identification because it was in his wallet, which he did not have
with him, and the car was not his, but belonged to his girlfriend. Although
Wallace did not threaten Officer Flynn, Wallace’s tone was argumentative,
aggressive, and confrontational. Officer Flynn acknowledged that Wallace did
not appear to be actively reaching for something, but said that Wallace was
nervous and fidgeting. Officer Flynn felt that Wallace’s demeanor was “not
normal” for a traffic stop and seemed “very suspicious.” Id. at 15, 20. We find
that these facts establish a reasonable basis for Officer Flynn’s concern, the
degree of intrusion of the “quick pat down” search was not significant, and the
officer’s questions and conduct were appropriate to address law enforcement
needs during the traffic stop. Id. at 15. Under the totality of the circumstances,
Officer Flynn’s pat-down of Wallace did not contravene Article 1, Section 11 of
the Indiana Constitution. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in admitting
the handgun into evidence.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 14 of 15 [20] Affirmed.
[21] Mathias, J., and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1507-CR-819 | May 20, 2016 Page 15 of 15