Mr. Justice Phillips
delivered the opinion of the court:
This action was brought to the October term, 1893, of the Wayne circuit court, and it was shown, and in effect conceded, upon the trial, that the plaintiffs in ejectment were the owners of the connected chain of title, and, unless barred by limitation, entitled to recover the land. The defendant, to maintain the issues on his part, introduced in evidence a quit-claim deed from James Mahon, dated January 18, 1886, recorded January 23, 1886, purporting to convey to defendant the entire south-east quarter of section 2, township 3, south, range 9, east, in Wayne county. That said deed under which defendant claimed title to the land in question, being the north half of said quarter section, was claim and color of title made in good faith, does not seem to be questioned. The defendant also introduced evidence to show that he entered into actual possession of the land under his deed in the spring of 1886, and has since continued in such possession, and paid the taxes assessed for the years 1885,1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892, inclusive. It is practically conceded that the defendant was in the actual possession, continuously, for the period of seven years, if the facts and circumstances proved were sufficient to show that he entered into and was in such possession as early as the spring of 1886. In other words, the first question arising in this case is in respect of the possession by defendant in 1886, and it is strenuously insisted by counsel for appellants that the evidence failed to establish such possession by the defendant in the year 1886 as is necessary to make out the full term of seven years before the commencement of the action, and to complete the bar of the statute.
The section of the statute referred to, requires that the possession of land thereunder be actual, and the question of whether there has been such possession in any given case is one of fact, for the jury to determine from the evidence and circumstances shown. As said in Morrison v. Kelly, 22 Ill. 609: “What acts may or may not constitute a possession are necessarily varied, and depend, to some extent, upon the nature, locality and use to which the property may be applied, the situation of the parties, and a variety of circumstances necessarily have to be taken into consideration in determining the question. They must necessarily be left to the jury, whose peculiar province it is to pass upon the question of possession.-—Ewing v. Burnett, 11 Pet. 53.” Actual occupancy of the entire tract is not to be deemed indispensable or necessarily essential. In the case just quoted from the court said (p. 624): “And to constitute such a possession there must be such an appropriation of the land to the individual as will apprise the community in its vicinity that the land is in the exclusive use and enjoyment of such person. * * * But it has been held that neither actual occupancy,-cultivation or residence are necessary to constitute actual possession. (Ewing v. Burnett, 11 Pet. 53.) And when the property is so situated as not to admit of any permanent useful improvements, and the continued claim of the party has been evidenced by public acts of ownership, such as he would exercise over property which he claimed in his own right and would not exercise over property which he did not claim, has been held to be such possession as will create ■ a bar under the Statute of Limitations.” And it has accordingly been held in a large number of decided cases in this court, that the visible and exclusive appropriation of a part of a tract of land, claiming the whole, under color of title, or a deed purporting to convey the whole, is, in law, an actual possession of the entire tract, except so far as there may be adverse possession. (Brooks v. Bruyn, 18 Ill. 539; Prettyman v.Wilkey, 19 id. 235; Hardisty v. Glenn, 32 id. 62; Austin v. Rust, 73 id. 491; Coleman v. Billings, 89 id. 183; Keith v. Keith, 104 id. 397; Lancey v. Brock, 110 id. 609; Railway Co. v. Nugent, 152 id. 119.) A consideration of the cases cited will show that it has generally been held that if there is a continuous dominion, manifested by continuous acts of ownership, it is sufficient to establish an actual possession under the statute in question, and that an actual residence is not indispensable. (Coleman v. Billings, supra; Kerr v. Hitt, 75 Ill. 51.)
The evidence shows that the land in question was swamp and overflowed timber land, and, until the defendant entered into possession thereof, vacant and unoccupied. While it is apparent that the land was not fenced until in 1887, the testimony of at least a half dozen witnesses corroborated that of the defendant, and, in our opinion, established the fact that he went into the actual possession of the land in the early spring of 1886. This evidence shows that in February and March of that year he cut and deadened timber and piled brush on the land, cleared some five or six acres in the early spring on the east forty, and on the west forty cut out a fence row about a rod wide, some distance down to the river, made rails and railroad ties, and performed other acts of ownership evincing dominion and an intention of clearing out at least part of the land and getting it in a condition for cultivation. The defendant testified that he entered upon the land in January, 1886, and commenced to clear it up. “I cleared the timber off of five or six acres the first year, but did not make any fences. The next winter and spring I fenced about fifty acres. The fence does not extend all around it. Next to the river I. did not fence. The five or six acres I cleared the first winter or spring were in the north-east corner of the east forty. I cleared some in a slough that runs pretty near east and west, and I cleared some on a little ridge in the corner that runs pretty near to the slough. I did nothing on the west forty except to cut a fence row down to the river.” Leonard Dennis testified: “I know the land in dispute. E. E. McKibben took possession of the land in 1886. The first I knew of his possession was in February or March—I could not. say for certain which. He deadened four or five or six acres, and cleared it up. I live on adjoining farm to the east side of it. I think McKibben cleared out a fence row on the north line of the north-east forty, for about thirty or forty rods, in the spring of 1886. He made rails in November or December, 1886. He did not do any fencing in 1886. The fence row was cleared out to the river.” To the same effect was the testimony of witnesses Mitchell, Seifert, Jones and the three McKibbens. To controvert this evidence the plaintiffs introduced testimony in rebuttal, which tended to show that the date of the clearing, and other acts of possession by the defendant, could, not have been earlier than the spring of 1887. While the evidence may be regarded in some respects as conflicting, the court below had the opportunity to see the witnesses, hear them testify and to judge of their credibility. In our opinion, if the witnesses for the defendant were to be believed, there was abundant evidence to show that the defendant was in possession of the land in question in the spring of 1886, and the court having, by its judgment, so found, we are not disposed to disturb that finding.
It is next insisted that the defendant did not pay the taxes, as required by the statute,—that is to say, that the payment of taxes in 1886 for the year 1885 could not accrue to the benefit of defendant, under the statute, for the reason that he had no color of title in 1885, and was required to pay all taxes assessed within seven years after he obtained his deed.
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Mr. Justice Phillips
delivered the opinion of the court:
This action was brought to the October term, 1893, of the Wayne circuit court, and it was shown, and in effect conceded, upon the trial, that the plaintiffs in ejectment were the owners of the connected chain of title, and, unless barred by limitation, entitled to recover the land. The defendant, to maintain the issues on his part, introduced in evidence a quit-claim deed from James Mahon, dated January 18, 1886, recorded January 23, 1886, purporting to convey to defendant the entire south-east quarter of section 2, township 3, south, range 9, east, in Wayne county. That said deed under which defendant claimed title to the land in question, being the north half of said quarter section, was claim and color of title made in good faith, does not seem to be questioned. The defendant also introduced evidence to show that he entered into actual possession of the land under his deed in the spring of 1886, and has since continued in such possession, and paid the taxes assessed for the years 1885,1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892, inclusive. It is practically conceded that the defendant was in the actual possession, continuously, for the period of seven years, if the facts and circumstances proved were sufficient to show that he entered into and was in such possession as early as the spring of 1886. In other words, the first question arising in this case is in respect of the possession by defendant in 1886, and it is strenuously insisted by counsel for appellants that the evidence failed to establish such possession by the defendant in the year 1886 as is necessary to make out the full term of seven years before the commencement of the action, and to complete the bar of the statute.
The section of the statute referred to, requires that the possession of land thereunder be actual, and the question of whether there has been such possession in any given case is one of fact, for the jury to determine from the evidence and circumstances shown. As said in Morrison v. Kelly, 22 Ill. 609: “What acts may or may not constitute a possession are necessarily varied, and depend, to some extent, upon the nature, locality and use to which the property may be applied, the situation of the parties, and a variety of circumstances necessarily have to be taken into consideration in determining the question. They must necessarily be left to the jury, whose peculiar province it is to pass upon the question of possession.-—Ewing v. Burnett, 11 Pet. 53.” Actual occupancy of the entire tract is not to be deemed indispensable or necessarily essential. In the case just quoted from the court said (p. 624): “And to constitute such a possession there must be such an appropriation of the land to the individual as will apprise the community in its vicinity that the land is in the exclusive use and enjoyment of such person. * * * But it has been held that neither actual occupancy,-cultivation or residence are necessary to constitute actual possession. (Ewing v. Burnett, 11 Pet. 53.) And when the property is so situated as not to admit of any permanent useful improvements, and the continued claim of the party has been evidenced by public acts of ownership, such as he would exercise over property which he claimed in his own right and would not exercise over property which he did not claim, has been held to be such possession as will create ■ a bar under the Statute of Limitations.” And it has accordingly been held in a large number of decided cases in this court, that the visible and exclusive appropriation of a part of a tract of land, claiming the whole, under color of title, or a deed purporting to convey the whole, is, in law, an actual possession of the entire tract, except so far as there may be adverse possession. (Brooks v. Bruyn, 18 Ill. 539; Prettyman v.Wilkey, 19 id. 235; Hardisty v. Glenn, 32 id. 62; Austin v. Rust, 73 id. 491; Coleman v. Billings, 89 id. 183; Keith v. Keith, 104 id. 397; Lancey v. Brock, 110 id. 609; Railway Co. v. Nugent, 152 id. 119.) A consideration of the cases cited will show that it has generally been held that if there is a continuous dominion, manifested by continuous acts of ownership, it is sufficient to establish an actual possession under the statute in question, and that an actual residence is not indispensable. (Coleman v. Billings, supra; Kerr v. Hitt, 75 Ill. 51.)
The evidence shows that the land in question was swamp and overflowed timber land, and, until the defendant entered into possession thereof, vacant and unoccupied. While it is apparent that the land was not fenced until in 1887, the testimony of at least a half dozen witnesses corroborated that of the defendant, and, in our opinion, established the fact that he went into the actual possession of the land in the early spring of 1886. This evidence shows that in February and March of that year he cut and deadened timber and piled brush on the land, cleared some five or six acres in the early spring on the east forty, and on the west forty cut out a fence row about a rod wide, some distance down to the river, made rails and railroad ties, and performed other acts of ownership evincing dominion and an intention of clearing out at least part of the land and getting it in a condition for cultivation. The defendant testified that he entered upon the land in January, 1886, and commenced to clear it up. “I cleared the timber off of five or six acres the first year, but did not make any fences. The next winter and spring I fenced about fifty acres. The fence does not extend all around it. Next to the river I. did not fence. The five or six acres I cleared the first winter or spring were in the north-east corner of the east forty. I cleared some in a slough that runs pretty near east and west, and I cleared some on a little ridge in the corner that runs pretty near to the slough. I did nothing on the west forty except to cut a fence row down to the river.” Leonard Dennis testified: “I know the land in dispute. E. E. McKibben took possession of the land in 1886. The first I knew of his possession was in February or March—I could not. say for certain which. He deadened four or five or six acres, and cleared it up. I live on adjoining farm to the east side of it. I think McKibben cleared out a fence row on the north line of the north-east forty, for about thirty or forty rods, in the spring of 1886. He made rails in November or December, 1886. He did not do any fencing in 1886. The fence row was cleared out to the river.” To the same effect was the testimony of witnesses Mitchell, Seifert, Jones and the three McKibbens. To controvert this evidence the plaintiffs introduced testimony in rebuttal, which tended to show that the date of the clearing, and other acts of possession by the defendant, could, not have been earlier than the spring of 1887. While the evidence may be regarded in some respects as conflicting, the court below had the opportunity to see the witnesses, hear them testify and to judge of their credibility. In our opinion, if the witnesses for the defendant were to be believed, there was abundant evidence to show that the defendant was in possession of the land in question in the spring of 1886, and the court having, by its judgment, so found, we are not disposed to disturb that finding.
It is next insisted that the defendant did not pay the taxes, as required by the statute,—that is to say, that the payment of taxes in 1886 for the year 1885 could not accrue to the benefit of defendant, under the statute, for the reason that he had no color of title in 1885, and was required to pay all taxes assessed within seven years after he obtained his deed.
In respect of the first contention, it need only be said that the defendant showed, by the receipts produced in evidence, that he paid the taxes assessed against the land in 1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891 and 1892, inclusive, payment of the taxes for the letter year being evidenced by a tax receipt dated January 9,1893,—some months before the commencement of this suit. It is therefore clear, that unless, as contended, the plaintiffs paid the taxes for 1892, the defendant paid them for seven successive years, under claim and color of title acquired in good faith, leaving the year 1885 entirely out of the calculation.
But it is contended that the evidence shows that the plaintiffs paid the taxes for 1892, and that the defendant’s payment thereof was subsequent, and therefore unavailing. It appears, from the evidence, that the plaintiff Kramer called on Craven, the tax collector, and expressed a desire to pay his taxes. The collector told him he had not received his books yet, but had told his (the plaintiff’s) brother, R. J. Kramer, to call on the county clerk and get them for him, and that he could pay his taxes to his brother. During the brief time R. J. Kramer had the books he collected something between §400 and §500 in checks, which he delivered to the collector the following Sunday, with the books, receipts, etc. The books showed that taxes had been paid by the Kramers, Boggs and Johns, and were marked “paid” opposite the lands, respectively, paid on, and said R. J. Kramer produced to the collector the receipts therefor, all made out ready for signature, but did not pay over to the collector the checks received by him until the following Monday evening. On Monday morning William McKibben called to pay the taxes on the land in controversy, for his brother, E. E. McKibben. The collector then became apprised, for the first time, that the taxes on that land were marked “paid.” The collector undoubtedly might receive a check as payment, and if so received the transaction would constitute a valid payment of the taxes. It is clear, as we think, that at the time when McKibben paid the taxes in money the collector had not received and accepted the check of Kramer as a payment of the taxes. He testifies that he would have received it in payment, but it is clear he did not do so, if, indeed, he had any knowledge of intended payment on this land by such check at the time he received payment from McKibben. Under the facts shown, it must be held that the payment by McKibben was a valid payment of the taxes for the year 1892, thereby completing the bar of the statute. McKibben paid the taxes on the land, and the collector erased the mark which had been made by Kramer, and entered “Paid by McKibben & Co.,” accordingly. Monday evening, when the collector counted up, he had the excess paid him by McKibben, and settled the matter, as appears by his testimony and that of E. J. Kramer, by keeping the check and paying back to Kramer the money received from McKibben.
It is familiar doctrine that the collector has no authority to receive anything in payment of taxes except money. He can not be required to receive a note or check on a bank, for such check would be only a conditional payment. Cooley on Taxation, 452.
Finding no substantial error in the record, the judgment of the circuit court will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.