AFFIRMED as MODIFIED and Opinion Filed September 17, 2020
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-18-00799-CV
JONATHAN CORNWELL AND SHADD MCKINNEY, Appellant V. DIANA SCOTHORN, STEWART SCOTHORN, THE BENEFIT LINK, INC., AND SCOTHORN AERO, INC., Appellee
On Appeal from the 429th Judicial District Court Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 429-05287-2016
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Burns, Justice Molberg, and Justice Partida-Kipness Opinion by Chief Justice Burns1 Jonathan Cornwell and Shadd McKinney appeal the trial court’s judgment
awarding Diana and Stewart Scothorn $183,890.18 on their claim of promissory
estoppel against Cornwell and McKinney and awarding McKinney $17,427.86 for
credit card expenses and loss of credit reputation. In nine issues, Cornwell and
McKinney argue the trial court erred “by including the jury’s promissory estoppel
1 The Honorable David Bridges, Justice, participated in the submission of this appeal; however, he did not participate in the issuance of this opinion due to his death on July 25, 2020. Chief Justice Burns has reviewed the record and the briefs in this cause. finding and associated damages” against them; the evidence does not support the
jury’s answers to the question regarding promissory estoppel, the question regarding
the Scothorn’s estoppel defense, and the question regarding Cornwell and
McKinney’s fraud; the trial court erred in not awarding Cornwell and McKinney
equitable relief and awarding the Scothorns costs; the evidence conclusively
established the jury’s award of damages was excessive; and the trial court erred in
denying Cornwell and McKinney’s motion for new trial. As modified, we affirm
the trial court’s judgment.
In December 2016, the Scothorns filed suit against Cornwell and McKinney.
The facts as set forth in the Scothorns’ fourth amended petition are as follows.
Legacy Aeronautics is a closely-held corporation, and Diana is the majority
shareholder. Diana is also the sole shareholder of The Benefit Link, Inc., a Medicare
supplement insurance company. In April 2015, the Scothorns were introduced to
Cornwell and McKinney at church. Cornwell and McKinney had left positions in
the aeronautics industry and were seeking investors to start Legacy. In discussions
with the Scothorns, Cornwell and McKinney identified customers and contracts they
had or were reasonably certain to have. The Scothorns agreed to provide the initial
capital, which was all that was supposed to be required to fund initial operations,
and no extended or continuing contributions were contemplated.
In August 2016, the parties signed a written agreement that confirmed Diana
owned eighty percent of Legacy, and Cornwell and McKinney each owned ten
–2– percent. The agreement was made retroactive back to the inception of Legacy in
April 2015. At all times, Cornwell and McKinney ran Legacy’s daily operations.
Despite the Scothorns’ initial understanding that they would only make the
initial equity contribution, Cornwell and McKinney continued to request additional
funds. Cornwell and McKinney indicated that there were substantial deals in place
or in Legacy’s pipeline that required additional funds to be fulfilled. Between April
2015 and October 2016, the Scothorns advanced approximately $2.35 million to
Cornwell and McKinney directly or indirectly through direct payments or purchases
made on behalf of Cornwell and McKinney and Legacy. Of this amount, $1.7
million went to Cornwell and McKinney and/or Legacy, $37,700 was spent on
equipment purchases by Legacy, and $626,000 was used to pay for Legacy’s
staffing.
By October 2016, the Scothorns became weary of Cornwell and McKinney’s
repeated requests for additional advances. Following Cornwell and McKinney’s
representations that they were working twenty-four hours a day and not getting paid,
the Scothorns offered the help of a Benefit Link employee, Micah Lynch, who
requested financial information to create a budget and provide operational structures
and support. By late October or early November, operations had not improved and
Cornwell and McKinney were requesting additional funds. By that time, Lynch had
determined Legacy had accounts payable of a million dollars and was unable to fund
–3– its operations. Lynch also had a difficult time getting complete information from
Cornwell and McKinney.
The Scothorns discovered that, although Legacy was not profitable and at
times insolvent, Cornwell and McKinney collectively paid themselves direct
compensation in excess of $240,000 during the partial year 2015 and more than
$300,000 during 2016. Cornwell and McKinney did not account for the payments
as wages or distributions; instead, when Legacy received funds, Cornwell and
McKinney dispersed the funds to themselves. At the same time, Cornwell and
McKinney did not make any distributions to the Scothorns, Legacy was incurring
additional debt to third-party vendors for contract labor, and Cornwell and
McKinney were charging personal expenses to Legacy. In November 2016, the
Scothorns requested documentation of Legacy’s expenses, but Cornwell and
McKinney failed to provide support for the expenses or documentation as to the
necessity of the expenses as they related to Legacy’s business. On November 14,
2016, Cornwell and McKinney indicated they would not continue to run Legacy
without additional cash from the Scothorns. On November 17, 2016, Cornwell and
McKinney notified the Scothorns that (1) they had “secured” the leased space rented
by Legacy, (2) they would seek other employment, (3) the company credit card was
past due and could not be paid, (4) all equipment owned by Legacy was located in
the leased space, and (5) approximately $60,000 in accounts receivable remained to
be collected by Legacy for work already completed. Based on the foregoing, the
–4– Scothorns filed suit alleging causes of action for breach of fiduciary
duty/constructive fraud, fraud/fraudulent inducement, money had and received, alter
ego, conversion, conspiracy, breach of contract, and promissory estoppel. The
Scothorns also requested the appointment of a receiver.
Cornwell and McKinney filed an answer denying that all conditions precedent
had occurred and asserting the following affirmative defenses: duress, lack of
consideration, fraud, ratification, waiver, and estoppel or quasi-estoppel. Cornwell
and McKinney also asserted that the Scothorn’s claims were barred by the business
judgment rule and the Scothorns’ damages were caused by themselves or others.
Cornwell and McKinney also filed counterclaims and third-party claims and
asserted the following version of the facts. Cornwell and McKinney formed Legacy
in April 2015 and granted Stewart a twenty-percent interest in exchange for start-up
capital on an as-needed basis. At all times, Cornwell and McKinney made it clear
that they lacked capital, the business was not likely to attain profitability for some
time, and they would need additional funds to conduct operations while the business
developed. Cornwell and McKinney were to receive a salary for conducting
Legacy’s operations and, as funds were needed, they were to inform Stewart, and
Stewart would advance the funds. At that time, Stewart did not disclose or mention
that his wife, Diana, was involved in Legacy’s business or that she was providing
the funds to meet Legacy’s operating requirements. Instead, Cornwell and
McKinney were led to believe they were dealing with Stewart as their fellow
–5– shareholder. In July 2015, Stewart made advances of $189,420.12 and $150,000. In
August 2015, after only a few months of operations and despite being told at the
outset that additional funds would be needed to fund Legacy’s operations until it
became profitable, Stewart expressed frustration about the funds needed to operate
Legacy. Stewart made it clear that, unless he was given a higher percentage of
ownership, he would refuse to provide further financial support to Legacy. Cornwell
and McKinney offered to change the ownership structure to make Stewart a sixty
percent owner, and Stewart continued to fund Legacy as needed.
Stewart served as corporate officer in charge of the finances for Legacy, while
Cornwell and McKinney conducted day-to-day operations. Cornwell and
McKinney discussed financial expenditures with Stewart, and Stewart cleared the
expenditures before payments were made. In this role, Stewart made further
advances to Legacy as follows: $86,000 on December 3, 2015; $85,000 on
December 18, 2015; $100,000 on March 12, 2016; $100,000 on March 24, 2016;
$100,000 on April 10, 2016; and $75,000 on April 20, 2016. During this time period,
Cornwell and McKinney provided Stewart with details on the amounts Legacy was
paying and, in his capacity as chief financial officer, Stewart approved the
expenditures.
During this same time period, Cornwell and McKinney continued to develop
Legacy’s business and pursue new clients. Cornwell and McKinney developed a
business strategy to pursue government contracts through a federal small business
–6– set-aside program. On August 17, 2016, Cornwell and McKinney discussed with
Stewart the opportunity to serve as the prime contractor on a federal contract with
Bell Helicopter serving as the sub-contractor. Cornwell and McKinney discussed
similar opportunities with Bell Helicopter, Raytheon, and Lockheed Martin, and
they kept Stewart informed about these opportunities.
In April 2016, Stewart required five percent of all revenue generated be paid
to his charitable foundation. Stewart also required that $100,000 per month be repaid
to Stewart as “ruminative compensation for Capital initially invested.” If not paid,
this “ruminative compensation” was to “earn interest of 50% per month” and
“accumulate and compound” until paid. Stewart also told Cornwell and McKinney
they could recover some of the percentages taken from them by meeting certain
weight loss demands.
In August 2016, Cornwell and McKinney discussed with Stewart transferring
his ownership to his wife, Diana. Stewart remained a corporate officer of Legacy,
and Cornwell and McKinney continued to deal with Stewart, not Diana.
Nevertheless, on September 19, 2016, The Benefit Link sent documents to the Texas
Secretary of State purporting to name Diana as the sole shareholder of Legacy, which
she never was. At no time did Cornwell or McKinney receive any consideration for
any part of their original forty percent ownership interest in Legacy.
Although Cornwell and McKinney’s relationship with Stewart continued to
deteriorate, Cornwell and McKinney continued to do their jobs and generate revenue
–7– through purchase orders and sales contracts. Cornwell and McKinney further
pursued promising prospective business relations with Bell Helicopter, Lockheed
Martin, and others for government small business set-aside contracts
However, as early as October 2016, the Scothorns began discussions with
their attorney concerning Legacy and directed Micah Lynch, as an employee of The
Benefit Link, to review Legacy’s finances. The Scothorns also suggested Marcus
Young, another employee of The Benefit Link, for a position at Legacy. Cornwell
and McKinney cooperated with these efforts and were given no indication that the
Scothorns were planning to end their involvement and support of Legacy.
At a November 4, 2016 meeting, Stewart demanded that Cornwell and
McKinney sign a stock agreement and promissory note that would obligate Cornwell
and McKinney to pay $3,500,000 each to the Scothorns. This amount exceeded
anything the Scothorns advanced to Legacy, and Cornwell and McKinney had never
agreed to be personally liable for funds contributed, loaned, or advanced to Legacy.
When Cornwell and McKinney refused to sign, the Scothorns proceeded with their
plans to shut down Legacy.
On November 6, 2016, at the direction of the Scothorns, Lynch made demand
for all documents related to Legacy’s business operations, including vendor
information, customer information, log-in and password information, accounts
payable, existing lease agreements, and purchase orders. Two days later, Stewart
emptied Legacy’s bank accounts, effectively suspending Legacy’s operations.
–8– Cornwell and McKinney came to believe the Scothorns had decided to shut
down Legacy and form a new competing company, Scothorn Aero, Inc. (SAI). On
November 22, 2016, Diana filed papers with the Texas Secretary of State forming
SAI. Prior to that, SAI developed a website and a business plan using third-party
vendors. Young, who received training and information regarding Legacy’s
business, became SAI’s executive director. SAI is wholly owned by Stewart and
Diana, and both they and Lynch serve as officers of SAI. Based on these facts,
Cornwell and McKinney asserted claims of breach of fiduciary duty/knowing
participation, fraud, tortious interference with existing and prospective business
relations, aiding and abetting/civil conspiracy/ratification, respondeat superior/vice
principal, and attorney’s fees.
At a jury trial in April 2018, Stewart testified he met McKinney at a time when
he was the chief executive officer of The Benefit Link and Diana was the owner.
McKinney said he wanted to tell Stewart about getting into business making cabinets
and galleys for commercial and private jets. McKinney said Cornwell was his friend
and was extremely experienced within the industry and had twenty-five years of
experience. Stewart met with Cornwell and McKinney, and they told Stewart they
had existing clients from their company that was going out of business. Cornwell
and McKinney said they had “in the neighborhood of $10 million in contracts that
they wanted to get,” and they just needed more space and more equipment to get the
contracts. They asked Stewart to invest, but he said he was not interested.
–9– McKinney was “very persistent,” so Stewart said he would “pray about it” and ask
his wife about it.
At a subsequent meeting, Cornwell and McKinney discussed with Stewart
orders or business “in the tens of millions” and a profit margin of thirty percent.
They discussed “Two and a half million dollars in revenue with $750,000 in profit
for the first year.” At another meeting, Cornwell and McKinney said they could start
the business with $180,000 to get the necessary equipment and secure the space.
Once they got new business, there would be a down payment on the work, “so you
have cash flow that automatically comes in.” Regarding ownership, Stewart was to
receive a twenty-percent interest for “that one $180,000.” Stewart gave Cornwell
and McKinney each a check for $15,000 in return for twenty-percent ownership and
a return based on the “$750,000 in profit the first year, two and a half million dollars
in sales.” Stewart also gave Cornwell a $150,000 check to secure premises for the
business and buy equipment. Stewart testified they “never talked about them having
any kind of huge salary because there was no way that you could ever do the numbers
to justify that.” Specifically, Stewart testified he did not agree that Cornwell and
McKinney could each be paid $180,000 per year, and he did not agree on a specific
amount for Cornwell’s and McKinney’s salaries.
As part of the investment, Cornwell and McKinney provided Stewart a
Branding Plan that memorialized in writing “some of the most significant things that
we both agreed on and thought this would be important.” The Plan discussed filling
–10– a “void in the current VIP aviation marketplace” for cabinetry and galleys by
“starting our business debt-free and having long-term reoccurring business.” The
Plan contained a “three-year financial projection sales of two and a half million, net
profit $750,000.” The Plan stated, “we can meet our competitors [sic] prices if we
want to because we will have less overhead and no debt.”
In August 2015, Stewart agreed to fund money for projects that were delayed
and for equipment, and he told Cornwell and McKinney they would have to increase
the percentage of interest that he and Diana had. In an email, Cornwell and
McKinney agreed to give Stewart and Diana a sixty percent interest and take a
twenty percent interest each. Stewart testified this agreement was not formalized.
According to what Cornwell and McKinney were telling Stewart, in August 2015
“Everything from a profit margin and from the revenue side was going as expected.”
Stewart testified that, in December 2015, TBL Staffing was started at the
request of Cornwell and McKinney and was funded by The Benefit Link. Stewart
testified the idea was to “create a profit center” by providing staffing to Legacy that
Legacy would have to pay for anyway. For “maybe the first few weeks,” Legacy
paid for the staffing provided by TBL Staffing, but “after that, they didn’t pay
anymore.” McKinney came to Stewart and said he had “a payment that’s missing
again” and asked Stewart to “bail us out.” Stewart “agreed to put more money in”
and put in $85,000. About two weeks later, McKinney needed money to bid a new
–11– project. Stewart agreed to advance more money but told Cornwell and McKinney
they would “have to revisit the equity structure again.”
Over the next few months, Cornwell and McKinney did not pay TBL Staffing
and, by April 2016, Legacy owed TBL Staffing “about $625,000.” Stewart was
“really upset” and “wrote a very terse letter” to Cornwell and McKinney telling them
to “please go ahead and straighten up.” Cornwell and McKinney told Stewart they
were “going to get some kind of payment plan worked out by TBL,” and Stewart
was “comfortable going forward.” Stewart also told Cornwell and McKinney he
“needed to see all the checks or any withdrawals out of the account and any deposits
coming in, because [he] had virtually no clue what was going on.” In response,
Stewart received emails containing “some” of the information, but he “did not
receive all of the expenses.” For a couple of months, the emails continued but
Cornwell and McKinney then told Stewart “they got a little too busy to be able to do
this anymore.” TBL Staffing was shut down and, at that time, Legacy owed TBL
Staffing $625,747. Stewart testified this amount came from The Benefit Link and
Diana and Stewart.
Throughout 2016, Stewart met with Cornwell and McKinney once or twice a
month, and Cornwell “would put up a spreadsheet” on cash flow, projects in
progress, and costs. However, “there were no documents that were given.”
Regarding profit margins, Stewart still understood “what they told me, which was
everything was 30 percent.” In August 2016, McKinney had gone to a “women-
–12– owned, small business administration conference” and met somebody from Bell
Helicopter and learned of “a set-aside contract for women-owned or, at least, for
small business.” Cornwell and McKinney asked Stewart to “switch over all the
ownership directly into Diana’s name” and “kind of change the entire partnership to
reflect that to get a signed agreement.” Cornwell sent Stewart a text on August 16
saying that the solicitation on the Bell Helicopter contract was due on August 17 or
18 and asking Stewart to “get these documents done.” On August 17, 2016, the
parties signed an agreement “reflecting that Diana was now 80 percent shareholder,”
Stewart was “zero,” and Cornwell and McKinney “were 10 percent each.”
At this same time, Cornwell and McKinney again asked for more money “to
clean up some of the other projects that they had” before “gear[ing] up for the
government contracting part.” Stewart agreed to give Cornwell and McKinney more
money. Later in August, “because this was a done deal, according to [McKinney],
the $111 million contract, [Cornwell and McKinney] had asked if they could earn
back an additional 10 percent.” Stewart testified he and Diana were “ecstatic
knowing that we could have something that could actually give us return on money
we invested now for a considerable amount of time and not received anything.”
Stewart knew that both Cornwell and McKinney wanted to lose weight, so Stewart
said to them, “what if we just say in January, if you guys have lost this weight, you
guys can get your additional 10 percent.” The weight loss agreement was made a
part of a signed agreement.
–13– By October 2016, Cornwell and McKinney were “bidding on Department of
Defense stuff” and “got really, really busy,” so Stewart asked Lynch to “come in and
take a look and help.” Lynch “had a background in really turning things around,”
and Lynch was able to run some advertisements and “get some candidates in to send
over to Legacy” to help. One of the candidates was Young. As Lynch worked on a
budget with Cornwell, Cornwell provided Lynch with spreadsheets that Stewart
“was familiar with seeing.” However, these spreadsheets, for the first time, showed
Cornwell’s and McKinney’s salaries. Lynch “couldn’t make any sense of the
numbers when she was looking at it.” At one time, “the accounts payable would be
$30,000,” and the “next time it was $300,000,” then “it worked its way up to 900-
and-some-odd thousand, and finally a million-one.”
Also in October, Stewart advanced Cornwell and McKinney another $70,000
“for labor and materials on a job that they were getting.” As part of making Legacy
a woman-owned business, McKinney went to the bank to add Diana and Stewart as
signatories on Legacy’s checking account. Prior to October 2016, Stewart did not
have access to the checking account. Stewart accessed Legacy’s bank account and
found “a number of charges that were questionable.”
Stewart testified he and Diana invested a total of $1,793,102 in Legacy.
Stewart did not know about “the $15,000 each [Cornwell and McKinney] took out a
month” and only learned of the payments in discovery. Stewart also learned
Cornwell and McKinney had a debit card that “they were charging all kinds of
–14– things” on, including “Pediatric dentists, $2,000 Kroger bills, $2,000 hotel bills,
$800 dinners, all sorts of personal things.”
In late October 2016, McKinney called Stewart to tell him the Bell Helicopter
deal was not going to happen. At a subsequent meeting, Stewart presented Cornwell
and McKinney with a promissory note after working with his attorney to “draft
something up trying to figure out if [Cornwell and McKinney] would be
accountable.” Stewart testified that, even though the amount of the promissory note
was $3.5 million, “it was really just a negotiating point.” Stewart arrived at the $3.5
million figure by adding together the “million and a half” the Scothorns had invested
and the approximately $2 million Legacy had “in terms of revenue.” Cornwell and
McKinney said they would get an attorney to look at the promissory note, and
Stewart agreed. After going to see an attorney, Cornwell and McKinney “came back
and said we are not going to sign any note in any way.” Stewart told Cornwell and
McKinney there had to be “some document” showing they “were involved in this
process,” and it had to be a promissory note. Stewart said he did not care what the
amount of the note was, and he told Cornwell and McKinney to “go ahead and figure
that out.” Stewart testified he never reached an agreement with Cornwell and
McKinney.
When asked if he owed a fiduciary duty to Legacy, Stewart testified that, from
August 17, 2016 when he signed a document making him chief financial officer of
Legacy until November 22 when he resigned, “the title of chief financial officer
–15– owed a fiduciary duty, but I did not have any of the documents or the ability to
operate in that position given the information that I had.” When asked what he was
asserting in the lawsuit that Cornwell and McKinney did wrong, Stewart responded:
They did not–they had a fiduciary duty to the company and to its shareholders, and they breached that in many ways by not operating the company in its best interest. They were definitely working on their own self interest, making sure that they got paid. If you wanted to walk through each one of the statements and look, you can notice, you know, there were other things that obviously didn’t get paid if you had a million dollars in payables, but you did pay yourself. And none of that makes sense when you’re a president and CEO of a accompany. You have an obligation to make sure that the company is operating at its best, and let the shareholder know what’s going on. I had no clue what was going on until we got [Lynch] involved. That was never any information that was given to me. That’s something that should be on the forefront at all points in time. But I also would never have invested the first dime had I known this was the kind of integrity.
Now, I mean, I don’t think that I had any of that information. It’s kind of like I didn’t know what I didn’t know, but I do know what I know now. And I believed what they told me before. I believed everything that they said was true. It all made sense to me. They just continued to induce us to go ahead and put more money in, based on what they told us was happening in the business, and, in fact, that was not the case.
Stewart testified he and Diana sought to recover $1,793,102.
On cross-examination, Stewart agreed the document he signed made him chief
financial officer retroactively from the inception of the company. Stewart admitted
he received an email on August 17, 2016, from the accountant for Legacy and The
Benefit Link containing a correction to form 1125-E that was being provided to the
IRS. The form was titled “Compensation of Officers” and showed Cornwell was
paid $120,000 and McKinney was paid $119,000. Stewart testified he “never saw
–16– this document.” Stewart testified that, “if [Cornwell and McKinney] requested pay,
they got paid.”
Allyn Needham, an economic consultant, performed a lost profits analysis on
Legacy. Relying on a projection of five years’ worth of future sales for Legacy
provided by McKinney, Needham testified Legacy lost between $7 million and $9
million in profits over a five-year period from 2017 to 2021. Needham testified that
Legacy never made any profit, and Legacy did not have any money to keep operating
unless the Scothorns or someone put money in. In response to questioning,
Needham agreed that the Scothorns never got a return on their investment in Legacy.
The jury found the Scothorns substantially relied to their detriment on
promise(s) made by Cornwell and McKinney, this reliance was foreseeable by
Cornwell and McKinney, and the Scothorns were entitled to damages of
$201,318.04. The jury also found Stewart did not comply with his fiduciary duties
owed to legacy while he was chief financial officer of Legacy, but Stewart’s conduct
was excused. The jury found Stewart committed fraud against Cornwell and
McKinney, his fraud was not excused, and McKinney was entitled to $9427.86 in
out-of-pocket damages and $8000 in damages for loss of credit reputation.
In April 2018, the trial court entered a final judgment awarding the Scothorns
$183,890.18, a sum the court arrived at by subtracting the damages awarded to
McKinney, $17,427.86, from the damages awarded to the Scothorns, $201,318.04.
–17– The judgment also awarded the Scothorns their costs against Cornwell and
Cornwell and McKinney filed a motion for new trial asserting the jury’s fraud
and breach of fiduciary duty findings against Stewart negated or barred the finding
of promissory estoppel against Cornwell and McKinney, the evidence was legally
and factually insufficient to support the jury’s findings , and the trial court erred in
failing to award Cornwell and McKinney equitable relief and in awarding costs
against Cornwell and McKinney. Cornwell and McKinney also filed a motion to
modify the final judgment in which they argued, among other things, the Scothorns
were not entitled to recover expenses of litigation, including postage, photocopies,
and delivery services. The trial court granted Cornwell and McKinney’s motion in
part, reduced the costs awarded to the Scothorns by $184, and denied the motion in
all other respects. This appeal followed.
In their first issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the trial court erred by
including the jury’s promissory estoppel finding and associated damages against
them when the jury’s fraud and fiduciary duty findings against Stewart negate the
finding of promissory estoppel against Cornwell and McKinney. In particular,
Cornwell and McKinney argue the Scothorns “should not be allowed to benefit all
the while participating in fraud against” Cornwell and McKinney. Cornwell and
McKinney, in a single sentence, assert that “the same argument can be made
regarding the finding that Appellee Stewart Scothorn breached his fiduciary duty.”
–18– In support of their assertions in their first issue, Cornwell and McKinney cite
one case: El Paso Healthcare System, Ltd. v. Piping Rock Corp., 939 S.W.2d 695
(Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, writ denied). In that case, El Paso Healthcare System
(EPHS) sought to develop a medical office building and enlisted the help of Piping
Rock, a developer. Id. at 697. The parties entered an agreement providing that
Piping Rock would execute an agreement to purchase the land for the proposed
building from EPHS and then contribute the land to the partnership as its capital
contribution. Id. For its contribution, EPHS agreed to execute a Build and Lease
Agreement under which it would lease all of the office space from the partnership
upon completion of the building. Id. The agreement required Piping Rock to obtain
and close a nonrecourse short-term construction loan no later than April 1, 1990. Id.
at 698. The construction loan was to fund all costs of building construction. Id.
Piping Rock had the option to terminate the partnership without liability if the
construction loan and the purchase of the land were not accomplished by April 1,
1990. Id. Piping Rock never obtained the construction loan, nor did it close the land
purchase contract. Id. The parties nevertheless continued to work on the project
together. Each party claims that the other induced it to continue. Id. at 699. EPHS
presented evidence that it allowed Piping Rock to stay on the project because Piping
Rock continually represented that it was close to closing a construction loan. Id.
EPHS asserted that it agreed to temporarily fund construction costs after April 1,
1990, not because it wanted to induce Piping Rock to complete the project without
–19– financing, but in reliance and anticipation on forthcoming financing. Id. Piping
Rock presented evidence that after April 1, 1990, EPHS asked Piping Rock to
continue with the construction even though there was no loan in place and agreed to
fund the construction costs, including Piping Rock’s costs, in order to complete the
project. Id. Several Piping Rock requests to EPHS, dated after April 1, 1990, for
payment of significant construction costs incurred, including Piping Rock’s
developer overhead, provided evidence that Piping Rock relied to its detriment on
EPHS’s promise to pay construction costs. Id.
Piping Rock filed suit against EPHS alleging, among other things, a
promissory estoppel claim. Id. at 698. EPHS counterclaimed against Piping Rock
for breach of the Agreement, fraudulent inducement, negligent misrepresentation,
intentional interference with contract and breach of fiduciary duty. Id. The jury
found that Piping Rock breached the Agreement and intentionally interfered with
EPHS’s contract to sell the medical office building but found no damages for EPHS
on either cause of action. Id. The jury found for Piping Rock on its promissory
estoppel claim and awarded $440,000 in damages for Piping Rock’s developer
overhead and $48,000 in costs for clearing a “staging area” next to the construction
site. Id. The jury failed to find for either party on any other cause of action. Id.
On appeal, EPHS argued, among other things, that the doctrine of unclean
hands barred Piping Rock from recovering on its promissory estoppel claim. Id. at
700. In making this argument, EPHS pointed to the jury’s findings that Piping Rock
–20– breached the original Agreement and that Piping Rock interfered with EPHS’s
contracts to sell the medical office building. Id. The court noted it was undisputed
that Piping Rock failed to obtain financing as required in the Agreement. Id. The
court then stated the following, which Cornwell and McKinney quote in their brief:
A party may not predicate an estoppel in his favor on, or assert such estoppel for the purpose of making effective, obtaining the benefit of, or shielding himself from the results of his own fraud, and, similarly, he may not do so with respect to his own dereliction of duty, violation of law, wrongful act, or other inequitable conduct in the transaction in question.
Id. However, the court noted, Piping Rock was not seeking to enforce favorable
provisions of the contract the jury found it had breached. Id. Instead, Piping Rock
was seeking to enforce promises EPHS allegedly made outside the agreement. Id.
The court had already found evidence in the record sufficient to determine that
EPHS’s promises were made to induce Piping Rock to remain on the project despite
any breach. Id. The court determined that an equitable unclean hands defense could
not be based on the very breach EPHS essentially excused by making the subject
promises in order to keep Piping Rock on the job. Id. The court concluded that
enforcing Piping Rock’s equitable promissory estoppel claims in this context did not
offend equity. Id.
Thus, Piping Rock addressed whether an unclean hands defense barred
recovery on a promissory estoppel claim. Piping Rock does not stand for the
proposition that Stewart’s fraud in this case negated the Scothorns’ promissory
estoppel claims. See id. To the extent the jury found Stewart committed fraud and –21– damaged McKinney $9427.86 in out-of-pocket damages and $8000 in damages for
loss of credit reputation, we cannot conclude this finding precluded the jury from
also finding that the Scothorns were entitled to damages of $201,318.04 on their
promissory estoppel claim against Cornwell and McKinney. See id. As to Cornwell
and McKinney’s argument that “the same argument can be made” regarding the
jury’s finding that Stewart breached his fiduciary duty, we note that the jury found
Stewart’s breach of fiduciary duty was excused, and Stewart breached a fiduciary
duty owed to Legacy, not Cornwell and McKinney. We overrule Cornwell and
McKinney’s first issue.
In their second issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the evidence is legally
and factually insufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 16 regarding
promissory estoppel. Specifically, Cornwell and McKinney argue there is no
evidence that they “would provide a return to [the Scothorns] of the funds advanced,
that the funds advanced would only be used for initial operations, or that Legacy
would not incur debt.”
In determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the
jury’s decision, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,
crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary
evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d
802, 807 (Tex. 2005); Lamajak, Inc. v. Frazin, 230 S.W.3d 786, 793 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2007, no pet.). To evaluate the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting
–22– the finding, we consider all the evidence and will set aside the verdict only if the
evidence supporting the jury finding is so weak or so against the overwhelming
weight of the evidence that the finding is clearly wrong and unjust. See Cain v. Bain,
709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Dyson v. Olin Corp., 692 S.W.2d 456, 457 (Tex.
1985); Lamajak, 230 S.W.3d at 793.
The elements of a promissory estoppel claim are (1) a promise, (2)
foreseeability of reliance thereon by the promisor, and (3) substantial detrimental
reliance by the promisee. Trevino & Assocs. Mech., L.P. v. Frost Nat. Bank, 400
S.W.3d 139, 146 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.); see English v. Fischer, 660
S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex. 1983); Fretz Constr. Co. v. S. Nat’l Bank of Houston, 626
S.W.2d 478, 480 (Tex. 1981). To show detrimental reliance, the plaintiff must
demonstrate that he materially changed his position in reliance on the promise.
Trevino, 400 S.W.3d at 146; see English, 660 S.W.2d at 524 (finding no promissory
estoppel when plaintiff could not show he would not have taken his detrimental
actions if defendant had not made promise).
Cornwell and McKinney assert, in part, that a “fourth element” of promissory
estoppel must be proven: that injustice can be avoided only by enforcing the
defendant’s promise, citing Collins v. Walker, 341 S.W.3d 570, 573–74 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (elements of promissory estoppel are: (1)
a promise, (2) foreseeability of reliance by the promisor, (3) substantial and
–23– reasonable reliance by the promisee to its detriment, and (4) enforcing the promise
is necessary to avoid injustice).
Question 16 of the jury charge asked, “Did the Scothorns substantially rely to
their detriment on promise(s) made by any of those listed below, and was this
reliance foreseeable by that person?” The jury answered “Yes” for both Cornwell
and McKinney. Cornwell and McKinney did not object to the jury charge question
on promissory estoppel. To preserve an appellate complaint premised on a defective
jury charge, a party must “point out distinctly the objectionable matter and the
grounds of the objection.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 274. “Any complaint as to a question,
definition, or instruction, on account of any defect, omission, or fault in pleading, is
waived unless specifically included in the objections.” Id. If a party fails to lodge
an objection to the jury charge that timely and plainly makes the trial court aware of
the complaint, error is not preserved and the complaint is waived on appeal. Ford
Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43 (Tex. 2007); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 278.
Because Cornwell and McKinney failed to object to the jury charge question on
promissory estoppel, their argument concerning a “fourth element” is waived. See
TEX. R. CIV. P. 274.
Stewart testified Cornwell and McKinney discussed orders or business “in the
tens of millions,” a profit margin of thirty percent, and “Two and a half million
dollars in revenue with $750,000 in profit for the first year.” Cornwell and
McKinney said they could start the business with $180,000 to get the necessary
–24– equipment and secure the space. Once they got new business, there would be a down
payment on the work, “so you have cash flow that automatically comes in.”
Regarding ownership, Stewart was to receive a twenty-percent interest for “that one
$180,000.” Stewart gave Cornwell and McKinney each a check for $15,000 in
return for twenty-percent ownership and a return based on the “$750,000 in profit
the first year, two and a half million dollars in sales.” Stewart also gave Cornwell a
$150,000 check to secure premises for the business and buy equipment. Stewart
testified they “never talked about them having any kind of huge salary because there
was no way that you could ever do the numbers to justify that.” Stewart testified he
did not agree that Cornwell and McKinney could each be paid $180,000 per year,
and he did not agree on a specific amount for Cornwell’s and McKinney’s salaries.
Cornwell and McKinney provided Stewart a Branding Plan that memorialized
in writing “some of the most significant things that we both agreed on and thought
this would be important.” The Plan discussed filling a “void in the current VIP
aviation marketplace” for cabinetry and galleys by “starting our business debt-free
and having long-term reoccurring business.” The Plan contained a “three-year
financial projection sales of two and a half million, net profit $750,000.” The Plan
stated, “we can meet our competitors [sic] prices if we want to because we will have
less overhead and no debt.”
Based on Cornwell and McKinney’s promises, the Scothorns ultimately
advanced more than $1.7 million in cash. Although the Scothorns never received
–25– any money from Cornwell, McKinney, or Legacy, Cornwell and McKinney paid
themselves $15,000 a month without telling the Scothorns. We conclude this
evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question
16 regarding promissory estoppel. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807; Cain, 709
S.W.2d at 176; English, 660 S.W.2d at 524. We overrule Cornwell and McKinney’s
second issue.
In their third issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the evidence is insufficient
to support the jury’s affirmative answer to Question 19, which asked whether
Stuart’s breach of fiduciary duties owed to Legacy was excused. Question 19 also
provided the following instruction:
A party’s conduct is excused if the other party is estopped from complaining about the unauthorized conduct. A party is estopped from complaining of the unauthorized conduct if when, with knowledge of the facts has [sic] so conducted himself as to lead the other party to believe that he would not have acted as he did.
Cornwell and McKinney argue “there is a lack of legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence with regards to question number 19 of the Charge of the Court.” In support
of this argument, Cornwell and McKinney argue courts have held that “[e]stoppel
arises where, by the fault of one, another is induced to change his or her position for
the worse,” citing Avary v. Bank of America, N.A., 72 S.W.3d 779, 788 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2002, no pet.). Cornwell and McKinney cite Avary in asserting the elements
of an estoppel defense are (i) a false representation or concealment of material facts,
(ii) made with knowledge, actual or constructive, of those facts, (iii) with the
–26– intention that it should be acted on, (iv) to a party without knowledge or means of
obtaining knowledge of the facts, (v) who detrimentally relies on the representations.
Id. Cornwell and McKinney argue there is no evidence Stewart’s conduct in which
he failed to comply with his fiduciary duties changed his position for the worse based
upon the actions of Cornwell and McKinney. Further, they argue the testimony
shows there were numerous meetings between Stewart and Cornwell and McKinney,
and all major decisions were made with Stewart’s approval.
Thus, Cornwell and McKinney rely on the elements of an “estoppel defense”
in making their arguments. However, as the Scothorns point out, Question 19
submitted the defense of quasi estoppel. Quasi-estoppel is a term applied to certain
legal bars, such as ratification, election, acquiescence, or acceptance of benefits.
Forney 921 Lot Dev. Partners I, L.P. v. Paul Taylor Homes, Ltd., 349 S.W.3d 258,
268 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied); Steubner Realty 19, Ltd. v. Cravens
Road 88, Ltd., 817 S.W.2d 160, 164 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no
writ). It is a long-standing doctrine applied to preclude contradictory positions: it
precludes a person from asserting, to another’s disadvantage, a right inconsistent
with a position previously taken. Lopez v. Munoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22
S.W.3d 857, 864 (Tex. 2000); see Schauer v. Von Schauer, 138 S.W. 145, 149–50
(Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1911, writ ref’d) (“Where a person has, with knowledge of
the facts, acted or conducted himself in a particular manner, or asserted a particular
claim, title, or right, he cannot afterwards assume a position inconsistent with such
–27– act, claim or conduct to the prejudice of another.”). The doctrine applies when it
would be unconscionable to allow a person to maintain a position inconsistent with
one in which he acquiesced. Lopez, 22 S.W.3d at 864; Atkinson Gas Co. v. Albrecht,
878 S.W.2d 236, 240 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg 1994, writ denied);
Vessels v. Anschutz Corp., 823 S.W.2d 762, 765–66 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992,
writ denied). Unlike equitable estoppel, quasi-estoppel does not require a showing
of a false representation or detrimental reliance. Forney 921, 349 S.W.3d at 268;
Steubner Realty 19, Ltd., 817 S.W.2d at 164.
Stewart testified that, from August 17, 2016, when he signed a document
making him chief financial officer of Legacy until November 22 when he resigned,
“the title of chief financial officer owed a fiduciary duty, but I did not have any of
the documents or the ability to operate in that position given the information that I
had.” The document Stewart signed made him chief financial officer retroactively
from the inception of the company. However, Stewart testified he “had no clue what
was going on until we got [Lynch] involved.” Stewart believed everything that
Cornwell and McKinney said was true, and they continued to induce the Scothorns
to put more money into Legacy.
Throughout 2016, Stewart met with Cornwell and McKinney once or twice a
month, and Cornwell “would put up a spreadsheet” on cash flow, projects in
progress, and costs. However, “there were no documents that were given.”
–28– Regarding profit margins, Stewart still understood “what they told me, which was
everything was 30 percent.”
Prior to October 2016, Stewart did not have access to Legacy’s checking
account. Stewart accessed Legacy’s bank account and found “a number of charges
that were questionable.” Stewart did not know about “the $15,000 each [Cornwell
and McKinney] took out a month” and only learned of the payments in discovery.
Stewart also learned Cornwell and McKinney had a debit card that “they were
charging all kinds of things” on, including “Pediatric dentists, $2,000 Kroger bills,
$2,000 hotel bills, $800 dinners, all sorts of personal things.”
Thus, although the record shows Stewart did not fulfill his fiduciary duties to
Legacy, the record also shows that Cornwell and McKinney concealed financial
information from Stewart and made false representations concerning Legacy’s fiscal
condition that Stewart relied on to his detriment. Stewart and Diana invested a total
of $1,793,102 in Legacy, and they did not receive any return on their investment in
Legacy. Thus, even accepting Cornwell and McKinney’s framing of the issue, there
was sufficient evidence establishing that estoppel excused Stewart’s breach of his
fiduciary duty to Legacy. See Avary, 72 S.W.3d at 788. More to the point, the
evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question
19 on the basis of quasi estoppel. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807; Cain, 709
S.W.2d at 176; Forney 921, 349 S.W.3d at 268; Steubner Realty 19, Ltd., 817
S.W.2d at 164. We overrule Cornwell and McKinney’s third issue.
–29– In their fourth issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the trial court erred in not
awarding them equitable relief based on the jury’s finding Stewart breached his
fiduciary duty. A trial court’s decision regarding equitable relief is reviewed under
an abuse of discretion standard and may only be overturned if the decision was
arbitrary or unreasonable. Hill v. Shamoun & Norman, LLP, 544 S.W.3d 724, 742
(Tex. 2018). Specifically, Cornwell and McKinney argue the Scothorns “emptied
Legacy’s bank account in the amount of $47,000,” and they should have been
awarded this amount as equitable relief. Cornwell and McKinney ignore the fact
that the jury found Stewart did not fulfill his fiduciary duty to Legacy, not to them,
and the jury correctly found Stewart’s breach of fiduciary duty was excused. Under
these circumstances, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in not
awarding Cornwell and McKinney $47,000 in equitable relief. We overrule
Cornwell and McKinney’s fourth issue.
In their fifth issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 8, which asked
whether they committed fraud against the Scothorns. Again, Cornwell and
McKinney ignore the fact that the jury also found their fraud was excused. Further,
the trial court’s judgment does not refer to the jury’s finding that Cornwell and
McKinney committed fraud or make any award based on the finding of fraud.
A trial court may disregard a jury finding only if it is unsupported by evidence,
a condition not met in this case, or if the issue is immaterial. Spencer v. Eagle Star
–30– Ins. Co. of Am., 876 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex. 1994) (citing C. & R. Transport, Inc. v.
Campbell, 406 S.W.2d 191, 194 (Tex. 1966)). A question is immaterial when it
should not have been submitted, or when it was properly submitted but has been
rendered immaterial by other findings. Id.; Chambers v. Equity Bank, SSB, 319
S.W.3d 892, 902 n.15 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.) (where questions
disregarded by trial court were rendered immaterial by jury’s other finding, court
would not address sufficiency of evidence in support of jury’s answers to those
questions). Here, the jury’s finding that Cornwell and McKinney committed fraud
was rendered immaterial by the jury’s finding that the fraud was excused, and the
trial court properly disregarded the finding of fraud and did not incorporate that
finding into the final judgment. See Spencer, 876 S.W.2d at 157. Accordingly, we
need not address the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding of fraud. See
Chambers, 319 S.W.3d 892, 902 n.15. We overrule Cornwell and McKinney’s fifth
issue.
In their sixth issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the trial court erred in
awarding costs against them. As a general rule, the successful party to a suit shall
recover of his adversary all costs incurred therein. TEX. R. CIV. P. 131. A successful
party is one who gets a judgment from a competent court vindicating a civil claim
of right. Hasty Inc. v. Inwood Buckhorn Joint Venture, 908 S.W.2d 494, 502 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 1995, writ denied). The allocation of costs is a matter for the trial
court’s discretion and cannot be overturned on appeal, absent an abuse of discretion.
–31– Nolte v. Flournoy, 348 S.W.3d 262, 270 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011); Madison v.
Williamson; 241 S.W.3d 145, 157 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.
denied).
In making their argument, Cornwell and McKinney renew their argument that
the breach of fiduciary duty finding against Stewart negated the finding against them
for promissory estoppel and point out that they prevailed in a summary judgment
proceeding prior to trial. We have already rejected the argument that Stewart’s
breach of fiduciary duty negated the promissory estoppel finding against Cornwell
and Scothorn. Further, in this proceeding, the jury found the Scothorns’ damages
were $201,318.04, McKinney was entitled to $9427.86 in out-of-pocket damages
and $8000 in damages for loss of credit reputation, and the trial court entered a final
judgment awarding the Scothorns $183,890.18. Under these circumstances, we
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding the Scothorns their
costs. See Nolte, 348 S.W.3d at 270; Madison; 241 S.W.3d at 157. We overrule
Cornwell and McKinney’s sixth issue.
In their seventh issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the trial court erred in
awarding the amount of costs submitted in the Scothorns’ amended bill of cost.
Specifically, Cornwell and McKinney argue $773.50 for legal document services
was an expense of litigation that was not recoverable. At oral argument, counsel for
the Scothorns agreed to the $773.50 reduction in costs. Accordingly, we sustain
Cornwell and McKinney’s seventh issue.
–32– In their eighth issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the evidence conclusively
establishes the jury’s award of damages is excessive. In support of this issue,
Cornwell and McKinney submit a single sentence: “Based upon the arguments
above, the jury’s award of $201,318.04 against Appellants is excessive based on the
evidence presented at trial.” An appellant’s failure to cite legal authority or provide
substantive analysis of a legal issue results in waiver of the complaint. Fredonia
State Bank v. General Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex. 1994).
Accordingly, we need not further address Cornwell and McKinney’s eighth issue.
In their ninth issue, Cornwell and McKinney argue the trial court erred in
denying their motion for new trial. Again, aside from citing authority for the
propositions that (1) “denying a motion for new trial is appealable” and (2) the
standard of review is abuse of discretion, Cornwell and McKinney fail to provide
any substantive analysis of the issue other than the assertion that the trial court erred
“for the reasons set forth in the above sections.” We conclude Cornwell and
McKinney have also waived this complaint. See id. We need not further address
Cornwell and McKinney’s ninth issue.
We reform the trial court’s judgment to delete the award of $773.50 in costs
to the Scothorns. As modified, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Robert D. Burns, III/ ROBERT D. BURNS, III 180799F.P05 CHIEF JUSTICE
–33– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
JONATHAN CORNWELL AND On Appeal from the 429th Judicial SHADD MCKINNEY, Appellants District Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 429-05287- No. 05-18-00799-CV V. 2016. Opinion delivered by Chief Justice DIANA SCOTHORN, STEWART Burns. Justices Molberg and Partida- SCOTHORN, THE BENEFIT LINK, Kipness participating. INC., AND SCOTHORN AERO, INC., Appellees
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is MODIFIED as follows:
the award of $773.50 in costs to Diana Scothorn and Stewart Scothorn is deleted.
It is ORDERED that, as modified, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellees Diana Scothorn, Stewart Scothorn, The Benefit Link, Inc., and Scothorn Aero, Inc. recover their costs of this appeal from appellants Jonathan Cornwell and Shadd McKinney.
Judgment entered this 17th day of September 2020.
–34–