BOIND, C.
This is an action in equity to enjoin defendant from the alleged obstruction of a public road, known as the Boonville and Pisgah road, which it is claimed is necessary for ingress and egress to the farm now owned by complainants, in Cooper county, Missouri. Defendant’s answer admits the former existence of the road, but sets up, that on the 2d of February, 1891, the county court of Cooper [588]*588county ordered it vacated from its beginning point to the place of its junction with the Boonville and Tip-ton road, and in lieu thereof ordered another road to be constructed so as to connect the beginning point of the old road in a straight line, running east and west, with the Boonville and Tipton road. The answer further states, that from said date until the filing of this suit the old Boonville and Pisgah road had been entirely abandoned by the county and the traveling public, except a short stub running south from the farm now owned by plaintiffs and the common beginning point of the old and neAV road; that at the time of the vacation of the old road and the construction of the new, defendant was a tenant on the farm now owned by plaintiffs; that the then owner of that farm acquiesced in the action of the county court in changing the road as above stated; that defendant had spent a large sum of money in enclosing, improving and cultivating his lands over which the old road ran, and had erected improvements near its former site; that the county had wholly abandoned the old road and had continuously-worked and improved the substituted road; that plaintiffs purchased their farm' in 1903 with full knowledge of all of said proceedings and of the abandonment of said highway, and after a lapse of more than ten years, and were guilty of laches by setting up the claim made in their present suit.
On the trial the proceedings of the county court in reference to the change of this road were introduced in evidence, showing that the change had been made by order of that tribunal, and that the old road had been declared to be vacated. There was also oral testimony showing that thereafter the old road had been entirely abandoned by the traveling public as well as the county authorities, and in lieu thereof the substituted road had been recognized and used as a public highway continuously; that it was a much better road-bed for traveling purposes and furnished a [589]*589closer connection between the common beginning point of the two roads and the Boonville and Tipton road; that subsequent to the vacation of the old road, this defendant erected feed pens and wells so near the portion of the old road on his lands that they would have to be removed in case it was reopened; that he made the application to the county court to turn the old road into the new road; that he and the consenting property-owner who signed the application owned all of the land over which the old road ran, except about forty acres near its former junction with the Boonville and Tipton road, and except the farm now owned by plaintiffs but then owned by the lessor of defendant; that said lessor was informed by defendant of his action in procuring the new road and acquiesced therein. There was evidence tending to show that the rental value of the farm now owned by plaintiffs might be 75 cents an acre less than it would have been if the old road had not been changed.
There was a decree awarding plaintiffs nominal damages and perpetually enjoining defendant from the maintenance of fences and other improvements with which he had enclosed the road after its vacation and .abandonment by the public. From this judgment defendant appealed.
OPINION.
I. The theory on which the learned trial judge rendered his decree perpetually enjoining defendant was, that the entire proceedings in the county court looking to the change of the old Boonville and Pisgah road into the new road and the partial vacation of the old road were absolutely void, and hence no bar to this suit ;•> and, further, that the defense of the abandonment of said road by the county authorities and by the traveling- public from the time of said proceedings up to the filing of this suit could not be intérposed.
[590]*590Without stopping- to determine the efficacy of the proceedings in the county court instituted by defendant under the special statute permitting- land owners who desired to cultivate a portion of their land over which a road runs to turn the course of that road to another road to be. established over the land of the petitioner and a consenting- land owner (R. S. 1909, sec. 10,444; R. S. 1899', sec. 9447; R. S. 1889-, sec. 7818; Howe v. Callaway, 119 Mo. App. 256), we will eonsider the defense of abandonment, for if that is available, it is a complete bar to the present action, and renders it unnecessary to discuss the effect of the order of the county court.
It has always been competent in this State for the public to abandon the right to highways and public roads which it acquired in the common law methods of dedication and prescription arising from adverse use, or by the statutory method regulating, first, the opening- of new roads; second, the changing of an existing- road and the substitution of a new one therefor; and, third, the turning of a road running over a portion of the farm of the petitioner, who desires to enclose and cultivate the same, into a changed road running over his. land and that of a consenting landowner. [R. S. 1909', secs. 10,435* 10,447,10’,458,10,461.]
The only limitation upon the abandonment’of an established public road is that it must not be done to the injury of the vested- rights of abutting owners or persons similarly situated. As to this, it is said, “But where no such rights are involved, the public may either abandon or vacate a highway; and where such rights do exist, they may also be abandoned by those entitled to assert them; or the road or street may be vacated by proper legal proceedings and the payment of due compensation. It is proper, therefore, to state1 that a highway may cease to exist either1 by abandonment’ or by vacation according to law.” [Elliott on Roads and Streets (3 Ed.), sec. 1172.] Proof of the [591]*591abandonment of a public highway may be shown by evidence of matters in pais as well as by proceedings in court or other public records. In 1887 a statute was adopted in this State fixing the length of time of nonuser sufficient to prove an abandonment of any public road. This statute has been carried into each revision since its passage. [R. S. 1889', sec. 7847; R. S. 1899, secs. 9472 and 9694 (duplicates of each other); R. S. 1909, sec. 10,446.] In the first two revisions it was maintained in its original form. In the latter it has been maintained in an amended form. In all stages of its existence, the statute has read: “And nonuser by the public for a period of ten years continuously of any public road shall be deemed an abandonment of the same.” When the statute embracing the above language was originally passed it had a threefold purpose; first, to regulate the length of use necessary to establish a road which had been irregularly created by a county court; second, to provide a term of disuse sufficient to show abandonment of any public highway; and, third, to provide ag;ainst the loss of title by the owner of lands by any adverse possession and use of such lands as a highway, unless such public use was accompanied with an expenditure of public money or labor on the lands. [State v. Muir, 136 Mo. App. 123.] The terminology of the above quotation from the statutes shows that it is applicable to any
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BOIND, C.
This is an action in equity to enjoin defendant from the alleged obstruction of a public road, known as the Boonville and Pisgah road, which it is claimed is necessary for ingress and egress to the farm now owned by complainants, in Cooper county, Missouri. Defendant’s answer admits the former existence of the road, but sets up, that on the 2d of February, 1891, the county court of Cooper [588]*588county ordered it vacated from its beginning point to the place of its junction with the Boonville and Tip-ton road, and in lieu thereof ordered another road to be constructed so as to connect the beginning point of the old road in a straight line, running east and west, with the Boonville and Tipton road. The answer further states, that from said date until the filing of this suit the old Boonville and Pisgah road had been entirely abandoned by the county and the traveling public, except a short stub running south from the farm now owned by plaintiffs and the common beginning point of the old and neAV road; that at the time of the vacation of the old road and the construction of the new, defendant was a tenant on the farm now owned by plaintiffs; that the then owner of that farm acquiesced in the action of the county court in changing the road as above stated; that defendant had spent a large sum of money in enclosing, improving and cultivating his lands over which the old road ran, and had erected improvements near its former site; that the county had wholly abandoned the old road and had continuously-worked and improved the substituted road; that plaintiffs purchased their farm' in 1903 with full knowledge of all of said proceedings and of the abandonment of said highway, and after a lapse of more than ten years, and were guilty of laches by setting up the claim made in their present suit.
On the trial the proceedings of the county court in reference to the change of this road were introduced in evidence, showing that the change had been made by order of that tribunal, and that the old road had been declared to be vacated. There was also oral testimony showing that thereafter the old road had been entirely abandoned by the traveling public as well as the county authorities, and in lieu thereof the substituted road had been recognized and used as a public highway continuously; that it was a much better road-bed for traveling purposes and furnished a [589]*589closer connection between the common beginning point of the two roads and the Boonville and Tipton road; that subsequent to the vacation of the old road, this defendant erected feed pens and wells so near the portion of the old road on his lands that they would have to be removed in case it was reopened; that he made the application to the county court to turn the old road into the new road; that he and the consenting property-owner who signed the application owned all of the land over which the old road ran, except about forty acres near its former junction with the Boonville and Tipton road, and except the farm now owned by plaintiffs but then owned by the lessor of defendant; that said lessor was informed by defendant of his action in procuring the new road and acquiesced therein. There was evidence tending to show that the rental value of the farm now owned by plaintiffs might be 75 cents an acre less than it would have been if the old road had not been changed.
There was a decree awarding plaintiffs nominal damages and perpetually enjoining defendant from the maintenance of fences and other improvements with which he had enclosed the road after its vacation and .abandonment by the public. From this judgment defendant appealed.
OPINION.
I. The theory on which the learned trial judge rendered his decree perpetually enjoining defendant was, that the entire proceedings in the county court looking to the change of the old Boonville and Pisgah road into the new road and the partial vacation of the old road were absolutely void, and hence no bar to this suit ;•> and, further, that the defense of the abandonment of said road by the county authorities and by the traveling- public from the time of said proceedings up to the filing of this suit could not be intérposed.
[590]*590Without stopping- to determine the efficacy of the proceedings in the county court instituted by defendant under the special statute permitting- land owners who desired to cultivate a portion of their land over which a road runs to turn the course of that road to another road to be. established over the land of the petitioner and a consenting- land owner (R. S. 1909, sec. 10,444; R. S. 1899', sec. 9447; R. S. 1889-, sec. 7818; Howe v. Callaway, 119 Mo. App. 256), we will eonsider the defense of abandonment, for if that is available, it is a complete bar to the present action, and renders it unnecessary to discuss the effect of the order of the county court.
It has always been competent in this State for the public to abandon the right to highways and public roads which it acquired in the common law methods of dedication and prescription arising from adverse use, or by the statutory method regulating, first, the opening- of new roads; second, the changing of an existing- road and the substitution of a new one therefor; and, third, the turning of a road running over a portion of the farm of the petitioner, who desires to enclose and cultivate the same, into a changed road running over his. land and that of a consenting landowner. [R. S. 1909', secs. 10,435* 10,447,10’,458,10,461.]
The only limitation upon the abandonment’of an established public road is that it must not be done to the injury of the vested- rights of abutting owners or persons similarly situated. As to this, it is said, “But where no such rights are involved, the public may either abandon or vacate a highway; and where such rights do exist, they may also be abandoned by those entitled to assert them; or the road or street may be vacated by proper legal proceedings and the payment of due compensation. It is proper, therefore, to state1 that a highway may cease to exist either1 by abandonment’ or by vacation according to law.” [Elliott on Roads and Streets (3 Ed.), sec. 1172.] Proof of the [591]*591abandonment of a public highway may be shown by evidence of matters in pais as well as by proceedings in court or other public records. In 1887 a statute was adopted in this State fixing the length of time of nonuser sufficient to prove an abandonment of any public road. This statute has been carried into each revision since its passage. [R. S. 1889', sec. 7847; R. S. 1899, secs. 9472 and 9694 (duplicates of each other); R. S. 1909, sec. 10,446.] In the first two revisions it was maintained in its original form. In the latter it has been maintained in an amended form. In all stages of its existence, the statute has read: “And nonuser by the public for a period of ten years continuously of any public road shall be deemed an abandonment of the same.” When the statute embracing the above language was originally passed it had a threefold purpose; first, to regulate the length of use necessary to establish a road which had been irregularly created by a county court; second, to provide a term of disuse sufficient to show abandonment of any public highway; and, third, to provide ag;ainst the loss of title by the owner of lands by any adverse possession and use of such lands as a highway, unless such public use was accompanied with an expenditure of public money or labor on the lands. [State v. Muir, 136 Mo. App. 123.] The terminology of the above quotation from the statutes shows that it is applicable to any public road, hence there is no reason why it should be construed as having been intended to apply only to roads which the public acquired through imperfect proceedings in the county court. The three purposes of this statute are separately set forth in order that each of them might have independent meaning and effect. In the paragraph under consideration the Legislature designed to fix the length of time abandonment of the use of a highway must be shown before the right to it as such could be lost to the public. The statute recognized that any public road might be vacated or [592]*592abandoned according to law, and provided in this paragraph the length of time which the proof must show nonnser before said defense conld arise. It was not designed to confine this defense to that class of roads only, which the public had acquired in a particular way, but the statute by clear and positive terms is made applicable to any highway or public road however acquired. Neither is there any authority for a different view in State ex rel. v. Busse, 153 Mo. App. 466 (cited by respondents). Neither does the fact that the Statute of limitations has not run against the State since August 1, 1866', militate against this conclusion. [City of Columbia v. Bright, 179 Mo. 441.] In cases of the loss of the right to a public road resulting from abandonment or vacation by the public, the result accrues from the' acts and doings of the parties entitled to the highway, and not from the adversary or hostile possession of others; and hence, affords no room for the application of the rule that adverse titles cannot be builded against the State upon the Statute of Limitations. However, the Act of 1887 is a direct, clear, positive legislative provision fixing the period of time within which the public by nonnser will be held to have abandoned a road or highway. If, therefore, it could be held that the right of the public to abandon a road was prevented by the Statute of Limitations, it would necessarily follow that this would not continue after the enactment of the latter act, providing in plain terms for the loss of the highway by an abandonment based on nonuser for a time fixed by the statute. For the subsequent statute would modify in accordance with its own terms the provisions of the former. From the testimony showing the complete abandonment of the old road, except the short portion connecting on its side for a distance of about a furlong the farm now owned by plaintiffs with the new road, it is clear and undisputed there is no claim that any abutting property owner has not abandoned any rights he [593]*593may have had to reimbursement, or that any action has ever been taken until plaintiffs’ suit. The farm now owned by plaintiffs was then rented to defendant. The evidence shows that his landlord interposed no objection to the vacation of this road or the substitution of the new one. Under these circumstances, we think the defense of abandonment has been substantiated in accordance with the provisions of the governing statute.
There are many ways whereby plaintiffs may have proper and necessary road facilities, if the outlet now connecting their land with the new road is not reasonably sufficient.
The conclusion reached renders it unnecessary to consider whether in the present collateral attack the proceedings of the county court in changing the road in controversy could -be successfully assailed. [Belk v. Hamilton, 130 Mo. 292.] The result is, the judgment in this case should be reversed.
Brown, G., concurs.
PER CURIAM.
The foregoing opinion of Bond, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court.
All the
judges concur.