Smith, J.
The validity of a California judgment, rendered against a resident of Michigan, is before us.
Defendant Catherine Haley is, in the words of the pretrial statement, in the “automobile driveaway business with office in Detroit.” She arranges the delivery of cars from Detroit to distant points. Her legal status with respect to the owner of the car and driver thereof is controverted. One of the cars being delivered under this arrangement, whatever it may •be, was involved in an accident in the city of Oakland, California, causing plaintiff to suffer personal injuries.
Plaintiff filed suit in the superior court of Alameda county, California, against defendant Haley, and against the driver of the car, James Caldwell, and the owner, Frank Loney, alleging that Caldwell was acting as Haley’s agent and that the accident occurred while he was acting within the course of his agency.
Service of summons was made upon the director of motor vehicles of the State of California, under section 404 of the California vehicle code,
with copies, as required by the statute, to defendant in Detroit by registered mail. She appeared specially in the California court, moving to quash service of summons upon the grounds that she was not a resident of California, was not the owner of the car, had never operated any car described in the complaint within the State of California, and that the driver, James Caldwell, was neither her agent nor her servant hut was, rather, an independent contractor. In support of these assertions defendant attached her affidavit, describing in detail her arrange
ments both with the driver of the car, defendant Caldwell, and the owner of the car, defendant Loney, denied control over Caldwell, and submitted a copy of the contract which, she says, she “arranged” between Caldwell and Loney. The California court thereafter held that defendant Haley’s motion to appear specially for the purpose of moving to quash service of summons be granted but, as to the motion itself, held that “the motion of said defendant Catherine Ella Rae Haley to quash service of summons is denied.” Subsequent thereto, in defendant Haley’s words, she “did not appear and defend and was subjected to judgment by default.”
Suit was then commenced in the circuit court for Wayne county, praying for judgment in Michigan based upon the California judgment, an authenticated copy of which was placed in evidence. Plaintiff prays, in effect, that we give full faith and credit
to the California judgment.
Defendant, however, contended again in the Wayne circuit, as she had before the California court, that the driver of the car was an independent contractor, that she (Haley) neither owned nor operated the car, and that the State of California had no jurisdiction over her. This argument as to agency was here more successful than in California. The circuit judge entered judgment of no cause for action.
Before us defendant argues that the circuit judge has made his decision upon a question of fact (was or was not driver Caldwell the agent of defendant Haley?) and, decision having been made in defendant’s favor, “fully supported by the evidence,” this court should not disturb.
The difficulties with the argument thus presented are several. In the first place the fact-law dichotomy relied upon, save in the simplest of contexts, is slip
pery and ambiguous.
"Whether John Doe is the husband of Mary Roe, rather than Mary’s son, or her brother, may be described as an issue of fact in a controversy over identity. But if John has 2 alleged former wives living, one divorced by mail from Latin America, the other divorced in this country but with questionable service of process, the question whether Mary is the wife of John may be a legal question of enormous complexity. Likewise here, whether driver Caldwell was the agent of defendant Haley presents one of the knottiest legal problems our courts face today, the distinction between agent and independent contractor. In the context here presented it is not merely a question of fact.
Even, however, if the question could reasonably be regarded as one merely of simple fact, we would have made but little progress towards the resolution of the controversy before us. True it is that we are reluctant to disturb on appeal determinations of fact below. But this self-imposed canon of our scope of review does not embody a whole code of justice, answering, willy-nilly, any constitutional or procedural problem presented to us, even if involving (as here, for example) the scope of
res judicata
or the interpretation of the full faith and credit clause.
The controlling issue may be very simply stated: In how many courts may a party litigate his case? If he loses in, say Ohio, can he relitigate in Indiana, in Illinois, in Michigan, as his judgment-creditor pursues him across the nation?
Modern courts say not. Due process requires only 1 day in court, not a series of days. The Restatement of the Conflict of Laws (1948 Supp, § 451) states with accuracy the current law in the following terms:
“(1) Where a defendant appears in an action to object that the court has no jurisdiction over him and the court overrules the objection and judgment is rendered against him, the parties are precluded from collaterally attacking the judgment on the ground that the court has no jurisdiction over the defendant.”
The Restatement of Judgments, § 9, embracing cognate material, contains the following:
“Where, however, the defendant appears in the action only to object that the court has no jurisdiction over him, that is where he enters a special appearance, the court does not acquire jurisdiction over him because of his appearance (see § 20), except to decide the question so raised. But if the court determines that it has jurisdiction over him, even though that determination is erroneous on the facts (see illustrations 1 and 2) or on the law (see illustration 3), the determination is
res judicata
between the parties. This is an application of the general principle of
res judicata,
precluding the parties from relitigating a matter determined by a court after a fair opportunity has been afforded to them to litigate the matter (see § 1).
“If the defendant appears in an action for the purpose of objecting that the court has no jurisdiction over him, he thereby submits to the court for its determination the question whether the court has jurisdiction over him. If the court erroneously determines that it has jurisdiction over the defendant, he has ground for reversal in an appellate court, and ground for carrying the case to the supreme court of the United States since a judgment rendered against him by a court having no jurisdiction over him deprives him of property without due process of law in violation of the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
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Smith, J.
The validity of a California judgment, rendered against a resident of Michigan, is before us.
Defendant Catherine Haley is, in the words of the pretrial statement, in the “automobile driveaway business with office in Detroit.” She arranges the delivery of cars from Detroit to distant points. Her legal status with respect to the owner of the car and driver thereof is controverted. One of the cars being delivered under this arrangement, whatever it may •be, was involved in an accident in the city of Oakland, California, causing plaintiff to suffer personal injuries.
Plaintiff filed suit in the superior court of Alameda county, California, against defendant Haley, and against the driver of the car, James Caldwell, and the owner, Frank Loney, alleging that Caldwell was acting as Haley’s agent and that the accident occurred while he was acting within the course of his agency.
Service of summons was made upon the director of motor vehicles of the State of California, under section 404 of the California vehicle code,
with copies, as required by the statute, to defendant in Detroit by registered mail. She appeared specially in the California court, moving to quash service of summons upon the grounds that she was not a resident of California, was not the owner of the car, had never operated any car described in the complaint within the State of California, and that the driver, James Caldwell, was neither her agent nor her servant hut was, rather, an independent contractor. In support of these assertions defendant attached her affidavit, describing in detail her arrange
ments both with the driver of the car, defendant Caldwell, and the owner of the car, defendant Loney, denied control over Caldwell, and submitted a copy of the contract which, she says, she “arranged” between Caldwell and Loney. The California court thereafter held that defendant Haley’s motion to appear specially for the purpose of moving to quash service of summons be granted but, as to the motion itself, held that “the motion of said defendant Catherine Ella Rae Haley to quash service of summons is denied.” Subsequent thereto, in defendant Haley’s words, she “did not appear and defend and was subjected to judgment by default.”
Suit was then commenced in the circuit court for Wayne county, praying for judgment in Michigan based upon the California judgment, an authenticated copy of which was placed in evidence. Plaintiff prays, in effect, that we give full faith and credit
to the California judgment.
Defendant, however, contended again in the Wayne circuit, as she had before the California court, that the driver of the car was an independent contractor, that she (Haley) neither owned nor operated the car, and that the State of California had no jurisdiction over her. This argument as to agency was here more successful than in California. The circuit judge entered judgment of no cause for action.
Before us defendant argues that the circuit judge has made his decision upon a question of fact (was or was not driver Caldwell the agent of defendant Haley?) and, decision having been made in defendant’s favor, “fully supported by the evidence,” this court should not disturb.
The difficulties with the argument thus presented are several. In the first place the fact-law dichotomy relied upon, save in the simplest of contexts, is slip
pery and ambiguous.
"Whether John Doe is the husband of Mary Roe, rather than Mary’s son, or her brother, may be described as an issue of fact in a controversy over identity. But if John has 2 alleged former wives living, one divorced by mail from Latin America, the other divorced in this country but with questionable service of process, the question whether Mary is the wife of John may be a legal question of enormous complexity. Likewise here, whether driver Caldwell was the agent of defendant Haley presents one of the knottiest legal problems our courts face today, the distinction between agent and independent contractor. In the context here presented it is not merely a question of fact.
Even, however, if the question could reasonably be regarded as one merely of simple fact, we would have made but little progress towards the resolution of the controversy before us. True it is that we are reluctant to disturb on appeal determinations of fact below. But this self-imposed canon of our scope of review does not embody a whole code of justice, answering, willy-nilly, any constitutional or procedural problem presented to us, even if involving (as here, for example) the scope of
res judicata
or the interpretation of the full faith and credit clause.
The controlling issue may be very simply stated: In how many courts may a party litigate his case? If he loses in, say Ohio, can he relitigate in Indiana, in Illinois, in Michigan, as his judgment-creditor pursues him across the nation?
Modern courts say not. Due process requires only 1 day in court, not a series of days. The Restatement of the Conflict of Laws (1948 Supp, § 451) states with accuracy the current law in the following terms:
“(1) Where a defendant appears in an action to object that the court has no jurisdiction over him and the court overrules the objection and judgment is rendered against him, the parties are precluded from collaterally attacking the judgment on the ground that the court has no jurisdiction over the defendant.”
The Restatement of Judgments, § 9, embracing cognate material, contains the following:
“Where, however, the defendant appears in the action only to object that the court has no jurisdiction over him, that is where he enters a special appearance, the court does not acquire jurisdiction over him because of his appearance (see § 20), except to decide the question so raised. But if the court determines that it has jurisdiction over him, even though that determination is erroneous on the facts (see illustrations 1 and 2) or on the law (see illustration 3), the determination is
res judicata
between the parties. This is an application of the general principle of
res judicata,
precluding the parties from relitigating a matter determined by a court after a fair opportunity has been afforded to them to litigate the matter (see § 1).
“If the defendant appears in an action for the purpose of objecting that the court has no jurisdiction over him, he thereby submits to the court for its determination the question whether the court has jurisdiction over him. If the court erroneously determines that it has jurisdiction over the defendant, he has ground for reversal in an appellate court, and ground for carrying the case to the supreme court of the United States since a judgment rendered against him by a court having no jurisdiction over him deprives him of property without due process of law in violation of the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. If, however, he does not avail himself of these remedies, or if the judgment is affirmed, or if the appellate court or the supreme court of the United States de
dines to consider the case, the defendant cannot thereafter successfully contend that the judgment was void, even though in fact the court had no jurisdiction over him. The defendant, having submitted the question of jurisdiction to the court, the court has jurisdiction to determine the question of its jurisdiction over the defendant, and the determination of that question is
res judicata
The leading case on this phase of the narrow issue before us is
Baldwin
v.
Iowa State Traveling Men’s Association,
283 US 522 (51 S Ct 517, 75 L ed 1244). There the defendant appeared specially in the Federal district court in Missouri and moved to set aside service of process, quash the return, and dismiss the case for want of personal jurisdiction. The motion was overruled, with leave to plead within 30 days. No plea was filed and the cause proceeded to judgment. The district court for southern Iowa, having reheard the attack upon jurisdiction, dismissed action brought on the judgment.
In reversing such holding the court held as follows (pp 524-526):
“The substantial matter for determination is whether the judgment amounts to
res judicata
on the question of the jurisdiction of the court which rendered it over the person of the respondent. It is of no moment that the appearance was a special one expressly saving any submission to such jurisdiction. That fact would be important upon appeal from the judgment, and would save the question of the propriety of the court’s decision on the matter even though after the motion had been overruled the respondent had proceeded, subject to a reserved objection and exception, to a trial on the merits (citing eases). The special appearance gives point to the fact that the respondent entered the Missouri court for the very purpose of litigating the question of jurisdiction over its person. It had the election not to appear at all. If, in the absence of-appearance,
the court had proceeded to judgment and the present suit had been brought thereon, respondent could have raised and tried out the issue in the present action, because it would never have had its day in court with respect to jurisdiction (citing cases). It had also the right to appeal from the decision of the Missouri district court, as is shown by
Harkness
v.
Hyde,
98 US 476 (25 L ed 237), and the other authorities cited. It elected to follow neither of those courses, but, after having been defeated upon full hearing in its contention as to jurisdiction, it took no further steps, and the judgment in question resulted.
“Public policy dictates that there be an end of litigation; that those -who have contested an issue shall be bound by the result of the contest, and that matters once tried shall be considered forever settled as between the parties. We see no reason why this doctrine should not apply in every case where one voluntarily appears, presents his case and is fully heard, and why he should not, in the absence of fraud, be thereafter concluded by the judgment of the tribunal to which he has submitted his cause.”
It may be noted, in passing, that in an action to enforce a foreign judgment, the refusal of the enforcing court to examine the jurisdiction of the court of the sister State which rendered the judgment, after the question of jurisdiction had been litigated, is not a denial of due process.
Chicago Life Insurance Co.
v.
Cherry,
244 US 25 (37 S Ct 492, 61 L ed 966).
The superior court of Alameda county, California, then, having ruled as to the controverted issue presented in the special appearance that it had jurisdiction over the person of the defendant Haley, and no appeal having been taken therefrom, that question was
res judicata
in the courts of California. See
Estate of Estrem,
16 Cal 2d 563 (107 P2d 36). The full faith and credit clause requires that upon the facts before us we give the judgment the same effect
that it has in the State of its rendition. We hold in accordance with the rulings of the supreme court of the United States (See
Sherrer
v.
Sherrer,
334 US 343, 350 [68 S Ct 1087 and 68 S Ct 1097, 92 L ed 1429, 1 ALR2d 1355] ;
American Surety Company
v.
Baldwin,
287 US 156 [53 S Ct 98, 77 L ed 231, 86 ALR 298]) that “the doctrine of
res judicata
must be applied to* questions of jurisdiction arising in State courts involving the application of the full faith and credit clause where, under the law of the State in which the original judgment was rendered, such adjudications are not susceptible to collateral attack.” The reasons for such holding are not obscure. Among others, without full faith and credit, our nation would remain merely a loose aggregation of independent sovereignties, uninterested in, and oblivious to, the rights and duties imposed by the laws and judgments of sister sovereign States. See the opinion of Mr. Chief Justice Stone, speaking for the court in
Magnolia Petroleum Co.
v.
Hunt,
320 US 430, 439, 440 (64 S Ct 208, 88 L ed 149, 150 ALR 413). We would not be taken as ruling beyond the facts before us. This is an action for money judgment rendered in a civil action in a foreign State after contest and decision in such State upon jurisdiction over the person of the defendant.
The circuit court was in error in entering judgment of no cause for action. The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion. Costs to appellant.
Dethmers, C. J., and Carr, Kelly, Black, Edwards, Voelker, and Kavanagh, JJ., concurred.