MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Oct 10 2018, 9:12 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Brian A. Karle Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Ball Eggleston, PC Attorney General of Indiana Lafayette, Indiana Henry A. Flores, Jr. Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jonathan M. Fuchs, October 10, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-271 v. Appeal from the Tippecanoe Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Steven Meyer, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 79D02-1610-F1-17
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 1 of 16 STATEMENT OF THE CASE [1] Appellant-Defendant, Jonathan Fuchs (Fuchs), appeals his conviction for one
Count of child molesting, as a Level 1 felony, Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(a); and one
Count of child molesting, as a Level 4 felony, I.C. § 35-42-4-3(b).
[2] We affirm.
ISSUES [3] Fuchs presents two issues on appeal, which we restate as the following:
(1) Whether the State presented sufficient evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
to support Fuchs’ convictions; and
(2) Whether Fuchs’ aggregate sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of
the offenses and his character.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY [4] In 2016, B.S. (Mother), her boyfriend (Boyfriend), and her four children,
including seven-year-old K.S., resided in a four-bedroom house in Tippecanoe
County, Indiana. The biological father to Mother’s children is M.S. (Father),
and Mother and Father have “a split custody schedule.” (Transcript Vol. II, p.
123). Father resides with his long-term girlfriend (Girlfriend), and when the
children visit, Girlfriend cares for them.
[5] Fuchs and Mother are friends. In the summer of 2016, Fuchs would visit
Mother’s house, and K.S. encountered Fuchs during those visits. That same
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 2 of 16 summer, Fuchs moved into Mother’s home and began renting the blue
bedroom. Fuchs appears to have groomed K.S. by buying K.S. toys and
clothes, taking him to restaurants, and playing with him in the house. One time
when K.S. was in Fuchs’ bed “in the blue bedroom,” Fuchs placed his hands on
K.S.’ penis and also used his “mouth” to suck K.S.’ “private part.” (Tr. Vol. II,
p. 79). On another occasion, while K.S. was in his bedroom, Fuchs led K.S.
into the closet where he pulled down his pants and showed his penis to K.S.
According to K.S., Fuchs’ “private area . . . had red dots and black hair.” (Tr.
Vol. II, p. 81). After showing his penis to K.S., Fuchs pulled down K.S.’ pants
and “used his hands . . . to hold [K.S.’] private part.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 83).
Fuchs advised K.S. to keep his actions “secret.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 86). K.S.
indicated that when the molestations occurred, Mother, Boyfriend, and his
siblings, were all present at the house; however, “they were probably
downstairs.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 88).
[6] On October 13, 2016, while K.S. and his siblings were at Father’s and
Girlfriend’s house, Girlfriend initiated a conversation with the children “about
body safety.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 97). Girlfriend advised the children that “if
someone were to touch them” in their “private area,” they should report the
incident. (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 97, 98). After her talk, Girlfriend observed K.S.’
“facial expression” change, and K.S. “looked like he [had] just” seen “a ghost.”
(Tr. Vol. II, p. 99).
[7] On October 14, 2016, the next day, Father and Girlfriend took K.S. to the
Tippecanoe County Sherriff’s Department, but they were referred to the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 3 of 16 Heartford House, a child advocacy center, for a forensic interview. After the
interview, Father took K.S. to Riley Children’s Hospital for a sexual assault
examination.
[8] On October 17, 2016, Detective Matthew Budreau (Detective Budreau)
executed a search warrant at Mother’s home. Detective Budreau informed
Fuchs that he was investigating claims of child molesting. Fuchs agreed to be
questioned and drove himself to the sheriff’s department. After he was read his
Miranda rights, Fuchs stated that he loved and cared for K.S., and at times, he
would go to K.S.’ bedroom to play with him, and he often helped K.S. build a
“fort” in the closet. (State’s Exh. 1R. at 15:00). He added that he would also
“snuggle” with K.S. at bedtime. (State’s Exh. 1R at 06:35). While Fuchs
consistently denied any inappropriate sexual contact with K.S., he stated that
he frequently bathed K.S., and one time, he accidently “touched” K.S.’ penis,
while dressing K.S. (State’s Exh. 1R at 06:35).
[9] On October 24, 2016, the State filed an Information, charging Fuchs with
Count I, child molesting, a Level 1 felony; Counts II, III, and IV, child
molesting, Level 4 felonies; and Count V, child solicitation, a Level 5 felony. A
three-day jury trial was conducted on November 14 through November 16,
2017. At the close of the State’s evidence, Fuchs moved for a directed verdict
on Counts III through V, which the trial court granted. Thereafter, the jury
returned guilty verdicts for Count I, Level 1 felony child molesting, and Count
II, Level 4 felony child molesting. On January 8, 2018, the trial court sentenced
Fuchs to the Department of Correction to serve thirty-four years on Count I, a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 4 of 16 consecutive term of eight years on Count II, for an aggregate sentence of forty-
two years, however, the trial court suspended ten years of his aggregate
sentence to probation.
[10] Fuchs now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[11] Fuchs claims that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of one Count
of child molesting as a Level 1 felony and one Count of child molesting as a
Level 4 felony. When reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, it is well
established that our court does not reweigh evidence or assess the credibility of
witnesses. Walker v. State, 998 N.E.2d 724, 726 (Ind. 2013). Instead, we
consider all of the evidence, and any reasonable inferences that may be drawn
therefrom, in a light most favorable to the verdict. Id. We will uphold the
conviction “‘if there is substantial evidence of probative value supporting each
element of the crime from which a reasonable trier of fact could have found the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Davis v. State, 813
N.E.2d 1176, 1178 (Ind. 2004)).
[12] To convict Fuchs of Level 1 felony child molesting as charged, the State was
required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Fuchs, a person of at least
twenty-one years of age, knowingly or intentionally performed other sexual
conduct with K.S., a child under fourteen years of age. I.C. § 35-42-4-3(a).
Other sexual conduct includes “an act involving . . . a sex organ of one (1)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 5 of 16 person and the mouth . . . of another person.” I.C. § 35-31.5-2-221.5. As for
Fuchs’ Level 4 felony child molesting conviction, the State was required to
establish that he, “with a child under fourteen (14) years of age, perform[ed] or
submit[ted] to any fondling or touching, of either [K.S. or himself], with intent
to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of either [K.S. or himself.]” I.C. § 35-
42-4-3(b). On appeal, Fuchs challenges the identification evidence, arguing that
K.S. was unable to state whether he was present in the courtroom.
[13] At Fuchs’ trial, referring to Fuchs by his first name—i.e., Jonathan—the State
asked K.S. the following questions
Q. And do you know a person named Jonathon [sic] Fuchs? . . .
A. Yes.
***
Q. Okay. Now how do you know Jonathon [sic] Fuchs?
A. Well I met him first thing whenever he came over at our house.
Q. And, whose house was that?
A. My mom’s.
Q. And do you see the person you know as Jonathon Fuchs sitting in the courtroom today?
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 6 of 16 A. No, not right now.
Q. Okay. Now, did Jonathon, when Jonathon lived at your mom’s house, what color bedroom did he stay in?
A. A blue one.
(Tr. Vol. II, p. 77). Based on K.S.’ response that he could not state whether
Fuchs was present in the courtroom, Fuchs posits that the evidence was
insufficient to support his child molesting convictions. In advancing his claim,
Fuchs relies on J.Y. v. State, 816 N.E.2d 909 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.
[14] In J.Y., the victim, an African-American eight-year-old girl, was riding her bike
in the alley behind her house in South Bend, Indiana, when she encountered
two Caucasian, teenage boys who were brothers. Id. at 911. One or both of the
boys forced the victim into a van parked off of the alley. Id. Inside the van, the
younger brother removed the victim’s clothes, began to rub his penis on the
outside of the victim’s vagina, and ejaculated onto her abdomen and the van’s
seat cushion. Id. During that time, the older brother was standing right outside
the van. Id. When the younger brother exited the van, the older brother
entered the van and began rubbing his penis on the outside of the victim’s
vagina. Id. The victim shouted out “No!,” and the boy stopped without
ejaculating. Id. The victim then exited the van and went home. Id. During an
interview, the victim described the boys as Caucasian, teenage brothers, one of
whom she thought was named Michael. Id. The police determined that three
Caucasian, teenage brothers—T.Y., J.Y., and C.L.Y.—lived in the house
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 7 of 16 behind which the van was parked. Id. at 912. The police compiled a photo
array consisting of six pictures, three of which were photos of the brothers. Id.
The victim identified J.Y. and C.L.Y. from the array. Id. The police also
located two semen stains in the van. Id. DNA testing revealed that C.L.Y. was
the source of the semen. Id. The State subsequently filed delinquency petitions
against J.Y. and C.L.Y., alleging two Counts of child molesting, one as a Class
B felony and one as a Class C felony when committed by an adult. Id. At the
factfinding hearings, the victim was not able to identify J.Y. or C.L.Y. as her
assailants in court. Id. However, she was able to testify that they lived in a
green house, and she identified a photograph of their house. Id. At the close of
the evidence, J.Y. and C.L.Y. were adjudicated as delinquents. Id. J.Y. and
C.L.Y. filed separate appeals.
[15] In J.Y.’s appeal, we determined that the photo array was impermissibly
suggestive because there were remarkable differences in appearance between
J.Y. and his brothers and the other three boys, including their clothing and
demeanor, and the difference in the quality and composition. Id. at 915. As
such, we concluded that the juvenile court abused its discretion when it
permitted the victim’s out-of-court identification of J.Y. into evidence. Id.
Further, we found that the remaining evidence, including the fact that the
victim had been unable to state whether J.Y. and C.L.Y. were present in the
court room and the DNA evidence of the semen which only supported a
reasonable inference that J.Y. could have been one of the two boys who might
have committed the offense, was insufficient to prove that J.Y. was one of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 8 of 16 perpetrators. Id. at 916-17. Therefore, we reversed the adjudication of J.Y. as a
delinquent.
[16] In C.L.Y.’s appeal, however, we reached a different conclusion. Specifically,
we determined that even if the suggestive photo array was not considered, the
victims’ description of the perpetrators and their house, along with the presence
of C.L.Y.’s semen in the van, was sufficient to prove that C.L.Y. was one of the
perpetrators. C.L.Y. v. State, 816 N.E.2d 894, 904 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.
denied.
[17] Relying on the holding espoused in J.Y., Fuchs then argues
The same result is required in this case. Although it is true that K.S. used Fuchs’s name at trial, it was done first at the prompting of the deputy prosecuting attorney. [] Most importantly, K.S. testified that the person K.S. referred to as “Jonathan” was not present in the courtroom. [] The State made no other effort to ask K.S. whether the perpetrator was present in the courtroom, or to ask K.S. for a physical description of the perpetrator.
(Appellant’s Br. pp. 14-15).
[18] Turning to the present facts, we find J.Y. easily distinguishable and C.LY. more
persuasive to the facts at hand. Unlike J.Y. and similar to C.L.Y., the State
presented other corroborating evidence of Fuchs’ identity, and additional
evidence connecting Fuchs to the crimes in question. During his interview with
the police, Fuchs claimed that before he moved in at Mother’s house, he would
visit frequently, and sometimes, he would spend the night. Prior to K.S.’
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 9 of 16 testimony that he was unable to locate Fuchs in the courtroom, K.S. stated that
he first encountered “Jonathan Fuchs . . . whenever he came over at our
house.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 77). K.S. indicated that the house he was referring to
was Mother’s home, and that Fuchs occupied the blue bedroom after moving
in. Mother corroborated K.S.’ testimony.
[19] During his interview with the police, Fuchs stated that while he lived at K.S.’
house, he would sometimes “snuggle” with K.S., and also play with K.S. either
in his bedroom or in K.S.’ bedroom closet building fortresses. (State’s Exh. 1R
at 06:35). Additionally, Fuchs stated that he helped K.S. with his baths and
would use a wash cloth to clean K.S.’ penis. Notwithstanding Fuchs’ claim
that K.S. needed help with his baths, Mother testified that K.S. “could do most
of . . . his bathing by himself” and “only needed help rinsing.” (Tr. Vol. III, p.
33). Mother then testified that she was not always present when Fuchs
provided care for K.S.
[20] When the State showed K.S. drawings of the front and back sides of a boy and
asked K.S. to circle the body part which he was referring to as his private part,
K.S. circled the boys’ genitalia. When asked to detail the events that occurred
in the blue bedroom, K.S. testified that while he was under the blanket “in
Jonathon’s [sic] bedroom,” Fuchs sucked his private part. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 80).
K.S. additionally stated that at another instance, Fuchs led him to his bedroom
closet and revealed his penis to him. When asked “whose idea was it for you to
see [Fuchs’] private part in the closet,” K.S. responded, “Jon’s.” (Tr. Vol. II, p.
82). K.S. described Fuchs’ genitalia having “red dots and [] black hair,” (Tr.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 10 of 16 Vol. II, p. 81). After Fuchs exposed his penis to K.S., he proceeded to pull
down K.S.’ pants and then he touched K.S.’ penis. K.S. indicated that his
entire family was “probably downstairs” when the incidents occurred. (Tr. Vol.
II, p. 88). K.S. also testified that Fuchs requested him to keep his actions
“secret.” (Tr. Vol. II 86). However, when he finally disclosed the molestation
to Girlfriend, he “knew it was the right thing to do.” (Tr. Vol. II, p.92).
[21] Here, we find that this is not a case in which the only evidence linking the
assailant to the scene was the victim’s use of assailant’s first name, as occurred
in J.Y. Notwithstanding K.S.’ inability to state if Fuchs was present in the
courtroom, the State offered extensive corroborating evidence of probative
value regarding the identity of Fuchs. K.S. testified that he knew Fuchs before
he moved into Mother’s home, and after Fuchs moved in, Fuchs occupied the
blue bedroom. Indeed, Girlfriend testified that Fuchs was the “only Jonathan
Fuchs” that K.S. knew at the relevant time period, and following the body
safety talk, K.S. disclosed to her that Fuchs had molested him. (Tr. Vol. II, p.
101).
[22] The State also presented evidence that Fuchs was able to spend time alone with
K.S., which provided Fuchs with the opportunity to commit the crimes. In
light of the foregoing, we conclude that there was sufficient corroborating
evidence of probative value regarding the identity of Fuchs to convict Fuchs of
one Count of child molesting as a Level 1 felony, and one Count of child
molesting as a Level 4 felony.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 11 of 16 II. Inappropriate Sentence
[23] Fuchs also contends that his sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of
the offenses and his character. Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) empowers us to
independently review and revise sentences authorized by statute if, after due
consideration, we find the trial court’s decision inappropriate in light of the
nature of the offense and the character of the offender. Reid v. State, 876 N.E.2d
1114, 1116 (Ind. 2007). The “nature of offense” compares the defendant’s
actions with the required showing to sustain a conviction under the charged
offense, while the “character of the offender” permits a broader consideration of
the defendant’s character. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008);
Douglas v. State, 878 N.E.2d 873, 881 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). An appellant bears
the burden of showing that both prongs of the inquiry favor a revision of his
sentence. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006). Whether we
regard a sentence as appropriate at the end of the day turns on our sense of the
culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to
others, and a myriad of other considerations that come to light in a given case.
Cardwell, 895 N.E.2d at 1224. Our court focuses on “the length of the aggregate
sentence and how it is to be served.” Id.
[24] The advisory sentence is the starting point the legislature has selected as an
appropriate sentence for the crime committed. Abbott v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1016,
1019 (Ind. 2012). For his Level 1 felony child molesting, Fuchs faced a
sentencing range of twenty to forty years, with the advisory sentence being
thirty years. I.C. § 35-50-2-4. The trial court sentenced Fuchs to thirty-four
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 12 of 16 years. For his Level 4 felony child molesting conviction, Fuchs faced a
sentencing range of two to twelve years, with the advisory sentence being six
years. I.C. § 35-50-2-5.5. The trial court sentenced Fuchs to a consecutive
eight-year term, for an aggregate sentence of forty-two years, with ten years
were suspended to probation.
[25] Turning to the nature of his offenses, in the summer of 2016, Fuchs moved into
Mother’s home. During his interview with the police, Fuchs claimed that while
residing at Mother’s home, he assumed a caregiving role to K.S. and K.S.’
siblings. Indeed, Mother had no reservations leaving K.S. and her other
children in the care of Fuchs. In a span of two months, Fuchs appears to have
groomed K.S. by buying him toys, taking him to restaurants, playing video
games with him, and building forts in the bedroom closet. After Fuchs gained
K.S.’ trust, he began molesting him. One time when K.S. was in Fuchs’
bedroom, Fuchs pulled down K.S.’ pants and used using his mouth to perform
oral sex on K.S. K.S. also described another incident where Fuchs led him to
the closet, where Fuchs revealed his penis to him, and thereafter Fuchs touched
his penis.
[26] Concerning the character of the offender, Fuchs claims that he “has a strong
work history,” has maintained “steady employment ever since graduating high
school,” has “contributed to his community, volunteering as a soccer coach for
many years,” and “[p]erhaps most importantly, [he] has absolutely no criminal
history.” (Appellant’s Br. pp. 17-18) (italics in original). While fashioning
Fuchs’ sentence, the trial court considered all these mitigating factors; however,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 13 of 16 the trial court was “troubled” by the fact that Fuchs abused his position of trust
with K.S. by molesting a vulnerable child. who was autistic and had behavioral
problems. Fuchs’ acts of molesting a young child over whom he had a position
of trust reflects poorly on his character, and that fact does not convince us that
his sentences are inappropriate.
[27] Fuchs further argues that the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences
was inappropriate. The decision to impose consecutive sentences lies within
the discretion of the trial court. Gross v. State, 22 N.E.3d 863, 869 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2014), trans. denied. A trial court is required to state its reasons for
imposing consecutive sentences. Id. Moreover, a single aggravating
circumstance may justify the imposition of consecutive sentences. Gilliam v.
State, 901 N.E.2d 72, 74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Here, the trial court found not
just one, but a number of aggravating circumstances, including the fact that
Fuchs was aware that K.S. had autism and behavioral problems; Fuchs held a
position of trust with K.S. when he molested K.S.; and the overall seriousness
of his crimes.
[28] Fuchs contends that his case compares favorably to Rivers v. State, 915 N.E.2d
141, 143 (Ind. 2009), where Rivers was convicted of two Counts of Class A
felony child molesting and one Count of Class C felony child molesting for
molesting his seven-or-eight-year-old niece on two occasions. The trial court
imposed consecutive thirty-year, advisory terms for the Class A convictions and
a concurrent four-year term on the Class C felony conviction for a total of sixty
years. Id. The supreme court, in examining Rivers’ character, noted that he
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 14 of 16 had no criminal history, maintained steady employment, and served as a father
figure to the victim for a number of years before committing his crimes. Id.
The victim also testified “that her relationship with Rivers was good and that
the two of them did a lot of family activities together prior to his crimes.” Id.
Regarding the nature of the offenses, our supreme court noted that “[t]he record
does not indicate his crimes occurred over a long period of time, however, or
that there was any other sexual misconduct on Rivers’ part. Rather, the record
indicates Rivers molested [the victim] on two occasions (charged as three) in a
relatively short period of time. . . .” Id. at 144. As such, the supreme court
concluded that Rivers’ convictions should run concurrently rather than
consecutively. Id.
[29] In exercising our power to review and revise sentences, we may compare
sentences of those convicted of the same or similar offenses, although such
comparison is not required. Corbally v. State, 5 N.E.3d 463, 471-72 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2014). Although the defendant in Rivers, like Fuchs, did not commit the
crimes over a long period of time, did not commit any other sexual misconduct,
and only molested his victim on two occasions, Fuchs did not stop on his own
accord. See Rivers, 915 N.E.2d at 144. The defendant in Rivers molested his
victim twice and stopped, with no other occurrence for seven years; whereas,
Fuchs was prevented from committing another offense after K.S. disclosed the
molestations to Girlfriend and a police investigation ensued. Here, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing consecutive
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 15 of 16 sentences. In sum, we conclude that Fuchs’ aggregate term of forty-two years is
not inappropriate in light of the nature of the offenses and his character.
CONCLUSION [30] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to
sustain Fuchs’ convictions, and his sentence is appropriate in light of the nature
of the offenses and his character.
[31] Affirmed
[32] Vaidik, C. J. and Kirsch, J. concur
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-271 | October 10, 2018 Page 16 of 16