Smith, J.
There is no evidence, that the minor bought the machine for, or on behalf of, her father.
Apart from the fact, that the twenty dollars paid came from her earnings, there could be no doubt that the machine was the property [544]*544of the minor. So far as it was bought on credit, it was on her credit, not on her father’s. Although a father is entitled to'the earnings of his child as a recompense for his liability to support the child, * he has no power over his child’s estate except as his trustee or guardian; 1 Blackstone’s Com. 453. “ He has no title to the property of the child, nor is the capacity or right of the latter to take property or receive money by grant, gift or otherwise, except as a compensation for services, in any degree qualified or limited during minority. Whatever therefore an infant acquires which does not come to him as a compensation for services rendered, belongs absolutely to him, and his father cannot interpose any claim to itsee Bigelow C. J., in Banks v. Conant, 14 Allen, 497, p. 498 ; Wendell v. Pierce, 13 N. H. 502. If therefore the father had any interest in this machine, it must have been solely by reason of the fact that it was partly paid for out of the earnings of his daughter.
In the present case, upon the evidence in the depositions, we find, as matter of fact, that, when the daughter began to do the work by which she earned the twenty dollars, the father consented, in good faith that the wages to be earned by that labor, should belong to the daughter.
The father did not “ put his consent into words but his acts (as detailed in the' depositions) relative to the daughter’s employment at various times in sewing, and as to her disposition of the sums which had thus been earned, justify the inference that he so consented ou this occasion, and thus express his consent as eflectually “ as words would have done see 5 Am. Law Review. 11, 12. Can this relinquishment of the father’s right to the daughter’s future earnings be avoided by his existing creditors as fraudulent in law ?
A debtor cannot give away his attachable property, to the prejudice of existing creditors. But his time and talents are at his own disposal. If the debtor, instead of laboring to earn wages which his creditors cau attach by the trustee process, chooses to remain idle, or “ to give away his own services by working gratuitously for another,” his creditors have no legal remedy. They “ cannot compel him to work and earn wages for their benefit.” The laws of this state do not authorize ‘ ‘ the sale of the person of a debtor for the satisfaction of his debts.” Abbey v. Deyo, 44 N. Y. 353, pp. 346-9 ; Bush v. Vought, 55 Penn. State, 437, p. 441; see also Williams v. Chambers, 10 Queen’s Bench, 337; Chippendale v. Tomlinson, 4 Douglas, 318.
If the father can give away his own labor, by working gratuitously for another, why may he not also give away his right to the future labor of his child? The creditors of the father cannot attach, or sell upon execution, the child’s capacity to labor. Practically, the father’s right to the childs prospective earnings is worthless unless the father and the child both choose to make it valuable. There is no legal process, by which the creditors can compel the father, to make [545]*545the son labor for their benefit. No law requires the father “to work his son or his daughter as he would work a horse or a slave for the benefit of his creditors;” Black, J., in McCloskey v. Cyphert, 27 Penn. State, 220, p. 225.
If the father can give to a third person the right to his daughter’s future services, can there be any valid objection to his giving this right to the daughter herself? We are not to pass upon this question without giving some consideration to the interests of the daughter. She is not a chattel, but is entitled to the care and protection of the law, just as much as her father’s creditoi’s. See Parker, C. J., in Whiting v. Earle, 3 Pick. 201, p. 202; Isham, J., in Bray v. Wheeler, 29 Vt. 514, pp. 516-7. If they can take her future earnings against her will, and her father’s will, she is, in effect, reduced “ to a condition of qualified slavery.” The law does not contemplate the subjection of the child to any person not standing in loco parentis. The consequences to the child of denying the father’s power to relinquish his right to the child’s future .earnings, would often prove extremely pernicious. If a son anticipates, that his wages will be applied, against his father’s will, to pay his father’s debts, it is hardly probable that he will labor with much vigor, or earn anything above his support. The creditors will generally gain nothing, but the son may be ruined by the absence, at the most important time of his life, of some of the strongest incentives to the formation of industrious habits. We are not now considering the validity of a gift by the father of a claim for wages already due for his own past services, or of a gift by the father of his claim for wages already earned by labor which his minor child has performed without any previous understanding that the avails should go to the child’s own use. Nor is this a case where the arrangement between the father and the child was merely colorable, designed by the parties to cover the earnings of the daughter for the father’s use and benefit, and in fraud of his creditors. See Gragg v. Martin, 12 Allen, 498. In the present case, the father, in good faith, consented that his minor daughter should receive to her own use, her future earnings in a certain employment. His creditors cannot interpose to take from the daughter wages earned by her in that employment subsequently to the father’s relinquishment of his right. See Wolcott v. Rickey, 22 Iowa. 171; McCloskey v. Cyphert, 27 Penn. 220 ; Lyon v. Bolling, 14 Ala. 753 ; Bobo v. Bryson, 21 Ark. 387 ; Lord v. Poor, 10 Shepley, 569 ; Bray v. Wheeler, 29 Vt. 514; Manchester v. Smith, 12 Pick. 113 ; Whiting v. Earle, 3 Pick. 201; Jenney v. Alden, 12 Mass. 375.
It seems to have been asserted, that a bona fide relinquishment- by a husband to his wife, of his marital right to the wife’s future earnings, is invalid as against the husband’s creditors. See 2 Story’s Equity Jur. sec. 1387. If the reason of such a doctrine is found in the common law disability of a husband to contract with his wife, it cqn have no application to the present case. If the doctrine can be sustained at all, it must be as an exception, growing out of the [546]*546peculiar status of the parties ; and not as a rule based upon general principles, applicable alike to husband and wife, and parent and child.
The right of the daughter, to hold the twenty dollars against her father’s creditors, does not depend on the question whether she had fully emancipated, or had ceased to receive any support from her father. If she performed the labor, by which that sum was earned, upon an understanding with her father that she should receive the avails of that labor, that understanding cannot be treated as a nullity, merely, because it did not extend to all other labor which the daughter might perform during minority. A partial relinquishment of the parental right avails pro tanto : See Tillotson v. McCrillis, 11 Vt. 477, p. 480.
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Smith, J.
There is no evidence, that the minor bought the machine for, or on behalf of, her father.
Apart from the fact, that the twenty dollars paid came from her earnings, there could be no doubt that the machine was the property [544]*544of the minor. So far as it was bought on credit, it was on her credit, not on her father’s. Although a father is entitled to'the earnings of his child as a recompense for his liability to support the child, * he has no power over his child’s estate except as his trustee or guardian; 1 Blackstone’s Com. 453. “ He has no title to the property of the child, nor is the capacity or right of the latter to take property or receive money by grant, gift or otherwise, except as a compensation for services, in any degree qualified or limited during minority. Whatever therefore an infant acquires which does not come to him as a compensation for services rendered, belongs absolutely to him, and his father cannot interpose any claim to itsee Bigelow C. J., in Banks v. Conant, 14 Allen, 497, p. 498 ; Wendell v. Pierce, 13 N. H. 502. If therefore the father had any interest in this machine, it must have been solely by reason of the fact that it was partly paid for out of the earnings of his daughter.
In the present case, upon the evidence in the depositions, we find, as matter of fact, that, when the daughter began to do the work by which she earned the twenty dollars, the father consented, in good faith that the wages to be earned by that labor, should belong to the daughter.
The father did not “ put his consent into words but his acts (as detailed in the' depositions) relative to the daughter’s employment at various times in sewing, and as to her disposition of the sums which had thus been earned, justify the inference that he so consented ou this occasion, and thus express his consent as eflectually “ as words would have done see 5 Am. Law Review. 11, 12. Can this relinquishment of the father’s right to the daughter’s future earnings be avoided by his existing creditors as fraudulent in law ?
A debtor cannot give away his attachable property, to the prejudice of existing creditors. But his time and talents are at his own disposal. If the debtor, instead of laboring to earn wages which his creditors cau attach by the trustee process, chooses to remain idle, or “ to give away his own services by working gratuitously for another,” his creditors have no legal remedy. They “ cannot compel him to work and earn wages for their benefit.” The laws of this state do not authorize ‘ ‘ the sale of the person of a debtor for the satisfaction of his debts.” Abbey v. Deyo, 44 N. Y. 353, pp. 346-9 ; Bush v. Vought, 55 Penn. State, 437, p. 441; see also Williams v. Chambers, 10 Queen’s Bench, 337; Chippendale v. Tomlinson, 4 Douglas, 318.
If the father can give away his own labor, by working gratuitously for another, why may he not also give away his right to the future labor of his child? The creditors of the father cannot attach, or sell upon execution, the child’s capacity to labor. Practically, the father’s right to the childs prospective earnings is worthless unless the father and the child both choose to make it valuable. There is no legal process, by which the creditors can compel the father, to make [545]*545the son labor for their benefit. No law requires the father “to work his son or his daughter as he would work a horse or a slave for the benefit of his creditors;” Black, J., in McCloskey v. Cyphert, 27 Penn. State, 220, p. 225.
If the father can give to a third person the right to his daughter’s future services, can there be any valid objection to his giving this right to the daughter herself? We are not to pass upon this question without giving some consideration to the interests of the daughter. She is not a chattel, but is entitled to the care and protection of the law, just as much as her father’s creditoi’s. See Parker, C. J., in Whiting v. Earle, 3 Pick. 201, p. 202; Isham, J., in Bray v. Wheeler, 29 Vt. 514, pp. 516-7. If they can take her future earnings against her will, and her father’s will, she is, in effect, reduced “ to a condition of qualified slavery.” The law does not contemplate the subjection of the child to any person not standing in loco parentis. The consequences to the child of denying the father’s power to relinquish his right to the child’s future .earnings, would often prove extremely pernicious. If a son anticipates, that his wages will be applied, against his father’s will, to pay his father’s debts, it is hardly probable that he will labor with much vigor, or earn anything above his support. The creditors will generally gain nothing, but the son may be ruined by the absence, at the most important time of his life, of some of the strongest incentives to the formation of industrious habits. We are not now considering the validity of a gift by the father of a claim for wages already due for his own past services, or of a gift by the father of his claim for wages already earned by labor which his minor child has performed without any previous understanding that the avails should go to the child’s own use. Nor is this a case where the arrangement between the father and the child was merely colorable, designed by the parties to cover the earnings of the daughter for the father’s use and benefit, and in fraud of his creditors. See Gragg v. Martin, 12 Allen, 498. In the present case, the father, in good faith, consented that his minor daughter should receive to her own use, her future earnings in a certain employment. His creditors cannot interpose to take from the daughter wages earned by her in that employment subsequently to the father’s relinquishment of his right. See Wolcott v. Rickey, 22 Iowa. 171; McCloskey v. Cyphert, 27 Penn. 220 ; Lyon v. Bolling, 14 Ala. 753 ; Bobo v. Bryson, 21 Ark. 387 ; Lord v. Poor, 10 Shepley, 569 ; Bray v. Wheeler, 29 Vt. 514; Manchester v. Smith, 12 Pick. 113 ; Whiting v. Earle, 3 Pick. 201; Jenney v. Alden, 12 Mass. 375.
It seems to have been asserted, that a bona fide relinquishment- by a husband to his wife, of his marital right to the wife’s future earnings, is invalid as against the husband’s creditors. See 2 Story’s Equity Jur. sec. 1387. If the reason of such a doctrine is found in the common law disability of a husband to contract with his wife, it cqn have no application to the present case. If the doctrine can be sustained at all, it must be as an exception, growing out of the [546]*546peculiar status of the parties ; and not as a rule based upon general principles, applicable alike to husband and wife, and parent and child.
The right of the daughter, to hold the twenty dollars against her father’s creditors, does not depend on the question whether she had fully emancipated, or had ceased to receive any support from her father. If she performed the labor, by which that sum was earned, upon an understanding with her father that she should receive the avails of that labor, that understanding cannot be treated as a nullity, merely, because it did not extend to all other labor which the daughter might perform during minority. A partial relinquishment of the parental right avails pro tanto : See Tillotson v. McCrillis, 11 Vt. 477, p. 480. Notwithstanding the decision in Godfrey v. Hays, 6 Ala. 501, we think that the fact that the daughter remained a member of her father’s family is material only as evidence to be weighed in determining whether the alleged relinquishment by the father was an act done in good faith, or merely color-able. In many instances where minors are allowed to control their own earnings, it may reasonably be expected, that they will support themselves out of those earnings, and thus diminish the claims on their parents. The probability of such a result, has had some weight in inducing courts to deny the right of creditors to take the fruits of the minor’s labor. But we do not understand, that the use which the minor makes of his earnings, is the test of his right to those earnings; nor that the continuing liability of the father to support the minor is fatal to the minor’s claim to control his own earnings. If it were otherwise, no emancipation by the father could could ever be of any validity against his creditors; for it is clear that a father cannot, by his own act, “cast his son upon the public, and relieve himself from the obligation of maintenance” imposed upon him by the pauper laws (see Gen. Stat. ch. 74, sec. 8.) The usual clause in “freedom notices,” in which the father declares that he will pay none of the son’s debts, can hardly have the full effect which many fathers may imagine ; see Bell, C. J., in Hall v. Hall, 44 N. H. 293 pp. 295, 296 ; 1 Parsons on Contracts, 5th edition, 310, 311. The continued receipt by the minor of support from his father is competent evidence upon the question, whether the father’s-alleged relinquishment of his right to any portion of the minor’s future earnings, was a reality or a mere sham; and it is not difficult to imagine cases where such evidence would carry decisive conviction of the colorable nature of the alleged relinquishment. But proof of this fact, does not give rise to a conclusive legal presumption of fraud. In the present case, it seems not improbable that the daughter’s services as her father’s housekeeper fully compensated him for her support.
We find, that his consent to her receipt of the money earned by sewing was given in good faith, and was not designed to cover up the daughter’s earnings for the father’s benefit in fraud of his creditors. It follows, that the plaintiffs, though assumed to be existing [547]*547creditors of tbe father, had no claim on the twenty dollars; and of course have no claim upon the property purchased therewith.
If we had held that the twenty dollars should be regarded as the father’s money, it might have been necessary to inquire whether that sum was paid down at the time of purchase, or whether the machine was purchased wholly upon the daughter’s credit and the sum of twenty dollars was afterwards applied by the daughter in part payment of her debt; see Adams on Equity, 143, 144; 1 Leading-Cases in Equity, 3d Am. Ed. 275 ; Francestown v. Deering, 41 N. H. 438 ; 2 Story on Equity Jurisp., sec’s 1258, 9 ; Taylor v. Plumer, 3 Maule & Selwyn, 562; 2 Kent’s Com. 623.
Caswell v. Hill, 47 N. H. 407, is not directly in point. There, the court found, as matter of fact, that the transaction relative to the musical instrument was, really, “ nothing more nor less than a gift of this instrument” by a step-father to his step-daughter; and the gift was of course held invalid as against his existing creditoi-s.
Trustee discharged.