Mr. Presiding Justice Chytraus
delivered the opinion
of the court.
The plaintiff, who was about four and-one-half years of age when injured, was not chargeable with negligence; there is, therefore, no question of contributory negligence in this case. Assuming Mrs. Grant’s testimony to be true, the driver of the defendant’s truck was clearly negligent in failing to avoid injuring plaintiff. If the driver failed to observe plaintiff, in time to avoid injuring him, the driver was negligent in so failing. If he observed the plaintiff, which is not believable, he wilfully and wantonly injured him. There is nothing inherently incredible in the evidence of Mrs. Grant. By their verdict the jurors indicated that they did not consider her testimony impeached by the evidence of previous contradictory statements. Previous contradictory statements by Martin Finn were introduced in evidence by plaintiff to impeach Finn’s testimony. The impeaching evidence directed against his testimony was such that the jury might well regard it to be fully as effective in its purpose, or even more so, as the impeaching evidence directed by the defendant against Mrs. Grant’s testimony. However, previous statements by a party or a witness, particularly when not made under oath, aré admissible and have force or potency only to impeach the party’s or the witness’ testimony, or the party’s position in the cause, and have no assertively probative valúe to prove or disprove the original fact in issue. As stated in Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 1018 “(b) Prior self contradictions, when admitted, are not to be treated as assertions having any substantive or independent testimonial value; * * * otherwise they would, in truth, be obnoxious to the hearsay rule.” To the same effect are Gould v. Norfolk Lead Co., 63 Mass. 338, 347; Moore v. People, 108 Ill. 484, 488; Ritter v. People, 130 Ill. 255. There being but one witness on each side as to the facts upon which the question of negligence must be determined, and the credibility of both being attacked by impeaching evidence, the conflict of fact is thereby intensified. Under the circumstances, we see no reason for setting up our judgment against that of the jury, particularly, as after a careful consideration of the evidence, it appears to us that there is much less inherent improbability in Mrs. Grant’s version of the occurrence than in Finn’s. According to Finn’s version plaintiff stood twelve or fourteen feet south of the comer, holding his brother’s hand, when the seat of the truck with Finn seated thereon passed plaintiff. This version requires plaintiff, after the seat of the truck passed him, to get from where he stood to the corner and place himself in the position in which he was injured upon the sewer grating, where he was when picked up, without his being observed by the driver. Finn testified he did not see plaintiff go to the sewer grating and lie down there. The brief space of time requisite for the truck to pass the twelve or fourteen feet, as well as the nonobservance by the driver of any such movements on the part of the plaintiff, render this version very improbable. The more probable version is that, in passing, the driver was absorbed in thought, inobservant and inattentive, so that he failed to see the child lying on the grating and that, consequently, plaintiff was injured by the rear wheel of the truck. In determining upon credibility, as between Finn and Mrs. Grant, it must not be overlooked that Finn was concerned in the result of the trial in that he was interested in exculpating himself, to his employer, from blame. So far as we can see, Mrs. Grant is not shown to be in anywise interested. It cannot be assumed that she testified falsely for plaintiff, merely because she was acquainted with his parents and with him. While there is credible evidence in the record tending to impeach Mrs. Grant, by way of previous contradictory statements, we are not ready to say that there is no other explanation of the apparent contradiction of statement than that she testified falsely. In respect to the merits, we do not feel justified in disturbing the verdict and judgment. The evidence is sufficient for the jury to have arrived at the conclusion that the truck driver failed to exercise the degree of care required under the circumstances.
The court denied a motion by defendant that Mrs. Grant’s previous statement, above shown, be taken by the jury to its room upon retiring to consider its verdict. This ruling is assigned as error. The contention in this respect is predicated upon the applicability of section 76 of our Practice Act, which reads: “Papers read in evidence, other than depositions, may be carried from the bar by the jury.” The purpose of the motion that this written statement of Mrs. Grant be taken to the jury room doubtless was that it might receive from the jury a special, particular or more careful consideration beyond that received by other evidence, of the same nature or character, which was not reduced to writing and, therefore, was not or could not be sent to the jury room. Had the paper been permitted to go to the jury room and had it served any such purpose the unfairness to the plaintiff of such procedure is obvious and clear. If permitting the statement to go to the jury would have served no purpose, the ruling was harmless to the defendant. We think the statement is not such a paper as was in the legislative mind in the enactment of the statute invoked and that it is not within the spirit of the statute.. To send such a statement to the jury room would be very much like sending to the jury room an unsworn deposition of a witness, taken ex parte, after the statements therein had been disowned by the witness from the witness stand. The policy of the lawmaking power in respect to what shall be taken to the jury room is, to some extent, indicated by the fact that the statute expressly excludes depositions from the jury room.
Before the enactment of the above statute there was one substantially the same except that the words “other than depositions” were omitted. That former statute came before our Supreme Oourt for construction previous to the enactment of the present law. It was then held, in the absence of any express exclusion, that depositions did not come within the spirit and meaning of the words “papers * * * used as evidence” contained in that former statute. The court, in its opinion, said that the.statute referred to and contemplated- patents, deeds,'notes and the like, papers which had been used as evidence. Rawson v. Curtiss, 19 Ill. 455, 479. Allowing those written instruments to be taken to the jury room is a very different matter from sending to the jury room such papers as the one here involved. In Smith v. Wise & Co., 58 Ill. 141, the question arose upon a paper introduced in evidence, purporting to be the admission or statement of what an absent party would have testified if present, and, upon the authority of Rawson v. Curtiss, the court held it to be improper to permit a jury to take such paper to the jury room and have it with them in their deliberations. In Fein v. Covenant Mut. Ben. Ass’n, 60 Ill. App. 274, it was held error to permit to be taken to the jury room an affidavit of a witness, admitted in evidence for the purpose of contradicting. and impeaching his testimony. In Dunn v. People, 172 Ill. 582, 589, the principle of Rawson v. Curtiss was approved and followed. The unjustness of permitting the jurors to take with them to the jury room a part of the evidence is emphatically pointed out in Rainforth v. People, 61 Ill. 365. We regard the ruling of the learned trial judge as correct in excluding Hrs. Grant’s statement from the jury room.
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Mr. Presiding Justice Chytraus
delivered the opinion
of the court.
The plaintiff, who was about four and-one-half years of age when injured, was not chargeable with negligence; there is, therefore, no question of contributory negligence in this case. Assuming Mrs. Grant’s testimony to be true, the driver of the defendant’s truck was clearly negligent in failing to avoid injuring plaintiff. If the driver failed to observe plaintiff, in time to avoid injuring him, the driver was negligent in so failing. If he observed the plaintiff, which is not believable, he wilfully and wantonly injured him. There is nothing inherently incredible in the evidence of Mrs. Grant. By their verdict the jurors indicated that they did not consider her testimony impeached by the evidence of previous contradictory statements. Previous contradictory statements by Martin Finn were introduced in evidence by plaintiff to impeach Finn’s testimony. The impeaching evidence directed against his testimony was such that the jury might well regard it to be fully as effective in its purpose, or even more so, as the impeaching evidence directed by the defendant against Mrs. Grant’s testimony. However, previous statements by a party or a witness, particularly when not made under oath, aré admissible and have force or potency only to impeach the party’s or the witness’ testimony, or the party’s position in the cause, and have no assertively probative valúe to prove or disprove the original fact in issue. As stated in Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 1018 “(b) Prior self contradictions, when admitted, are not to be treated as assertions having any substantive or independent testimonial value; * * * otherwise they would, in truth, be obnoxious to the hearsay rule.” To the same effect are Gould v. Norfolk Lead Co., 63 Mass. 338, 347; Moore v. People, 108 Ill. 484, 488; Ritter v. People, 130 Ill. 255. There being but one witness on each side as to the facts upon which the question of negligence must be determined, and the credibility of both being attacked by impeaching evidence, the conflict of fact is thereby intensified. Under the circumstances, we see no reason for setting up our judgment against that of the jury, particularly, as after a careful consideration of the evidence, it appears to us that there is much less inherent improbability in Mrs. Grant’s version of the occurrence than in Finn’s. According to Finn’s version plaintiff stood twelve or fourteen feet south of the comer, holding his brother’s hand, when the seat of the truck with Finn seated thereon passed plaintiff. This version requires plaintiff, after the seat of the truck passed him, to get from where he stood to the corner and place himself in the position in which he was injured upon the sewer grating, where he was when picked up, without his being observed by the driver. Finn testified he did not see plaintiff go to the sewer grating and lie down there. The brief space of time requisite for the truck to pass the twelve or fourteen feet, as well as the nonobservance by the driver of any such movements on the part of the plaintiff, render this version very improbable. The more probable version is that, in passing, the driver was absorbed in thought, inobservant and inattentive, so that he failed to see the child lying on the grating and that, consequently, plaintiff was injured by the rear wheel of the truck. In determining upon credibility, as between Finn and Mrs. Grant, it must not be overlooked that Finn was concerned in the result of the trial in that he was interested in exculpating himself, to his employer, from blame. So far as we can see, Mrs. Grant is not shown to be in anywise interested. It cannot be assumed that she testified falsely for plaintiff, merely because she was acquainted with his parents and with him. While there is credible evidence in the record tending to impeach Mrs. Grant, by way of previous contradictory statements, we are not ready to say that there is no other explanation of the apparent contradiction of statement than that she testified falsely. In respect to the merits, we do not feel justified in disturbing the verdict and judgment. The evidence is sufficient for the jury to have arrived at the conclusion that the truck driver failed to exercise the degree of care required under the circumstances.
The court denied a motion by defendant that Mrs. Grant’s previous statement, above shown, be taken by the jury to its room upon retiring to consider its verdict. This ruling is assigned as error. The contention in this respect is predicated upon the applicability of section 76 of our Practice Act, which reads: “Papers read in evidence, other than depositions, may be carried from the bar by the jury.” The purpose of the motion that this written statement of Mrs. Grant be taken to the jury room doubtless was that it might receive from the jury a special, particular or more careful consideration beyond that received by other evidence, of the same nature or character, which was not reduced to writing and, therefore, was not or could not be sent to the jury room. Had the paper been permitted to go to the jury room and had it served any such purpose the unfairness to the plaintiff of such procedure is obvious and clear. If permitting the statement to go to the jury would have served no purpose, the ruling was harmless to the defendant. We think the statement is not such a paper as was in the legislative mind in the enactment of the statute invoked and that it is not within the spirit of the statute.. To send such a statement to the jury room would be very much like sending to the jury room an unsworn deposition of a witness, taken ex parte, after the statements therein had been disowned by the witness from the witness stand. The policy of the lawmaking power in respect to what shall be taken to the jury room is, to some extent, indicated by the fact that the statute expressly excludes depositions from the jury room.
Before the enactment of the above statute there was one substantially the same except that the words “other than depositions” were omitted. That former statute came before our Supreme Oourt for construction previous to the enactment of the present law. It was then held, in the absence of any express exclusion, that depositions did not come within the spirit and meaning of the words “papers * * * used as evidence” contained in that former statute. The court, in its opinion, said that the.statute referred to and contemplated- patents, deeds,'notes and the like, papers which had been used as evidence. Rawson v. Curtiss, 19 Ill. 455, 479. Allowing those written instruments to be taken to the jury room is a very different matter from sending to the jury room such papers as the one here involved. In Smith v. Wise & Co., 58 Ill. 141, the question arose upon a paper introduced in evidence, purporting to be the admission or statement of what an absent party would have testified if present, and, upon the authority of Rawson v. Curtiss, the court held it to be improper to permit a jury to take such paper to the jury room and have it with them in their deliberations. In Fein v. Covenant Mut. Ben. Ass’n, 60 Ill. App. 274, it was held error to permit to be taken to the jury room an affidavit of a witness, admitted in evidence for the purpose of contradicting. and impeaching his testimony. In Dunn v. People, 172 Ill. 582, 589, the principle of Rawson v. Curtiss was approved and followed. The unjustness of permitting the jurors to take with them to the jury room a part of the evidence is emphatically pointed out in Rainforth v. People, 61 Ill. 365. We regard the ruling of the learned trial judge as correct in excluding Hrs. Grant’s statement from the jury room.
The exclusion from the jury of the words “the accident could not have been prevented. The driver was wholly blameless,” contained in Hrs. Grant’s statement, is assigned for error. It is conceded, necessarily, that Hrs. Grant’s opinion both that the accident could not have been prevented and that the driver was wholly blameless is, in itself, wholly immaterial and irrelevant as tending to prove any issue pending directly between plaintiff and defendant. But it is contended that what Hrs. Grant, previous to her examination, had stated her opinion to be, regarding the possibility or impossibility of prevention of the accident and regarding the driver being blameless, is competent and material in impeachment of her testimony given at the trial. Counsel making the contention have pointed out no specific statement or assertion of a fact, made by Hrs. Grant in her direct or redirect examination, which raises a square issue that, necessarily, either her previously expressed opinion or her testimony is untruthful. Ueither have we found any such specific statement or assertion of fact in her direct or redirect testimony. A previously expressed opinion, not necessarily inconsistent with the truth of some assertion of fact in her testimony, would not tend to impeach the truth of her testimony and, therefore, would not be admissible in evidence. She may, at the time of the accident, have believed that the child was careless, that its parents were careless in permitting it to be about the streets at its age or for any one of innumerable other causes operating in her mind she may have had the opinion that the driver was wholly blameless and that the occurrence was not preventable. In expressing her opinion that the occurrence was not preventable, she failed to state why or by whom it was not preventable. Nevertheless it was sought to introduce that vague expression of an opinion in impeachment of her testimony as to facts or to discredit some assertion of the fact in her direct testimony which defendant does not point out to us. It is quite clear that the driver was guiltless of any evil intent or wilful wrong. It is possible that she had this phase in mind, assuming she actually expressed the opinion, which she denies. Her opinion in that regard would be of no value in impeachment herein. If it was her thought that the driver was wholly blameless because he was not negligent, her opinion is, nevertheless, not necessarily inconsistent with any statement or assertion of fact in her testimony given in her direct examination. It is only the repugnancy and inconsistency in point of fact, between a former statement, made by one testifying, and some statement or assertion made by that person when testifying, that makes the former statement competent and admissible in impeachment. Where no such repugnancy or inconsistency can be pointed out, the former statement is not admissible. When the former statement consists in an opinion expressed, then, as put, substantially, by Professor Wigmore in his work on evidence, section 1041, the inquiry arises: Is there within the broad statement of the previously expressed opinion some assertion of fact which is necessarily inconsistent with an assertion of fact made on the witness stand? The previously expressed opinion must be received in evidence, in rebuttal, if there is; but if there is not, then it is not competent or admissible. jSTo such necessary inconsistency has been pointed out to us in connection with the expressions of opinion offered for the purpose of impeaching Mrs. Grant’s testimony.
We have been referred to no Illinois case inconsistent with what we have hére said. The cases cited from other states have been carefully examined and they are found to be cases either not well considered and without citation of authority or not really in point.
It may also be that Mrs. Grant’s previously expressed opinion that the driver was wholly blameless, written for her by a lawyer after he had talked with her, interrogated her and who was anxious to exonerate his client, involved questions both of law and fact. If so the rule applicable in such case to parties would, by analogy, be applicable to her, although a witness and not a party. “It is well settled that the admissions of a party in relation to a question of law are no evidence. * * . * And where the matter admitted involves a question of law as well as fact, it falls within this rule, and is therefore incompetent proof.” Crockett v. Morrison, 11 Mo. 3.
Upon the argument of the motion for a new trial defendant urged, among other reasons, the ground of newly discovered evidence. This supposed newly discovered evidence consisted of testimony by F. H. Brennan, secretary and treasurer of defendant, and by a lady stenographer in his office. The testimony is to the effect that a few weeks after the accident Mrs. Grant and Mrs. Johnson called at Brennan’s office and that Mrs. Grant there, to defendant’s secretary and treasurer and in the presence of the stenographer, made statements inconsistent with the testimony which she subsequently gave upon the witness stand. We know of no theory upon which this corporation defendant can rightfully claim that statements made to its secretary and treasurer, long prior to the trial, should, after the trial, be regarded as newly discovered evidence for the purpose of granting it a new trial, although the secretary-treasurer failed to convey his knowledge to the attorney of the corporation who tried the case. Furthermore, this supposed newly discovered evidence consists of merely cumulative impeaching evidence and is not sufficient to entitle defendant to a new trial.
Complaint is made of a modification made by the trial judge in an instruction tendered and given on behalf of defendant. The instruction was given as follows:
“The jury are instructed that the fact that the court had given any instructions on the subject of the plaintiff’s damages or injuries is not to be taken by the jury as any intimation by the court or as any admission by the said defendant of the said defendant’s liability for the injuries complained of. It would be wholly unwarrantable to consider those facts as implying or intimating that the said defendant is liable for any damages to the plaintiff. It is for you to determine the question of liability and the court has nothing to do with that matter.”
The modification consisted in adding the last sentence. The modification does not state with perfect accuracy the proposition of law which the learned trial judge intended to express. Undoubtedly the intention was to say: It is for you to determine the facts in connection with the question of liability, etc. But numerous instructions, accurate and correct in this respect, were given by both sides and, although, as a general proposition, an erroneous legal proposition in one instruction is not cured by the proposition being correctly stated in another instruction, yet we think that, in this case, the jury was not misled. Several times and in several ways, in instructions given relative to the duty of the jury in connection with the determination of liability, the court instructed the jurors correctly that they were to determine the questions of fact; that they must look to the instructions for the law; that they must apply the law so laid down to the facts, and that they would not be justified in finding a verdict contrary to the law as laid down in the instructions. Under the circumstances no man of ordinary intelligence could have been misled by the instruction complained of. -
Other errors are argued and we have carefully considered the arguments advanced, hut we find no error in the record that requires-a reversal of the judgment. The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.