1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JOHN WILLIAMS, Case No. 2:20-cv-04300-PSG (MAA) 12 Plaintiff, 13 MEMORANDUM DECISION AND v. ORDER DISMISSING COMPLAINT 14 JASON BLACK et al., WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 15 Defendants. 16 17
18 I. INTRODUCTION 19 On May 12, 2020, Plaintiff John Williams (“Plaintiff”), a California state 20 inmate proceeding pro se, filed a Complaint alleging violations of his civil rights 21 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”). (Compl., ECF No. 1.) After the 22 Court denied Plaintiff’s requests to proceed in forma pauperis, Plaintiff fully paid 23 his filing fee on August 6, 2020. (ECF Nos. 6, 14.) 24 The Court has screened the Complaint as prescribed by 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. 25 For the reasons stated below, the Complaint is DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO 26 AMEND. Plaintiff is ORDERED to, within sixty days after the date of this Order, 27 either: (1) file a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”); or (2) advise the Court that 28 Plaintiff does not intend to pursue this lawsuit further and will not file a FAC. 1 II. SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS IN COMPLAINT1 2 The Complaint is filed against: (1) Jason Black, Executive Director of 3 Atascadero State Hospital (“ASH”); (2) James Sanchez, Unit Supervisor at ASH; 4 (3) Miller, psychiatrist at ASH; (4) A. Martinez, psychologist at ASH; (5) S. 5 Wenkler, clinic social worker at ASH; (6) and Carlee, psychiatric technician at ASH 6 (each, a “Defendant,” and collectively, “Defendants”). (Compl., at 2–4.)2 Each 7 Defendant is sued in his or her individual and official capacities. (Id.) 8 Throughout all times mentioned in the Complaint, Plaintiff was a participant 9 in the California Department Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) mental 10 health services delivery system (“MHSDS”) at the psychiatric inpatient program 11 (“PIP”), as well as the California Department of State Hospitals (“DSH”) level of 12 care. (Id., at 5.) As a MHSDS participant, Plaintiff is diagnosed as, and is being 13 treated for, “cutting disorder,” also known as “self-injurious behavior” (“SIB”). 14 Plaintiff does not cut with suicidal intent, but rather to relieve anger, stress, anxiety, 15 and frustration. (Id.) 16 Between September and December 2019, Plaintiff was in the PIP at California 17 Health Care Facility under the MHSDS level of care with psychologist Dr. 18 Makenzee. (Id., at 6.) Dr. Makenzee concluded that unresolved childhood trauma 19 created “PTSD symptoms” in Plaintiff’s adult life, which resulted in SIB. (Id.) 20 Around November 2019, Dr. Makenzee initiated a referral for Plaintiff to receive a 21 higher level of MHSDS care—from PIP to a DSH—for childhood trauma and PTSD 22 therapy treatment. (Id.) 23 /// 24 25 1 The Court summarizes the allegations and claims in the Complaint. In doing so, 26 the Court does not opine on the veracity or merit of Plaintiff’s allegations and 27 claims, nor does the Court make any findings of fact.
28 2 Citations to pages in docketed documents reference those generated by CM/ECF. 1 On or about December 12, 2019, Plaintiff was transferred to ASH, and was 2 housed in a unit supervised by Defendant Sanchez. (Id.) Plaintiff was under the 3 MHSDS care of Defendants Miller, Martinez, and Wenkler, whom he met on 4 December 23, 2019 to formulate a treatment plan. (Id.) Defendants Miller, 5 Martinez, and Wenkler enrolled Plaintiff in therapy groups for childhood trauma and 6 PTSD, but advised that there was a four- to eight-week wait list before Plaintiff 7 could attend, and that in the interim, Plaintiff would be enrolled in other available 8 temporary groups. (Id., at 6–7.) Plaintiff was admonished that ASH had “zero 9 tolerance” for fighting, and, while ASH patients were expected to protect 10 themselves, instigating or aggressive fighting would result in immediate discharge 11 back to prison. (Id.) 12 Between July to December 2019, ASH patient Melecio Jiminez established a 13 “pattern and practice” of assaulting random patients in Plaintiff’s unit from behind 14 with punches to the head and face without warning. (Id.) In December 2019, Mr. 15 Jiminez attacked ASH patient Mr. McCoy. (Id.) In response, Defendants Sanchez, 16 Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee isolated Mr. Jiminez, administered 17 psychiatric medications, placed Mr. Jiminez on “one to one” twenty-hour 18 observation by a “PT” or registered nurse, and re-housed Mr. Jiminez in a room with 19 Plaintiff and two other ASH patients. (Id., at 7–8.) The whole time Mr. Jiminez was 20 in isolation, he yelled to Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee 21 of his intent to “keep on” attacking ASH patients based on the pattern and practice 22 described, which Defendants ignored. (Id., at 8.) 23 On or about January 14, 2020, Mr. Jiminez attacked ASH patient Mr. 24 Contrell. (Id.) While in isolation, Mr. Jiminez again made clear to Defendants 25 Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee of his intent to “keep on” attacking 26 ASH patients based on the pattern and practice described. (Id.) Although Mr. 27 Contrell was Mr. Jiminez’s fifth or sixth victim, Defendants Sanchez, Miller, 28 Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee continued to ignore him. (Id.) 1 On January 17, 2020, Mr. Jiminez came from behind Plaintiff without 2 warning or provocation while on “one on one,” and punched Plaintiff in the right 3 temple above the eye with a closed fist. (Id.) Mr. Jiminez persisted with repeated 4 punches as the PT maintaining the “one on one” on Mr. Jiminez screamed. (Id.) 5 During the attack, Mr. Jiminez eventually fell, which allowed Plaintiff to hold Mr. 6 Jiminez down for a minute until responding staff came to take Mr. Jiminez to the 7 isolation room. (Id., at 9.) Plaintiff suffered a bruised head above the right temple, a 8 severe reddened right eye that pained him for days when looking right, and 9 spontaneous daily headaches for two weeks. (Id.) 10 As soon as Mr. Jiminez was secured, Defendant Carlee came into the dayroom 11 where Plaintiff was and said “I’m so sorry you were assaulted, [sic] we had no other 12 place to put him so we housed him in your dorm because you look as if you can 13 handle yourself.” (Id.) Plaintiff responded, “What do you mean I look as if I can 14 handle myself, [sic] it sounds like you know this was gonna happen.” (Id.) 15 Defendant Carlee said “Let’s go in here,” and led Plaintiff into the adjoining locker 16 room which serves as a quiet room. (Id.) Defendant Carlee then said, “I don’t know 17 if you’ve heard but Jiminez has attacked several other patients the same way. Your 18 [sic] like the fifth or sixeth [sic] one, but we didn’t expect him to try his M.O. on 19 you because of your size. We’ve been waiting on CDCR transportation to come 20 take him back to prison but we don’t control the bus schedule.” (Id., at 9–10.) 21 Plaintiff advised Defendant Carlee that he was interested in filing a patient 22 complaint. (Id., at 10.) Defendant Carlee responded, “You have been doing really 23 good here, [sic] don’t let this mess up your program, [sic] let us handle this.” (Id.) 24 Plaintiff persisted on requesting a patient complaint. (Id.) One of the 25 responding PTs from another unit gave Plaintiff a complaint form, encouraged 26 Plaintiff to pursue it, and told Plaintiff to include in his grievance that Mr. Jiminez 27 had been allowed to attack five other ASH patients before Plaintiff. (Id.) Plaintiff 28 deposited a grievance in the designated complaint box on January 18, 2020. (Id.) 1 On January 21, 2020, Plaintiff called the ASH patient rights advocate to report 2 the attack, including that Mr. Jiminez had been released from the seclusion room and 3 was “on the prowl” while on “one on one.” (Id., at 10–11.) 4 On January 21, 2020, Defendant Wenkler interviewed Plaintiff in response to 5 messages received from ASH patient rights advocates and Plaintiff’s mother 6 regarding the attack. (Id., at 11.) Defendant Wenkler asked Plaintiff why he filed a 7 patient complaint against him and the team (Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, 8 and Carlee). (Id.) Plaintiff responded, “You guys have a legal duty to ensure every 9 patient on this unit [sic] safety, not just me.” (Id.) Defendant Wenkler said, “Well, 10 Carlee mentioned in the meeting that before you filed your complaint, she told you 11 we’d take care of it, [sic] why didn’t that work for you without the complaint?” (Id.) 12 Plaintiff “stood” on the right to file a grievance and told Defendant Wenkler 13 that he had prepared a letter of complaint to Defendant Black. (Id.) Defendant 14 Wenkler accepted the letter of complaint, then said, “I have to talk to my supervisor 15 about this.” (Id.) About fifteen to twenty minutes later, Defendant Wenkler came 16 back to have Plaintiff sign the letter of complaint, then said, “I’m gonna walk this 17 over personally to the director then the team is meeting about issues in your patient 18 complaint.” (Id., at 11–12.) 19 Between January 21–23, 2020, the team—which comprised of Defendants 20 Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee—with the authorization of 21 Defendant Black, met and had Plaintiff discharged from ASH back to Corcoran 22 State Prison (“CSP”) on January 24, 2020. (Id., at 12.) This did not serve to 23 advance a legitimate correctional purpose because Mr. Jiminez had been discharged 24 from ASH back to prison on January 22, 2020. (Id.) Plaintiff had not yet received 25 the necessary treatment for unresolved childhood trauma and PTSD influencing SIB. 26 (Id.) Plaintiff’s retaliatory removal from ASH solely for engaging in protected 27 activity further incited Plaintiff’s feelings of anger, frustration, worthlessness, and 28 anxiety, which reinforced the urge to cut for relief. (Id.) 1 None of the other ASH patients attacked by Mr. Jiminez were barred from 2 treatment, as none of the other victims had filed a patient complaint or wrote to 3 Defendant Black concerning a failure to protect. (Id., at 13.) 4 Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee acted with 5 deliberate indifference by failing to protect Plaintiff before being attacked by Mr. 6 Jiminez. (Id.) After the first attack on Plaintiff, Mr. Jiminez continued to inform 7 Defendants of his intent to attack Plaintiff again. (Id.) Yet Defendants failed to alert 8 prison officials to ensure the required separation alert and/or safety concern notice 9 were recorded to prevent Mr. Jiminez from being able to harm Plaintiff again. (Id.) 10 Between January 22, 2020 and February 25, 2020, Plaintiff suffered from— 11 and succumbed to—urges to cut in SIB while at CSP. (Id.) After Plaintiff’s transfer 12 to Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility on February 25, 2020, Plaintiff 13 continues to suffer from—and succumbs to—SIB urges in order to cope as a direct 14 result of discharge from ASH to the prison environment without receiving the 15 recommended treatment for SIB. (Id., at 13–14.) 16 Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff asserts claims pursuant to the First, Sixth, 17 Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments for deliberate indifference, failure to protect, 18 and retaliatory denial of medical treatment. (Id., at 2–5.) Plaintiff seeks punitive, 19 compensatory, prospective, exemplary, and special damages, a jury trial, and all 20 other relief the Court deems just and proper. (Id., at 15.) 21 22 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 23 Federal courts must conduct a preliminary screening of any case in which a 24 prisoner seeks redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a 25 governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. The court must identify cognizable claims 26 and dismiss any complaint, or any portion thereof, that is: (1) frivolous or 27 malicious, (2) fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or (3) seeks 28 /// 1 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. 2 § 1915A(b). 3 When screening a complaint to determine whether it fails to state a claim 4 upon which relief can be granted, courts apply the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5 12(b)(6) (“Rule 12(b)(6)”) standard. See Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 6 (9th Cir. 2012). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, “a complaint must contain 7 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible 8 on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. 9 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the 10 plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 11 inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 12 678. Although “detailed factual allegations” are not required, “an unadorned, the- 13 defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”; “labels and conclusions”; “naked 14 assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement”; and “[t]hreadbare recitals of 15 the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements” are 16 insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss. Id. (quotations omitted). “Dismissal 17 under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where the complaint lacks a cognizable 18 legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Hartmann v. 19 Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1122 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting 20 Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008)). 21 In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, courts will accept factual 22 allegations as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Park 23 v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910, 918 (9th Cir. 2017). Moreover, where a plaintiff is 24 appearing pro se, particularly in civil rights cases, courts construe pleadings 25 liberally and afford the plaintiff any benefit of the doubt. Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 26 1121. “If there are two alternative explanations, one advanced by defendant and the 27 other advanced by plaintiff, both of which are plausible, plaintiff’s complaint 28 survives a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). However, the liberal pleading standard “applies only to a 2 plaintiff’s factual allegations.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 330 n.9 (1989), 3 superseded by statute on other grounds, 28 U.S.C. § 1915. Courts will not “accept 4 any unreasonable inferences or assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the 5 form of factual allegations.” Ileto v. Glock Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 6 2003). In giving liberal interpretations to complaints, courts “may not supply 7 essential elements of the claim that were not initially pled.” Chapman v. Pier 1 8 Imps. (U.S.), Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 954 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Pena v. Gardner, 976 9 F.2d 469, 471 (9th Cir. 1992)). 10 11 IV. DISCUSSION 12 A. Section 1983 13 Section 1983 provides a cause of action against “every person who, under 14 color of any statute . . . of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any 15 citizen . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the 16 Constitution and laws . . . .” Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U.S. 158, 161 (1992) (alteration in 17 original) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). The purpose of Section 1983 is “to deter state 18 actors from using the badge of their authority to deprive individuals of their 19 federally guaranteed rights and to provide relief to victims if such deterrence fails.” 20 Wyatt, 504 U.S. at 161. To state a claim under Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege: 21 (1) a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated; 22 and (2) the alleged violation was committed by a person acting under color of state 23 law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 24 Here, the Complaint asserts claims pursuant to the First, Sixth, Eighth, and 25 Fourteenth Amendments for deliberate indifference, failure to protect, and 26 retaliatory denial of medical treatment. (Complaint, at 2–5.) Mindful of the liberal 27 pleading standards afforded pro se civil rights plaintiffs, the Court examines the 28 Complaint in light of the Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishments 1 Clause for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs and failure to protect, 2 and the First Amendment protection against retaliation. See Alvarez v. Hill, 518 3 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2008) (“A complaint need not identify the statutory or 4 constitutional source of the claim raised in order to survive a motion to dismiss.”); 5 Ellis v. Brady, Case No. 16cv1419 WQH (NLS), 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203458, at 6 *15–16 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2017) (concluding that court could address plaintiff’s 7 claim asserted under the wrong constitutional amendment, as “it is the factual 8 allegations, not the legal labels attached, which determine the issue”). 9 10 B. Official Capacity Claims 11 A suit against a defendant in his or her individual capacity “seek[s] to impose 12 personal liability upon a government official for actions he takes under color of state 13 law . . . . Official-capacity suits, in contrast, ‘generally represent only another way 14 of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.’” Kentucky v. 15 Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985) (quoting Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 16 U.S. 658, 690 n.55 (1978)). The Complaint alleges that Defendants are employed at 17 ASH (Compl., at 2–4), which is a state agency. See Salsberry v. Atascadero State 18 Hosp., No. CV 11-05443-JVS (VBK), 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 136628, at *8–9 (C.D. 19 Cal. Aug. 1, 2012) (explaining that ASH, as a state agency, is entitled to Eleventh 20 Amendment immunity). As such, any official capacity claims against Defendants 21 properly are treated as claims against the State of California. See Leer v. Murphy, 22 844 F.2d 628, 631–32 (9th Cir. 1998) (explaining that a lawsuit against state prison 23 officials in their official capacities was a lawsuit against the state). 24 California is not a “person” subject to Section 1983, and the Eleventh 25 Amendment bars damages actions against state officials in their official capacity. 26 Flint v. Dennison, 488 F.3d 816, 824–25 (9th Cir. 2007); Nat. Res. Def. Council v. 27 Cal. DOT, 96 F.3d 420, 421 (9th Cir. 1996) (“State immunity extends to state 28 agencies and to state officers, who act on behalf of the state and can therefore assert 1 the state’s sovereign immunity.”). There are only three exceptions to state sovereign 2 immunity, none of which apply to the Complaint: (1) waiver by the state, 3 (2) abrogation by Congress, and (3) suits seeking prospective declaratory or 4 injunctive relief. See Douglas v. Cal. Dep’t of Youth Auth., 271 F.3d 812, 817 (9th 5 Cir. 2001). 6 For these reasons, Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants in their official 7 capacities fail. If Plaintiff includes claims for damages against Defendants in their 8 official capacities in an amended complaint, such claims will be subject to dismissal. 9 10 C. Individual Capacity Claims 11 1. Eighth Amendment Deliberate Indifference to Serious Medical 12 Needs 13 “[T]he treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which 14 he [or she] is confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment,” which 15 prohibits cruel and unusual punishments. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 16 (1994) (quoting Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993)). “The government 17 has an ‘obligation to provide medical care for those whom it is punishing by 18 incarceration,’ and failure to meet that obligation can constitute an Eighth 19 Amendment violation cognizable under § 1983.” Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 20 1060, 1066 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103–105 21 (1976)). “[T]o maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on prison medical 22 treatment, an inmate must show ‘deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.’” 23 Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Estelle, 429 U.S. at 24 104). “This includes ‘both an objective standard—that the deprivation was serious 25 enough to constitute cruel and unusual punishment—and a subjective standard— 26 deliberate indifference.’” Colwell, 763 F.3d at 1066 (quoting Snow v. McDaniel, 27 681 F.3d 978, 985 (2012)). 28 /// 1 a. Objective Prong 2 “To meet the objective element of the standard, a plaintiff must demonstrate 3 the existence of a serious medical need.” Colwell, 763 F.3d at 1066. A “serious 4 medical need” exists if “failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further 5 significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” Jett, 439 F.3d 6 at 1096 (quoting WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133, 1059 (9th Cir. 1997) 7 (en banc)). Neither result is the type of “routine discomfort [that] is ‘part of the 8 penalty that criminal offenders pay for their offenses against society.’” McGuckin v. 9 Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992) (alteration in original) (quoting Hudson 10 v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 9 (1992)), overruled in part on other grounds by WMX 11 Techs., 104 F.3d 1133. “The existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or 12 patient would find important and worthy of comment or treatment; the presence of a 13 medical condition that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities; or the 14 existence of chronic and substantial pain are examples of indications that a prisoner 15 has a ‘serious’ need for medical treatment.” McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059–60. 16 Here, the Complaint alleges that: (1) Plaintiff had unresolved childhood 17 trauma that created “PTSD symptoms” in Plaintiff’s adult life, causing a “cutting 18 disorder”; and (2) Plaintiff does not cut with suicidal intent but rather to relieve 19 anger, stress, anxiety, and frustration. (Compl., at 5–6.) Based on these allegations, 20 the Court cannot conclude that the Complaint sufficiently alleges a serious medical 21 need. The Ninth Circuit has held that “a heightened suicide risk can present a 22 serious medical need.” Simmons v. Navajo County, 609 F.3d 1011, 1018 (9th Cir. 23 2010). However, the Complaint explicitly alleges that Plaintiff lacks suicidal intent 24 (Compl., at 5), and the Complaint does not provide sufficient detail regarding 25 Plaintiff’s medical condition and history to lead to the reasonable inference that 26 Plaintiff was at a heightened risk for suicide or otherwise suffered from an 27 objectively serious medical need. See, e.g., Vivanco v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & 28 Rehab., No. 1:17-cv-00434-BAM, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 110851, at *15–16 (E.D. 1 Cal. July 2, 2019) (concluding that Plaintiff did not establish a serious medical need 2 where evidence “at most, indicates a generalized risk of suicide rather than the 3 heightened risk required to establish deliberate indifference”). 4 5 b. Subjective Prong 6 The subjective “deliberate indifference” prong “is satisfied by showing (a) a 7 purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need and 8 (b) harm caused by the indifference.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. “Such indifference 9 may be manifested in two ways[:] [I]t may appear when prison officials deny, delay 10 or intentionally interfere with medical treatment,” or in the manner “in which prison 11 physicians provide medical care.” McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059 (quoting Hutchinson 12 v. United States, 838 F.2d 390, 394 (9th Cir. 1988)). However, deliberate 13 indifference is met only if the prison official “knows of and disregards an excessive 14 risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which 15 the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he 16 must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. The defendant “must 17 purposefully ignore or fail to respond to the plaintiff’s pain or possible medical need 18 for deliberate indifference to be established.” McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060. “If a 19 [prison official] should have been aware of the risk, but was not, then the [official] 20 has not violated the Eighth Amendment, no matter how severe the risk.” Toguchi v. 21 Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1057 (9th Cir. 2004) (alteration in original) (quoting Gibson 22 v. County of Washoe, Nevada, 290 F.3d 1175, 1188 (9th Cir. 2002)). “This 23 ‘subjective approach’ focuses only ‘on what a defendant’s mental attitude actually 24 was.’” Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1057 (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 839). 25 26 i. Defendant Black 27 Even if the Complaint had alleged a serious medical need, there are no 28 allegations that would support the reasonable inference that Defendant Black acted 1 with deliberate indifference. “Under Section 1983, supervisory officials are not 2 liable for actions of subordinates on any theory of vicarious liability.” Crowley v. 3 Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977 (9th Cir. 2013). “Because vicarious liability is 4 inapplicable to . . . § 1983 suits, a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official 5 defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the 6 Constitution.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676. “A defendant may be held liable as a 7 supervisor under § 1983 ‘if there exists either (1) his or her personal involvement in 8 the constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the 9 supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.’” Starr v. Baca, 652 10 F.3d 1202, 1207 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th 11 Cir. 1989)). “Even if a supervisory official is not directly involved in the allegedly 12 unconstitutional conduct, ‘[a] supervisor can be liable in his individual capacity for 13 his own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his 14 subordinates; for his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivation; or for conduct 15 that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.’” Keates v. 16 Koile, 883 F.3d 1228, 1243 (9th Cir. 2018) (alteration in original) (quoting Starr, 17 652 F.3d at 1208). “‘Therefore, the claim that a supervisory official knew of 18 unconstitutional conditions and ‘culpable actions of his subordinates’ but failed to 19 act amounts to ‘acquiescence in the unconstitutional conduct of his subordinates’ 20 and is ‘sufficient to state a claim of supervisory liability.’” Keates, 883 F.3d at 1243 21 (quoting Starr, 652 F.3d at 1208). 22 Here, the Complaint contains no allegations that Defendant Black was directly 23 involved in any constitutional deprivations. Rather, the Complaint contains only 24 two allegations regarding Defendant Black: (1) that Plaintiff prepared a letter of 25 complaint to Defendant Black regarding the attack by Mr. Jiminez, which Plaintiff 26 gave to Defendant Wenkler; and (2) that Plaintiff was discharged from ASH with 27 Defendant Black’s authorization. (Compl., at 11–12.) The Complaint contains no 28 allegations from which it reasonably could be inferred that Defendant Black was 1 aware of any medical need of Plaintiff—serious or not. Without knowledge that a 2 substantial risk of serious harm existed to Plaintiff, Defendant Black could not have 3 acted with deliberate indifference. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837 (“[A] prison official 4 cannot be found liable under the Eighth Amendment for denying an inmate humane 5 conditions of confinement unless the official knows of and disregards an excessive 6 risk to inmate health or safety.”). Even if the Complaint had contained sufficient 7 allegations of Defendant Black’s knowledge, there are no allegations from which it 8 could be inferred that Defendant Black acquiesced in any unconstitutional conduct. 9 The conclusory allegation that Plaintiff was discharged with Defendant Black’s 10 authorization is an “unadorned,” “naked assertion” that is not sufficient to state an 11 Eighth Amendment claim. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; see also, e.g., Mendez v. 12 Becher, No. C-12-4170 EMC, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15600, at *1–2 (N.D. Cal. 13 Feb. 5, 2013) (dismissing claims against supervisor because plaintiff failed to “make 14 any specific allegations about how [supervisor]’s conduct resulted in plaintiff’s 15 constitutional deprivation, beyond conclusory statements regarding her approving, 16 ratifying, condoning, encouraging, or tacitly authorizing a pattern and practice of 17 misconduct”). 18 19 ii. Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Carlee 20 The Complaint alleges that: (1) Plaintiff was housed at ASH in a unit 21 supervised by Defendant Sanchez (Compl., at 6); (2) at ASH, Plaintiff was under the 22 care of Defendants Miller, Martinez, and Wenkler (id.); (3) Plaintiff met with 23 Defendants Miller, Martinez, and Wenkler on December 23, 2019 to formulate a 24 treatment plan, which included enrolling Plaintiff in therapy groups for childhood 25 trauma and PTSD with a four- to eight- week wait list (id., at 6–7); (4) Defendant 26 Carlee spoke with Plaintiff after Mr. Jiminez attacked Plaintiff (id., at 9); (5) after 27 Mr. Jiminez attacked Plaintiff, Plaintiff submitted grievances regarding the attack 28 (id., at 10); and (6) between January 21–23, 2020, Defendants Sanchez, Miller, 1 Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee met and had Plaintiff discharged from ASH to CSP 2 on January 24, 2020, even though Plaintiff had not yet received treatment for 3 unresolved childhood trauma and PTSD influencing SIB (id., at 12); and (7) the 4 decision to remove Plaintiff was in retaliation for his filing of grievances (id.) 5 The Complaint does not contain sufficient allegations to satisfy the subjective 6 prong of “deliberate indifference” as to Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, and 7 Carlee. Specifically as to Defendants Sanchez and Carlee, the Complaint does not 8 allege that Plaintiff was under their medical care. (See generally Compl.) 9 Regardless, “[a] medical decision not to order [a form of treatment] . . . does not 10 represent cruel and unusual punishment.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 107–08. To the 11 extent Plaintiff is dissatisfied with the level of care he received, the proper claims 12 should be negligence or malpractice, not Eighth Amendment deliberate 13 indifference. “[A]n inadvertent failure to provide adequate medical care,” 14 “negligence in diagnosing or treating a medical condition,” and medical malpractice 15 do not violate the Eighth Amendment. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105–06. Even gross 16 negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate indifference to serious medical 17 needs. See Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990). 18 To the extent that Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference 19 claim is based on his disagreement with his discharge from ASH, such claim fails. 20 “A difference of opinion between a prisoner-patient and prison medical authorities 21 does not give rise to a § 1983 claim.” Franklin v. State of Oregon, State Welfare 22 Div., 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th Cir. 1981). Indeed, “‘a difference of medical 23 opinion’ as to the need to pursue one course of treatment over another [is] 24 insufficient, as a matter of law, to establish deliberate indifference.” Jackson v. 25 McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 26 242 (9th Cir. 1989)). Rather, “to prevail on a claim involving choices between 27 alternative courses of treatment, a prisoner must show that the chosen course of 28 treatment ‘was medically unacceptable under the circumstances,’ and was chosen 1 ‘in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to [the prisoner’s] health.’” Toguchi, 2 391F.3d at 1058 (alteration in original) (quoting Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332). 3 The Complaint contains no allegations from which it reasonably could be 4 inferred that the decision by Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, and Carlee to 5 remove Plaintiff from ASH was either medically unacceptable or in conscious 6 disregard of an excessive risk to Plaintiff’s health. The Complaint’s conclusory 7 allegations that Plaintiff’s removal from ASH was retaliatory are insufficient to 8 state an Eighth Amendment claim. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Indeed, there are no 9 allegations that Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, and Carlee were even aware 10 that Plaintiff had lodged grievances against them. (See generally Compl.) The 11 Complaint contains no allegations from which it reasonably could be inferred that 12 such Defendants’ removal of Plaintiff from ASH was not the result of medical 13 judgment. 14 15 iii. Defendant Wenkler 16 In addition to the allegations asserted against Defendants Wenkler, Sanchez, 17 Miller, Martinez, and Carlee, discussed in Section IV.C.1.b.ii supra, the Complaint 18 contains additional allegations about Defendant Wenkler. Specifically, the 19 Complaint alleges that Defendant Wenkler interviewed Plaintiff on January 21, 2020 20 after Mr. Jiminez attacked Plaintiff, that during such interview Defendant Wenkler 21 questioned Plaintiff about why he submitted his grievance and did not let 22 Defendants “take care of it,” and also accepted Plaintiff’s letter of complaint to 23 Defendant Black. (Compl, at 11.) Thus, unlike Defendants Sanchez, Miller, 24 Martinez, and Carlee, the Complaint alleges that Defendant Wenkler knew about 25 Plaintiff’s grievance and the letter of complaint to Defendant Black. 26 Accepting all allegations as true and making all reasonable inferences in 27 Plaintiff’s favor, as the Court must at this stage, the Complaint sufficiently alleges 28 that Defendant Wenkler acted with deliberate indifference. Specifically, the 1 Complaint alleges that Defendant Wenkler knew that Plaintiff had submitted 2 grievances against him and the team and expressed his disapproval of Plaintiff’s 3 grievances, which can support the conclusion that Defendant Wenkler acted with 4 deliberate indifference. See Snow, 681 F.3d at 990 (holding that evidence of an 5 improper motive—such as denying hip replacement surgery for reasons unrelated to 6 medical needs—can support a conclusion that a defendant acted with deliberate 7 indifference). Furthermore, the Complaint contains sufficient allegations from 8 which it reasonably could be inferred that the decision to remove Plaintiff from ASH 9 shortly after Plaintiff submitted his grievances, even though he had not yet received 10 his prescribed therapy, was not a difference of opinion, but was either medically 11 unacceptable under the circumstances or chosen in conscious disregard of an 12 excessive risk to Plaintiff’s health. See Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332 (concluding that 13 allegations that doctors denied plaintiff a kidney transplant, “not because of an 14 honest medical judgment, but on account of personal animosity” stated a claim for 15 deliberate indifference to serious medical needs). However, because the Complaint 16 does not satisfy the objective prong (see Section IV.C.1.a, supra), Plaintiff does not 17 state an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim against Defendant 18 Wenkler. 19 20 For these reasons, the Complaint fails to state an Eighth Amendment claim for 21 deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. If Plaintiff files an amended 22 complaint with this claim, he must correct these deficiencies or risk its dismissal. 23 24 2. Eighth Amendment Failure to Protect 25 The Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to “take reasonable measures 26 to guarantee the safety of the inmates . . . .” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526– 27 27 (1984). “[P]rison officials have a duty . . . to protect prisoners from violence at 28 the hands of other prisoners.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833 (quoting Cortes-Quinones v. 1 Jimenez-Nettleship, 842 F.2d 556, 558 (1st Cir. 1988)). “The failure of prison 2 officials to protect inmates from attacks by other inmates may rise to the level of an 3 Eighth Amendment violation when: (1) the deprivation alleged is ‘objectively, 4 sufficiently serious’ and (2) the prison officials had a ‘sufficiently culpable state of 5 mind,’ acting with deliberate indifference.” Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 6 1040 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834). 7 8 a. Objective Prong 9 For an Eighth Amendment claim based on failure to prevent harm, the 10 plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to show that the risk he or she faced was 11 objectively “sufficiently serious”—that is, “that he [or she] is incarcerated under 12 conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 823. 13 “[I]n order to satisfy the objective prong, it is enough for the inmate to demonstrate 14 that he [or she] was exposed to a substantial risk of some range of serious harms; the 15 harm he actually suffered need not have been the most likely result among this range 16 of outcomes.” Lemire v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1076 (9th 17 Cir. 2013). 18 Here, the Complaint alleges that: (1) between July to January 2020, Mr. 19 Jiminez randomly assaulted five or six patients in Plaintiff’s unit at ASH by 20 repeatedly punching their head and face from behind without warning (Compl., at 7– 21 8); (2) after Mr. Jiminez attacked Mr. McCoy in December 2019, Defendants 22 Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee isolated Mr. Jiminez, administered 23 psychiatric medications, placed Mr. Jiminez on “one to one” twenty-hour 24 observation by a “PT” or registered nurse, and re-housed Mr. Jiminez in a room with 25 Plaintiff and two other ASH patients (id.); and (3) Mr. Jiminez told Defendants 26 Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee after two separate attacks that he 27 would “keep on” attacking ASH patients in this manner (id.). Making all inferences 28 in Plaintiff’s favor, these allegations—that Plaintiff was housed in the same room 1 with an inmate with a known history of recent repeated attacks against random 2 patients, who repeatedly asserts that he will continue such attacks—plausibly state 3 an objectively sufficiently serious risk of harm. See, e.g., Fitzpatrick v. Las Vegas 4 Metro. Police Dep’t, No.: 2:17-cv-01886-JAD-BNW, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19852, 5 at *33 (D. Nev. Feb. 3, 2020) (“There may be a substantial risk of harm to an inmate 6 where the prison double-cells an inmate with a history of attacking other cellmates 7 with a non-violent inmate . . . .”). 8 9 b. Subjective Prong 10 “To violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause, a prison official must 11 have a ‘sufficiently culpable state of mind.’” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 823. “In prison- 12 conditions cases that state of mind is one of ‘deliberate indifference’ to inmate health 13 or safety.” Id. (quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 302–03 (1991)). Deliberate 14 indifference is met only if the prison official “knows of and disregards an excessive 15 risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which 16 the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he 17 must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. “Deliberate indifference 18 entails something more than mere negligence . . . [but] is satisfied by something less 19 than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm or with knowledge that 20 harm will result.” Hearns, 413 F.3d at 1040 (alterations in original) (citing Farmer, 21 511 U.S. at 835). 22 23 i. Defendant Black 24 The Complaint fails to allege an Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim 25 against Defendant Black, as there are no allegations from which it can be inferred 26 that Defendant Black was aware of and disregarded the risk to Plaintiff’s safety. See 27 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837 (requiring awareness of the substantial risk of harm for 28 liability under the Eighth Amendment); see also Taylor v. Barkes, 135 S. Ct. 2042 1 (2015) (“Eighth Amendment liability requires actual awareness of risk.”) The 2 Complaint alleges that Plaintiff wrote a letter about the attack to Defendant Black, 3 but not until after Mr. Jiminez attacked Plaintiff. (Compl., at 11.) To the extent the 4 Complaint attempts to impose supervisory liability upon Defendant Black for a 5 failure to protect, there is no vicarious liability under Section 1983 (see Section 6 IV.C.1.b.i, supra), and there no allegations from which it reasonably could be 7 inferred that Defendant Black knew of the culpable actions of his subordinates but 8 failed to act. (See generally Compl.) Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment failure to 9 protect claim against Defendant Black fails. 10 11 ii. Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, 12 Carlee 13 The Complaint alleges that: (1) after Mr. Jimenez attacked Mr. McCoy in 14 December 2019, Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee 15 isolated Mr. Jiminez, administered psychiatric medications, placed Mr. Jiminez on 16 “one to one” twenty-hour observation by a “PT” or registered nurse, and re-housed 17 Mr. Jiminez in a room with Plaintiff and two other ASH patients (Compl., at 7–8); 18 (2) the “whole time” Mr. Jiminez was in isolation, he yelled to Defendants Sanchez, 19 Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee of his intent to “keep on” attacking ASH 20 patients in the same manner; (3) Mr. Jiminez attacked ASH patient Mr. Contrell on 21 January 14, 2020 (id., at 8); (4) while Mr. Jiminez was in isolation after attacking 22 Mr. Contrell, Mr. Jiminez again “made clear” to Defendants Sanchez, Miller, 23 Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee of his intent to “keep on” attacking ASH patients in 24 (id.); and (5) after Mr. Jimenez attacked Plaintiff, Defendant Carlee told Plaintiff: 25 (a) “I’m so sorry you were assaulted, [sic] we had no other place to put him so we 26 housed him in your dorm because you look as if you can handle yourself.” (id., at 9), 27 and (b) “I don’t know if you’ve heard but Jiminez has attacked several other patients 28 the same way. Your [sic] like the fifth or sixeth [sic] one, but we didn’t expect him 1 to try his M.O. on you because of your size. We’ve been waiting on CDCR 2 transportation to come take him back to prison but we don’t control the bus 3 schedule.” (id., at 9–10). 4 Construing the allegations in Plaintiff’s favor, these allegations potentially are 5 sufficient to state an Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim against Defendants 6 Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee. Specifically, these allegations 7 plausibly allege that Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee 8 both knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to Plaintiff’s safety by housing a 9 known-violent inmate with a recent history of repeated attacks in a room with 10 Plaintiff. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. 11 12 For these reasons, the Complaint states an Eighth Amendment failure to 13 protect claim against Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, and Carlee, 14 but not against Defendant Black. If Plaintiff files an amended complaint with an 15 Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim against Defendant Black, he must correct 16 these deficiencies or risk dismissal of such claim. 17 18 3. First Amendment Retaliation 19 Prisoners have a First Amendment right to file prison grievances, and a First 20 Amendment right to be free from retaliation for doing so. Brodheim v. Cry, 584 21 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009). “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First 22 Amendment retaliation entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor 23 took some adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s 24 protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First 25 Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate 26 correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567–68 (9th Cir. 2005). 27 “[M]ere speculation that defendants acted out of retaliation is not sufficient.” Wood 28 v. Yordy, 753 F.3d 899, 904 (9th Cir. 2014). Because direct evidence of retaliatory 1 intent rarely can be pleaded in a complaint, circumstantial evidence—such as 2 suspect timing, inconsistent determinations based on the same evidence, and oral 3 statements—may suffice to infer retaliatory intent. See Bruce v. Ylst, 351 F.3d 1283, 4 1288 (9th Cir. 2003). A plaintiff bears the initial burden of showing that the 5 exercise of his First Amendment rights was a “substantial” or “motivating” factor 6 behind the defendant’s conduct. Mt. Healthy City School Dist. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 7 274, 287 (1977); Soranno’s Gasco, Inc. v. Morgan, 874 F.2d 1310, 1314 (9th Cir. 8 1989). 9 10 a. Defendant Black 11 The Complaint alleges that: (1) after Mr. Jimenez attacked Plaintiff, Plaintiff 12 prepared a letter of complaint to Defendant Black, which Plaintiff gave to Defendant 13 Wenkler; and (2) Plaintiff was discharged from ASH with Defendant Black’s 14 authorization. (Compl., at 11–12.) These allegations are not sufficient to infer that 15 Defendant Black was directly involved in any allegedly unconstitutional conduct or 16 had knowledge of the alleged deprivations and acquiesced in them. See Keates, 883 17 F.3d at 1243. The conclusory allegation that Plaintiff was discharged with 18 Defendant Black’s authorization is an “unadorned,” “naked assertion” and is not 19 sufficient to state any cognizable claims against Defendant Black. See Iqbal, 556 20 U.S. at 678; see also, e.g., Mendez v. Becher, No. C-12-4170 EMC, 2013 U.S. Dist. 21 LEXIS 15600, at *1–2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 5, 2013) (dismissing claims against police 22 chief because plaintiff failed to “make any specific allegations about how Chief 23 Becher’s conduct resulted in plaintiff’s constitutional deprivation, beyond 24 conclusory statements regarding her approving, ratifying, condoning, encouraging, 25 or tacitly authorizing a pattern and practice of misconduct”). Mere speculation that 26 Defendant Black acted out of retaliation is not sufficient. Yordy, 753 F.3d at 904. 27 The only allegations that vaguely suggest retaliation are temporal proximity between 28 Plaintiff’s submission of his letter of complaint to Defendant Black and Plaintiff’s 1 removal from ASH, which can be circumstantial evidence of retaliatory motive. See 2 Ylst, 351 F.3d at 1288–89. However, a retaliation claim cannot rest solely on the 3 “logical fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc, literally, ‘after this, therefore because 4 of this.’” Huskey v. City of San Jose, 204 F.3d 893, 899 (quoting Choe v. INS, 11 5 F.3d 925, 938 (9th Cir. 1993)). The Complaint does not contain sufficient factual 6 allegations that lead to the reasonable inference that Plaintiff’s exercise of his First 7 Amendment rights was connected to any retaliatory action by Defendant Black. 8 9 b. Defendant Wenkler 10 Here, the Complaint alleges that: (1) Defendant Wenkler interviewed Plaintiff 11 after Plaintiff submitted a grievance regarding Mr. Jiminez’s attack; (2) Defendant 12 Wenkler asked Plaintiff why he had to file a complaint; (3) Plaintiff gave Defendant 13 Wenkler a complaint letter to give to Defendant Black; and (4) a few days later, 14 Plaintiff’s treatment team—which included Defendant Wenkler—discharged 15 Plaintiff from ASH, even though Plaintiff had not yet received the treatment they 16 had prescribed for him before he submitted the grievances. (Compl., at 10–12.) 17 These allegations potentially are sufficient to state a First Amendment retaliation 18 claim because: (1) Plaintiff alleged that he engaged in a protected action by filing a 19 grievance and submitting a complaint letter to Defendant Black; (2) Plaintiff alleges 20 that Defendant Wenkler took an adverse action against him by discharging him from 21 ASH; (3) Plaintiff alleges a causal connection between (1) and (2): that the 22 retaliatory actions took place shortly after, and in retaliation for, Plaintiff’s 23 submission of a grievance and complaint letter; (4) it reasonably could be inferred 24 that the denial of medical care would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness; 25 and (5) it reasonably could be inferred that retaliatory denial of medical care did not 26 advance legitimate penological goals. See, e.g., Chatman v. Medina, No. 2:11-CV- 27 0681-MCE-CMK-P, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 38595, at *42–43 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 21, 28 /// 1 2014) (holding that allegations that plaintiff was denied proper medical care after 2 filing a grievance potentially stated a First Amendment retaliation claim). 3 4 c. Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, Wenkler, Carlee 5 With respect to Defendants Sanchez, Miller, Martinez, and Carlee, Plaintiff’s 6 allegations of retaliation are wholly conclusory and do not set forth any specific 7 facts other than the word “retaliation” to support his First Amendment claims. 8 There are no allegations from which it reasonably can be inferred that these 9 Defendants knew that Plaintiff had filed any grievances. See Wood, 753 F.3d at 905 10 (concluding that there was no retaliation claim where there was no indication that 11 defendants knew about the earlier lawsuit or that claimed actions were in retaliation 12 for the earlier suit). Knowledge is critical because Defendants could not have acted 13 “in retaliation for—or because of—something about which [they] had no 14 knowledge.” Cejas v. Paramo, No. 14-CV-1923-WQH (WVG), 2017 U.S. Dist. 15 LEXIS 47106, at *18, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 28, 2017); see Pratt v. Rowland, 65 16 F.3d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1995) (concluding that inmate failed to establish retaliation 17 claim where there was no evidence that prison officials knew of the conduct giving 18 rise to the alleged retaliatory action). The Complaint contains no factual allegations 19 from which it can be inferred that a retaliatory motive was the “substantial” and 20 “motivating” factor behind these Defendant’s decisions to remove Plaintiff from 21 ASH. 22 23 For these reasons, the Complaint states a First Amendment retaliation claim 24 solely against Defendant Wenkler, but no other Defendant. If Plaintiff files an 25 amended complaint with First Amendment retaliation claims against anyone other 26 than Defendant Wenkler, he must correct these deficiencies or risk dismissal of such 27 claims. 28 /// 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons stated above, the Court DISMISSES the Complaint WITH 3 LEAVE TO AMEND. Plaintiff may have another opportunity to amend and cure 4 the deficiencies given his pro se status. Plaintiff is ORDERED to, within sixty days 5 after the date of this Order, either: (1) file a FAC, or (2) advise the Court that 6 Plaintiff does not intend to pursue this lawsuit further and will not file a FAC. 7 The FAC must cure the pleading defects discussed above and shall be 8 complete in itself without reference to the Complaint. See L.R. 15-2 (“Every 9 amended pleading filed as a matter of right or allowed by order of the Court shall be 10 complete including exhibits. The amended pleading shall not refer to the prior, 11 superseding pleading.”). This means that Plaintiff must allege and plead any viable 12 claims in the FAC again. Plaintiff shall not include new Defendants or new 13 allegations that are not reasonably related to the claims asserted in the Complaint. 14 In any amended complaint, Plaintiff should confine his allegations to those 15 operative facts supporting each of his claims. Plaintiff is advised that pursuant to 16 Rule 8, all that is required is a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that 17 the pleader is entitled to relief.” Plaintiff strongly is encouraged to utilize the 18 standard civil rights complaint form when filing any amended complaint, a 19 copy of which is attached. In any amended complaint, Plaintiff should identify the 20 nature of each separate legal claim and make clear what specific factual allegations 21 support each of his separate claims. Plaintiff strongly is encouraged to keep his 22 statements concise and to omit irrelevant details. It is not necessary for Plaintiff to 23 cite case law, include legal argument, or attach exhibits at this stage of the litigation. 24 Plaintiff also is advised to omit any claims for which he lacks a sufficient factual 25 basis. 26 The Court explicitly cautions Plaintiff that failure to timely file a FAC, or 27 timely advise the Court that Plaintiff does not intend to file a FAC, will result in 28 a recommendation that this action be dismissed for failure to prosecute and/or | || failure to comply with court orders pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedur 2 || 41(b). 3 Plaintiff is not required to file an amended complaint, especially since a 4 || complaint dismissed for failure to state a claim without leave to amend may count as 5 || astrike under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Instead, Plaintiff may request voluntary 6 || dismissal of the action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a). A Notice 7 || of Dismissal form 1s attached for Plaintiff's convenience. 8 Plaintiff is advised that this Court’s determination herein that the allegations 9 || in the Complaint are insufficient to state a particular claim should not be seen as 10 || dispositive of the claim. Accordingly, although the undersigned Magistrate Judge 11 || believes Plaintiff has failed to plead sufficient factual matter in the pleading, 12 || accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face, Plaintiff □□ not 13 || required to omit any claim or Defendant in order to pursue this action. However, if 14 || Plaintiff decides to pursue a claim in an amended complaint that the undersigned 15 || previously found to be insufficient, then pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636, the 16 || undersigned ultimately may submit to the assigned District Judge a recommendatior 17 || that such claim may be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim, subject 18 || to Plaintiffs right at that time to file objections. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); C.D. Cal 19 | L.R. 72-3. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 . 22 || DATED: August 25, 2020 yee es — 3 ARIA A. AUDERO UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 24 25 || Attachments 26 || Form Civil Rights Complaint (CV-66) 27 || Form Notice of Dismissal 28 26