Jonathan Lamar Perkins v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: July 23, 2021
• Docket: A21A0994
• Status: Published

Opinion

FIFTH DIVISION RICKMAN, C. J., MCFADDEN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

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July 21, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A0994. PERKINS v. THE STATE.

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

After a jury trial, Jonathan Lamar Perkins was convicted of trafficking

methamphetamine, possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, two counts of

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and two counts of

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. He appeals, arguing that the trial court

erred in denying his motion to suppress, but we hold that he has not shown error. He

also argues that trial counsel was ineffective, but he has not shown both deficient

performance and prejudice. So we affirm.

1. Motion to suppress.

Perkins argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

because the state did not demonstrate that the detectives who stopped him had a reasonable suspicion that he had been involved in criminal activity. We hold that the

state met its burden. OCGA § 17-5-30 (b) (“the burden of proving that the search and

seizure were lawful shall be on the state”).

Because the trial court denied the motion to suppress in a summary order

without explicit findings, “we presume that the trial court implicitly made all the

findings in support of its ruling that the record would allow.” State v. Walden, __ Ga.

__ (858 SE2d 42) (2021). Additionally, we “construe the evidence most favorably to

uphold the trial court’s judgment.” State v. Brogan, 340 Ga. App. 232, 234 (797 SE2d

149) (2017).

So viewed, the evidence shows that two detectives were driving in separate

cars to Rossville to interview Perkins’s nephew, who was suspected of having stolen

a car. A woman had reported that she lent her car to the nephew and he had failed to

return it. Although the detective who was investigating the stolen-car case did not

remember the woman’s name when he testified at the motion-to-suppress hearing, he

had the name in a summary of the case that he had left at his office.

As they approached the residence where they believed the nephew lived, the

detectives saw a man leaving the residence on a motorcycle. He was white, like the

nephew, and he had the same build as the nephew.

2 One of the detectives stopped his car in front of the motorcycle to verify the

identity of the motorcycle driver, believing the driver could be the nephew. The

motorcycle stopped, the driver stepped off the motorcycle and he began reaching for

his pocket. . Multiple times, the detective ordered the driver to remove his hand from

his pocket, afraid that he had a weapon, but the motorcycle driver ignored the

command and turned as if he intended to get back on the motorcycle. The detective

grabbed the driver’s hand to remove it from his pocket and the driver announced that

he had a pistol in his pocket. The detective handcuffed the driver and retrieved the

pistol from his pocket.

The detective removed the driver’s helmet and realized that he had stopped

Perkins, not the nephew. The detective believed that Perkins was a convicted felon,

and Perkins immediately admitted that he was. Perkins also said that he had two more

handguns in his backpack. The detectives searched the backpack to recover the

handguns. In addition to the guns, they found methamphetamine, marijuana, and a

large amount of cash in the backpack.

Perkins argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

because the detectives should not have stopped him. He argues that they lacked

reasonable suspicion to stop the nephew in the first place, given that they only knew

3 that an unnamed owner of a vehicle had lent it to the nephew and that the nephew had

not returned it, and because the alleged vehicle theft had occurred in the past and was

not currently in progress. Perkins also argues that it was not objectively reasonable

for the detectives to have mistaken him for his nephew, given that the detectives

could not testify about the nephew’s height or weight and given Perkins’s mother’s

testimony that the two men had different builds. We disagree with Perkins’s

arguments.

(a) Reasonable suspicion of a completed felony.

Contrary to Perkins’s argument, the detectives could stop the nephew for an

alleged completed crime, as long as they had reasonable suspicion. “[I]f police have

a reasonable suspicion, grounded in specific and articulable facts, that a person they

encounter was involved in or is wanted in connection with a completed felony, then

a Terry [v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (88 SCt 1868, 20 LE2d 889) (1968)] stop may be made

to investigate that suspicion.” United States v. Hensley, 469 U. S. 221, 229 (II) (A)

(105 SCt 675, 83 LE2d 604) (1985); accord Kettman v. State, 257 Ga. 603, 607 (9)

(362 SE2d 342) (1987). The detectives had a reasonable suspicion, grounded in

articulable facts, that the nephew had been involved in a completed felony. They had

received a report from a possible victim, who identified herself to them, that she had

4 lent her car to the nephew and that he had failed to return it. This gave the detectives

“a founded suspicion . . . from which the court [could] determine that the [stop] was

not arbitrary or harassing.” Duke v. State, 257 Ga. App. 609, 610 (571 SE2d 414)

(2002).

(b) Mistaken identity.

Perkins argues that the stop was illegal because the detectives’ mistaking him

for his nephew was not objectively reasonable. Again, we disagree.

The fact that the detectives were mistaken about the identity of the motorcycle

driver does not invalidate the stop. “[S]earches and seizures based on mistakes of

fact[, including mistaking another individual for a suspect,] can be reasonable.” Heien

v. North Carolina, 574 U. S. 54, 61 (II) (135 SCt 530, 190 LE2d 475) (2014). See

also Hill v. California, 401 U. S. 797, 802 (II) (91 SCt 1106, 28 LE2d 484) (1971)

(“[W]hen the police have probable cause to arrest one party, and when they

reasonably mistake a second party for the first party, then the arrest of the second

party is a valid arrest.”) (citation and punctuation omitted); Cunningham v. State, 231

Ga. App. 420, 422 (1) (498 SE2d 590) (1998) (applying Hill to traffic stop). “The

limit is that the mistakes must be those of reasonable men.” Heien, 574 U. S. at 61 (II)

(citation and punctuation omitted).

5 In this case, the state presented evidence that the detectives believed they were

stopping the nephew instead of Perkins because both the nephew and Perkins are

white, their builds are similar, and the motorcycle was leaving what they believed to

be the nephew’s residence. As for Perkins’s mother’s testimony that the men have

different builds, of course the “[c]redibility of witnesses and the weight to be given

their testimony is a decision-making power that lies solely with the trier of fact.” Tate

v. State, 264 Ga. 53, 56 (3) (440 SE2d 646) (1994); accord Hughes v. State, 296 Ga.

744, 747 (1) (770 SE2d 636) (2015).

We cannot say that the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress.

2. Ineffective assistance of counsel.

Perkins argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in making his opening

statement and in failing to move for a mistrial. To prevail on his claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel, Perkins must “prove both that his counsel’s performance was

professionally deficient and that, but for the unprofessional performance, there is a

reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.

We need not review both elements of this test if [Perkins] fails to prove one of them.”

Stripling v. State, 304 Ga. 131, 138 (3) (b) (816 SE2d 663) (2018) (citation omitted).

6 See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674)

(1984). Perkins has failed to prove both elements for his claims.

(a) Opening statement.

Before trial, the court conducted a Jackson-Denno hearing regarding the

admissibility of three statements Perkins made to the detectives: that he had a gun in

his pocket; that he was a convicted felon; and that he had two guns in his backpack.

The parties agreed to bifurcate Perkins’s trial so that the possession-by-a-convicted-

felon charges would be tried separately from the drug charges and they stipulated that

Perkins’s statement that he was a convicted felon would not be admitted in the trial

of the drug charges. The assistant district attorney agreed to instruct the state’s

witnesses not to mention that statement “unless [defense counsel] open[ed] the door

to which they [could] respond as they need[ed].”

The trial began and in his opening statement, defense counsel stated that the

detectives “arrested [Perkins] for the gun in his pocket. No crime was committed.”

After defense counsel completed his opening statement, the assistant district attorney

requested a bench conference, where she argued that defense counsel’s opening

statement opened the door to the presentation of evidence that Perkins was a

convicted felon in order to demonstrate that, contrary to defense counsel’s opening

7 statement, Perkins was arrested for a crime, the crime of being a convicted felon in

possession of a firearm.

In response, defense counsel argued that his opening statement was accurate

because Perkins had not committed a crime when the detectives arrested him—by

handcuffing him—which they did before Perkins had admitted that he was a

convicted felon. The state countered that Perkins was handcuffed because he stated

that he had a gun in his pocket and that he was not arrested until after he had admitted

that he was a convicted felon.

The court agreed with the state that defense counsel had opened the door to the

admission of evidence that Perkins was a convicted felon. So one of the detectives

testified at trial that once the motorcyclist’s helmet came off, he recognized him as

Perkins, whom he knew to be a convicted felon.

At the motion-for-new-trial hearing, trial counsel testified that he had crafted

his opening statement to ensure that he would not open the door to the admission of

evidence that Perkins was a convicted felon. He explained that from his point of view,

and in spite of the denial of the motion to suppress, the case was based on an

unconstitutional, pretextual stop. He testified that he wanted to so inform the jury,

“but [he] had to do so in such a way that it was appropriate to present to the jury. [He]

8 felt like [he] did that.” In spite of the trial court’s ruling otherwise, counsel testified

that he still did not believe that he stated anything that opened the door.

Counsel’s testimony demonstrates that he deliberately chose to strategically

include the statement at issue in his opening statement. He wanted to inform the jury

that, at least in his opinion, the stop was illegal, and he carefully crafted his statement

so as not to open the door. The fact that his strategy was unsuccessful does not mean

that his performance was deficient.

A deliberate choice of trial strategy and tactics is the province of trial counsel after consultation with the client, and in order to show deficient performance of trial counsel in regard to trial strategy, an appellant must demonstrate that counsel’s decision was so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made it under the circumstances at the time. This [Perkins] has failed to do.

Clark v. State, 300 Ga. 899, 903 (2) (b) (799 SE2d 200) (2017) (citation omitted).

Given the evidence the detectives obtained from the stop of Perkins, the case

hinged on the legality of the stop and search. So trial counsel proceeded with a

strategy to call into question the stop and search—while attempting not to open the

door to the admission of evidence that Perkins was a convicted felon. “That this

strategy was ultimately unsuccessful . . . does not show that trial counsel’s actions

9 were objectively unreasonable.” Farris v. State, 293 Ga. App. 674, 678 (3) (667 SE2d

676) (2008). See also Wallace v. State, 296 Ga. 388, 392 (4) (c) (768 SE2d 480)

(2015) (“The fact that [defendant] now disagrees with his lawyer’s tactical choices

during opening statement does not require a finding of ineffective assistance of

counsel.”); Goodman v. State, 293 Ga. 80, 87-88 (9) (e) (742 SE2d 719) (2013)

(counsel’s cross-examination of detective was not an unreasonable tactic or strategy

even though it “opened the door” to damaging testimony); Suits v. State, 150 Ga.

App. 285, 285-287 (1) (257 SE2d 306) (1979) (defense counsel’s decision to concede

prior criminal behavior in opening statement was a strategic decision that did not

amount to ineffective assistance of counsel, even though state ended up not

introducing evidence of the prior crimes), disapproved in part on other grounds in

State v. Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 17 (1), 25 (appendix) (838 SE2d 808) (2020).

(b) Failure to move for a mistrial.

During direct examination, one of the detectives testified that Perkins said that

there were two firearms in his backpack, in spite of the trial court’s ruling at the

Jackson-Denno hearing prohibiting testimony about that statement. Trial counsel

objected and the court sustained the objection. The detective then immediately

10 testified that he and the other detective searched the backpack and found two other

firearms.

Perkins now argues that trial counsel should have moved for a mistrial when

the detective testified about Perkins’s statement. At the motion for new trial hearing,

trial counsel testified that he did not believe at the time that the violation of the trial

court’s ruling rose to the level of meriting a mistrial, although in hindsight, moving

for a mistrial would have been a better choice than objecting.

Of course, “hindsight has no place in an assessment of the performance of trial

counsel[.]” Jones v. State, 292 Ga. 593, 600 (7) (d) (740 SE2d 147) (2013). And

evidence that Perkins had two firearms in his backpack was coming in: the trial court

had not prohibited the detectives from testifying that in conducting the search of

Perkins’s backpack, they found two firearms. So the detective’s testimony about

Perkins’s statement that he had two firearms in his backpack was merely cumulative

of forthcoming evidence. Under these circumstances, “we cannot say that no

competent attorney would have made the tactical decision” of objecting to the

detective’s statement instead of moving for a mistrial. Brown v. State, 297 Ga. 685,

690 (3) (b) (777 SE2d 466) (2015). See Koonce v. State, 305 Ga. 671, 676 (2) (d)

11 (827 SE2d 633) (2019) (no deficient performance for failure to make objection or

mistrial motion where testimony was cumulative of other evidence presented at trial).

3. Combined effect of trial counsel’s alleged errors.

Perkins argues that trial counsel’s errors, when considered together, likely

affected the outcome of the trial. “Although the combined effects of trial counsel’s

errors should be considered together as one issue,” Schofield v. Holsey, 281 Ga. 809,

811 n.1 (II) (642 SE2d 56) (2007), “we have determined that trial counsel’s conduct

was not constitutionally deficient with respect to either error alleged. . . . This

enumeration of error is therefore without merit.” Horton v. State, 310 Ga. 310, 330

(5) (c) (849 SE2d 382) (2020).

Judgment affirmed. Rickman, P. J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E.

Phipps concur.