John W. Sigler v. Jorge Gonzalez

• Court: District Court, C.D. California
• Decided: March 17, 2025
• Docket: 8:22-cv-02325
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 O 2 3 4 5 DENIED BY ORDER OF THE COURT 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 Case No.: 8:22-cv-02325-MEMF-JDE 11 JOHN W. SIGLER,

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING INTERINSURANCE EXCHANGE OF THE AUTOMOBILE CLUB 13 v. OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [ECF NO. 14 129] 15 JORGE GONZALEZ; USAA CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY; 16 INTERINSURANCE EXCHANGE OF THE AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF SOUTHERN 17 CALIFORNIA; IMPERIAL BODY SHOP, INC.; and DOES 1 to 99, inclusive, 18 Defendants. 19

21 Before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Defendant Interinsurance 22 Exchange of the Automobile Club of Southern California (“AAA”). ECF No. 129. For the reasons 23 stated herein, the Court hereby DENIES the Motion for Summary Judgment. 24

26 / / / 27 / / / 28 1 I. Background 2 A. Factual Background 3 The present action stems from the alleged mishandling of pro se Plaintiff John W. Sigler’s 4 insurance claim after his car was damaged in a two-car accident. Specifically, Sigler asserts claims 5 against Defendants Jorge Gonzalez (the driver who rear-ended Plaintiff’s Vehicle); AAA, 6 Gonzalez’s automobile insurer; USAA Casualty Insurance Company (“USAA,” Plaintiff’s insurer); 7 Imperial Body Shop, Inc. (“IBS,” the body shop that provided an appraisal on Plaintiff’s vehicle); 8 Pablo Galvez (an appraiser at IBS); Greg Taylor (another appraiser at IBS); Amber Peterson (a 9 claims adjuster at AAA); Kevin Karapogosian (CEO of IBS); John Boyle (CEO of AAA); and 10 unnamed Does stemming from the collision, repair, and insurance coverage of the Vehicle. 11 B. Procedural History 12 On November 18, 2022, Sigler commenced the instant action in the Orange County Superior 13 Court against Defendants Gonzales, AAA, USAA, IBS, Galvez, Taylor, Peterson, Karapogosian, 14 and Boyle. ECF No. 1, Ex. A. USAA removed the action on December 29, 2022. Id., Ex. 1. 15 On October 10, 2023, Sigler filed the First Amended Complaint (“FAC.”) The FAC includes 16 the following causes of action: (1) negligence against Defendant Gonzalez, FAC ¶¶ 46–47; (2) 17 intentional misrepresentation against Defendants IBS, Galvez, USAA, Bushnell, Ordell, Taylor, 18 AAA, and Peterson, id. ¶¶ 47–69; (3) violation of the Clayton Act against Defendants AAA, 19 Peterson, USAA, Bushnell, IBS, and Taylor, id. ¶¶ 69–75; (4) violation of the Sherman Act against 20 Defendants AAA, Peterson, USAA, Bushnell, IBS, and Taylor, id. ¶¶ 69–75; (5) violation of the 21 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) against Defendants USAA, Bushnell, 22 Ordell, Termeer, IBS, Karapogosian, AAA, and Boyle, id. ¶¶ 75–92; and (6) conspiracy to violate 23 RICO against Defendants Galvez, Taylor, Peterson, Bushnell, Ordell, Gonzalez, IBS, and 24 Karapogosian, id. ¶¶ 92–100. 25 On February 22, 2024, Judge Cormac J. Carney granted USAA’s motion for judgment on the 26 pleadings as to Sigler’s sixth claim for RICO violations. Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part 27 USAA’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings or, in the Alternative, Motion to Compel 28 Appraisal. ECF No. 119 (“Order”). 1 On May 17, 2024, AAA filed the instant Motion for Summary Judgment. AAA also filed a 2 Separate Statement of Uncontroverted Facts in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment by 3 Defendant Interinsurance Exchange of the Automobile Club (“SUF”); Declaration of Aparajito Sen, 4 Esq. in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment, Alternatively, Partial Summary Judgment, ECF 5 No. 129-3 (“Sen Decl.” or “Sen Declaration”); Declaration of Elizabeth Yates in Support of Motion 6 for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 129-4 (“Yates Decl.” or “Yates Declaration”); and an Appendix of 7 Evidence (Exhibits) in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment / Partial Summary Judgment, ECF 8 No. 129-5 (“Exhibits”). On May 27, 2024, Sigler filed a Plaintiff’s Opposition to Motion for 9 Summary Judgment, Partial Summary Judgment or Defendant Interinsurance Exchange of 10 Automobile Club, ECF No. 139 (“Opp’n” or “Opposition.”) On June 6, 2024, Defendant filed a 11 Reply of Defendant Interinsurance Exchange of the Automobile Club to Plaintiff’s Opposition to its 12 Motion for Summary Judgment, Alternatively, Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 149 (“Reply.”) 13 On May 27, 2024, Sigler filed a Declaration of John Sigler in Support of Plaintiff's 14 Opposition to Defendant Interinsurance Exchange's Motion For Summary Judgment, ECF No. 143 15 (“Sigler Decl.” or “Sigler Declaration.”) That same day, Sigler filed a Declaration of Alexander J. 16 Sigler in Support of Plaintiff's Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment, Partial Summary 17 Judgment of Defendant Interinsurance Exchange, ECF No. 144 (“Alex Decl.” or “Alex 18 Declaration.”) 19 The Court held the hearing on the Motion on March 13, 2025. 20 II. Applicable Law 21 Summary judgment should be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute 22 as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 56(a). Material facts are those that may affect the outcome of the case. Nat’l Ass’n of Optometrists & 24 Opticians v. Harris, 682 F.3d 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 25 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could 26 return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. 27 Under Federal Rules of Procedure (“Rule”) 56(a), a court also has authority to grant partial 28 summary judgment, or “judgment on less than the entire case.” 10B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur 1 R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2737 (4th ed. 2022) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). 2 Under Rule 56(g), a court that “does not grant all the relief requested by the motion . . . may enter an 3 order stating any material fact . . . that is not genuinely in dispute and treating the fact as established 4 in the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(g). 5 A court must view the facts and draw inferences in the manner most favorable to the non- 6 moving party. United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962); Chevron Corp. v. Pennzoil 7 Co., 974 F.2d 1156, 1161 (9th Cir. 1992). “In judging evidence at the summary judgment stage, the 8 court does not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence.” Soremekun v. Thrifty 9 Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). “A moving party without the ultimate burden of 10 persuasion at trial—usually, but not always, a defendant—has both the initial burden of production 11 and the ultimate burden of persuasion on a motion for summary judgment.” Nissan Fire & Marine 12 Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). To carry its burden of production, the 13 moving party must either: (1) produce evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving 14 party’s claim or defense; or (2) show that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving 15 party’s case. Id. 16 Where a moving party fails to carry its initial burden of production, the nonmoving party 17 has no obligation to produce anything, even if the nonmoving party would have the ultimate burden 18 of persuasion at trial. Id. at 1102—03. In such cases, the nonmoving party may defeat the motion 19 for summary judgment without producing anything. Id. at 1103. However, if a moving party carries 20 its burden of production, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to produce evidence showing a 21 genuine dispute of material fact for trial. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248—49. Under these 22 circumstances, the nonmoving party must “go beyond the pleadings and by [its] own affidavits, or 23 by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, designate specific facts 24 showing that there is no genuine issue for trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986) 25 (internal quotation marks omitted). If the nonmoving party fails to produce enough evidence to 26 create a genuine issue of material fact, the motion for summary judgment shall be granted. Id. at 27 322 (“Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and 28 upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an 1 element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at 2 trial.”). 3 A party cannot create a genuine issue of material fact simply by making assertions in its legal 4 papers. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense v. Walter Kidde & Co., 690 F.2d 1235, 1238 5 (9th Cir. 1982). Rather, there must be specific, admissible evidence identifying the basis for the 6 dispute. Id. “If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address 7 another party’s assertion of fact . . . the court may . . . consider the fact undisputed.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 56(e)(2). The Court need not “comb the record” looking for other evidence; it is only required to 9 consider evidence set forth in the moving and opposing papers and the portions of the record cited 10 therein. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3); Carmen v. S.F. Unified Sch. Dist., 237 F.3d 1026, 1029 (9th Cir. 11 2001). The Supreme Court held that “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence . . . will be 12 insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for [the opposing 13 party].” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252. To carry its ultimate burden of persuasion on the motion, 14 the moving party must demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact for trial. Nissan 15 Fire, 210 F.3d at 1102; Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. 16 III. Evidentiary Objections 17 Sigler objects to AAA’s reliance on the declaration of Elizabeth Yates and the exhibits 18 thereto under Rule 37(c)(1). In particular, Sigler argues that AAA failed to properly disclose Yates 19 as a witness, and accordingly, her declaration and exhibits must be excluded under that rule. AAA 20 responds that it did identify Yates and any failure to do so was substantially justified and/or 21 harmless. 22 Under Rule 37(c)(1), “if a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as required 23 by Rule 26 (a), the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a 24 motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. 25 Civ. P. 37(c)(1). Rule 26(a)(1)(A)(i) requires parties to disclose “the name and, if known, the address 26 and telephone number of each individual likely to have discoverable information—along with the 27 subjects of that information—that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, 28 unless the use would be solely for impeachment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(i); see also Benjamin 1 v. B & H Educ., Inc., 877 F.3d 1139, 1150 (9th Cir. 2017) (affirming district court’s striking of 2 declarations where plaintiff offered three declarations to support their motion for summary judgment 3 but failed to list witnesses pursuant to Rule 26 and only mentioned the witnesses’ names in an 4 interrogatory response). The Ninth Circuit recognized that a party fails to show the non-disclosure 5 was substantially justified or harmless if they wait until the motion for summary judgment to 6 identify the likely witness. Id. 7 The Court finds that AAA’s disclosure did not meet the requirements of the Rules. AAA 8 contends it disclosed Ms. Yates’ identity in the 26(f) report by stating that its witnesses included 9 “AAA . . . managers” and “the AAA’s personnel involved in handling the claim . . . ,” AAA’s File 10 Notes, and Amber Peterson’s emails to Ms. Yates. Mot. at 2. But AAA failed to identify Ms. Yates’ 11 name in the 26(f) report. Moreover, at the hearing, AAA did not dispute that it did not disclose her 12 name in its Initial Disclosures under Rule 26(a). 13 AAA’s argued that its failure to disclose Yates was substantially justified since Sigler 14 obviously knew about her as her name was revealed in the documents produced in discovery. This 15 argument is unavailing; to fail to identify her as a witness actually conveyed to Sigler that despite 16 her presence in the documents, AAA did not plan on relying on her and/or did not believe she had 17 discoverable information. Similarly, the Court does not find that the failure to disclose was 18 harmless. Failure to disclose Ms. Yates as a likely witness before AAA filed its summary judgment 19 motion deprived Sigler of the opportunity to propound additional discovery specific to her. 20 Accordingly, Sigler’s objection to Ms. Yates’ Declaration is SUSTAINED. 21 Therefore, the court does not consider the Yates declaration, the exhibits attached thereto, or 22 any of AAA’s undisputed facts which rely solely on the declaration or exhibits. 23 IV. Discussion 24 Sigler brought a cause of action against AAA for intentional misrepresentation, FAC ¶¶ 47– 25 69; and anti-trust violations under the Clayton Act and Sherman Act, FAC ¶¶ 69–75. AAA moves 26 for summary judgement against both claims. Here, AAA argues that they are entitled to summary 27 judgment as a matter of law because Sigler’s claim for intentional misrepresentation fails as (1) 28 Sigler cannot show the statements were false, (2) no scienter or knowledge of falsity exists, (3) AAA 1 had no intent to deceive Sigler or induce his reliance, (4) Sigler did not actually nor justifiably rely 2 on AAA’s representation, and (5) Sigler suffered no damages resulting from a misrepresentation. 3 AAA additionally contends that Sigler’s claims under the Clayton Act and Sherman Act fail because 4 there was not an agreement unreasonably restraining trade. 5 At the hearing, the Court gave counsel for AAA the opportunity to explain how it could meet 6 its burden on summary judgment with the exclusion of the Yates declaration and the exhibits thereto, 7 and AAA was unable to do so. 8 Therefore, in light of the Court’s exclusion of the Yates declaration and the exhibits thereto, 9 the Court finds that AAA cannot sustain its burden on summary judgment and therefore DENIES the 10 Motion. 11 A. Defendant is Not Entitled to Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s Intentional 12 Misrepresentation Claim.

13 Under California law, establishing an intentional misrepresentation claim requires a showing 14 of (1) “misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure)”; (2) “knowledge of 15 falsity (or ‘scienter’)”; (3) “intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance”; (4) “justifiable reliance”; and 16 (e) “resulting damage.” Huntsman v. Corp. of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- 17 Day Saints, No. 21-56056, 2025 WL 351595, at *5 (9th Cir. Jan. 31, 2025) (citing Small v. Fritz 18 Cos., 30 Cal. 4th 167, 173 (2003)); Cal. Civ. Code § 1709 (“section 1709”). 19 Without the Yates declaration and the exhibits attached thereto, AAA is unable to meet its 20 burden to show the absence of a genuine issue of material act with respect to the intentional 21 misrepresentation claim. 22 B. Defendant is Not Entitled to Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s Clayton Act and 23 Sherman Act Claims 24 i. Section 1 of the Sherman Act 25 1. Antitrust Standing 26 Sigler must have “antitrust standing” to bring a claim. City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders, 27 20 F.4th 441, 455 (9th Cir. 2021). Courts balance five factors to determine whether plaintiff has 28 1 standing, such as “(1) the nature of the plaintiff’s alleged injury; that is, whether it was the type the 2 antitrust laws were intended to forestall; (2) the directness of the injury; (3) the speculative measure 3 of the harm; (4) the risk of duplicative recovery; and (5) the complexity in apportioning damages.” 4 Id. An antitrust injury requires “(1) unlawful conduct, (2) causing an injury to the plaintiff, (3) that 5 flows from that which makes the conduct unlawful, and (4) that is of the type of the antitrust laws 6 were intended to prevent.” Id. 7 2. Defendant’s liability 8 Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits unreasonable restraints of trade. 15 U.S.C. §§ 1–7. To 9 establish liability, Sigler must prove (1) the existence of an agreement, and (2) that the agreement 10 was in unreasonable restraint of trade. Aerotec Int’l, Inc. v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 836 F.3d 1171, 11 1178 (9th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted); see In re Nat'l Football League's Sunday Ticket Antitrust 12 Litig., 933 F.3d 1136, 1150 n.5 (9th Cir. 2019) (explaining that horizontal agreements among 13 competitors to limit production or supply of goods or services and market division agreements 14 among competitors to divide markets or allocate customers are per se illegal violations under the 15 Sherman Act); see also City of Oakland, 20 F.4th at 448 (explaining that “group boycott occurs 16 when multiple producers refuse to sell goods or services to a particular consumer” in violation of 17 Sherman Act); see also Freeman v. San Diego Ass'n of Realtors, 322 F.3d 1133, 1150 (9th Cir. 18 2003) (noting that agreements among competitors to fix prices are generally violations of Sherman 19 Act). 20 ii. Section 4 of the Clayton Act 21 1. Treble Damages 22 Section 4 of the Clayton Act allows a plaintiff to recover treble damages where an antitrust 23 violation has injured the plaintiff’s business or property. In re Multidistrict Vehicle Air Pollution 24 M.D.L. No. 31, 481 F.2d 122 (9th Cir. 1973). To establish standing, Sigler must allege (1) an injury 25 to his business or property, and (2) the antitrust violation caused plaintiff’s injury. Id. 26 Without the Yates declaration and the exhibits attached thereto, AAA is unable to meet its 27 burden to show the absence of a genuine issue of material act with respect to Sigler’s claims under 28 the Sherman Act or the Clayton Act. 1 V. Conclusion 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby ORDERS as follows: 3 1. The Motion is DENIED; 4 2. The parties are ordered to meet and confer within five (5) days of the date of this Order with 5 respect to the following: (a) their preferred mode of alternative dispute resolution and (b) 6 proposed deadlines for Settlement Conference Completion, First Round Trial Filings, Trial 7 Filings, Final Pretrial Conference, and Trial1; 8 3. The parties are ordered to file a joint status report with respect to the matters set forth above 9 within seven (7) days of the date of this Order, setting forth their respective positions if they 10 do not agree. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 13 DENIED 14 Dated: March 17, 2025 ___B __Y _ _O _R __D __E _R __ O __F __ T __H _E __ C __O __U _R __T ____ 15 MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG 16 United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 1 The timing of the proposed dates for First Round Trial Filings, Second Round Trial Filings, Final Pretrial 27 Conference, and Trial shall be follow the guidance provided by this Court’s Order Setting Scheduling Conference, which is available on Judge Frimpong’s webpage at https://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/honorable- 28