IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
JOHN CARVILLE and JANE DOE ) No. 80106-6-I CARVILLE, husband and wife and the ) marital community comprised thereof, ) DIVISION ONE ) Appellant, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v. ) ) JOHN RODIUS, an individual d/b/a ) JOHN WAYNE SPECIALTY, ) ) Respondent.
______________________________ ) FILED: September 23, 2019
HAZELRIGG-HERNANDEZ, J. — Jon Carville seeks reversal and vacation of a
judgment for damages based on the reasonable rental value of a piece of heavy
machinery. He raises several arguments in support of his appeal, but chiefly
argues that the court used the improper measure of damages for a conversion
claim and the award was not supported by substantial evidence. Because the
measure of damages was permitted for that cause of action and sufficient evidence
supported the amount of the award, we affirm.
FACTS
John Rodius brought suit against Jon CarviIle, alleging that Carville had
refused to return a 2002 John Deere 200CLC tractor that Rodius owned. The
complaint included claims for breach of contract, conversion, trespass to chattels, No. 80106-6-1/2
and tortious interference with a business contract; a request for replevin; and a
request for “compensatory and general damages as may be proven at trial.”
In his trial brief, Rodius identified his relief sought as “[j]udgment for
damages related to loss of use of the 2002 John Deere 200 CLC Tractor in an
amount to be proven at trial” as well as “[j]udgment for damages related to loss of
business.” He argued in the brief that he was entitled to “damages associated with
loss of use and/or unrealized profits[,]” and cited the following passage from Potter
v. Washincdon State Patrol:
Generally, the measure of damages for conversion is the fair market value of the property converted . An owner is also entitled to loss . .
of use damages for the period of time during which the owner was wrongfully deprived of the converted property Finally, .
consequential damages may be available in some circumstances. Dennis v. Southworth, 2 Wn. App. 115, 124, 467 P.2d 330 (1970) (allowing damages for the loss of profits or reasonable rental value of converted property).
165 Wn.2d 67, 85—86, 196 P.3d 691 (2008) (citations omitted).
At a bench trial in April 2018, Rodius testified that he had taken a “200 size
excavator” to Carville’s property to perform some work in late August 2016. The
excavator remained on the property while the work was ongoing because the
machine was too large to move easily. He testified that the last time he had
possession of the excavator was in September or early October of 2016, when he
was refused entry onto Carville’s property.
Rodius testified about the effect that the loss of use of the excavator had on
his business. He explained that the excavator was “a very versatile machine” that
he used “every single day, almost, in everything I do[,]” including digging stumps,
logging, stacking brush, loading containers, and building roads. He said that he
-2- No. 80106-6-1/3
typically used the excavator in 80 percent of his jobs, which equated to 80 percent
of his revenue.
He testified that he had five jobs lined up before he lost possession of the
excavator that he was unable to perform without it. At one job, he testified that he
would have harvested 12 loads of cedar and earned $20,000. At another, he
testified that he would have harvested 40 loads of logs and built a mile of road, for
which he would have been compensated $50,000. He was unable to say how
many jobs he had lost because he did not want to waste customers’ time by
pursuing work he would not be able to complete without the machine. Rodius also
testified that he would normally ship out one container of wood per month, which
would earn him a net profit of $20,000 to $40,000, depending on the species of
wood. He said that he had only been able to do this once since losing possession
of the excavator by renting another machine. He testified that he had rented
machines to do jobs at least 12 times. He said that a comparable machine cost
$2,600 to rent for a weekend, or “sometimes they will rent a 200 size machine for
about $12,000 a month, plus the additional fees that come with it.” He testified
that he had spent a total of $50,000 renting machines to replace the excavator.
During the trial, Carville requested a two-hour continuance to attempt to
locate a subpoenaed witness who had not appeared in court to testify. The court
indicated that it would allow the witness to testify after the lunch break, but said
that “if [the witness] isn’t here at one o’clock, he is not testifying.” After the lunch
break, Carville informed the court that the witness still had not arrived and asked
for “as many minutes as the [c]ourt will allow me to call him repeatedly.” The court
-3- No. 80106-6-1/4
responded, “You had the entire lunch break. He is two and a half hours late. This
is not your fault that he is not here, but we are not going to wait for him any longer.”
Rodius argued in closing about the amount of expected profit he had lost in
the absence of the excavator and the rental rates of substftute machines. He
argued that any lack of specificity did not mean that he was not entitled to damages
and that there was no testimony that his numbers were inflated, unrealistic, or
inaccurate.
In an oral ruling,1 the court found that it could not “reasonably and accurately
calculate damages based upon lost profits given the evidence presented here.”
However, the court noted that “[t]he law is pretty clear that there is more than one
way of calculating damages for loss of use of a chattel, and one of those is the
rental value of a similar chattel, in this case a similar piece of equipment.” The
court accepted Rodius’ testimony of the monthly rental cost of a similar machine
and awarded damages to Rodius of $12,000 per month from September 20, 2016
until the day the excavator was returned. A judgment was subsequently entered
in the amount of $229,200.
Carville filed a motion for reconsideration, elimination of the award of
damages, and a new trial under CR 59. The court denied the motion. Carville
timely appealed the judgment and order denying motion for reconsideration.
1 Written findings of fact and conclusions of law are not of record with this court.
-4- No. 801 06-6-1/5
DISCUSSION
Carville contends that the trial court erred in ordering damages based on
the reasonable rental value of the excavator, refusing a continuance when his
witness did not appear, and denying his motion for reconsideration or new trial.
Damages
A. Standard of Review
On appeal of bench trials, “respondents are entitled to the benefit of all
evidence and reasonable inference therefrom in support of the findings of fact
entered by the trial court.” Mason v. Mortq. Am., Inc., 114 Wn.2d 842, 853, 792
P.2d 142 (1990) (quoting Lidstrand v. Silvercrest Indus., 28 Wn. App. 359, 364,
623 P.2d 710 (1981)). When a trial court has weighed the evidence in a bench
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
JOHN CARVILLE and JANE DOE ) No. 80106-6-I CARVILLE, husband and wife and the ) marital community comprised thereof, ) DIVISION ONE ) Appellant, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v. ) ) JOHN RODIUS, an individual d/b/a ) JOHN WAYNE SPECIALTY, ) ) Respondent.
______________________________ ) FILED: September 23, 2019
HAZELRIGG-HERNANDEZ, J. — Jon Carville seeks reversal and vacation of a
judgment for damages based on the reasonable rental value of a piece of heavy
machinery. He raises several arguments in support of his appeal, but chiefly
argues that the court used the improper measure of damages for a conversion
claim and the award was not supported by substantial evidence. Because the
measure of damages was permitted for that cause of action and sufficient evidence
supported the amount of the award, we affirm.
FACTS
John Rodius brought suit against Jon CarviIle, alleging that Carville had
refused to return a 2002 John Deere 200CLC tractor that Rodius owned. The
complaint included claims for breach of contract, conversion, trespass to chattels, No. 80106-6-1/2
and tortious interference with a business contract; a request for replevin; and a
request for “compensatory and general damages as may be proven at trial.”
In his trial brief, Rodius identified his relief sought as “[j]udgment for
damages related to loss of use of the 2002 John Deere 200 CLC Tractor in an
amount to be proven at trial” as well as “[j]udgment for damages related to loss of
business.” He argued in the brief that he was entitled to “damages associated with
loss of use and/or unrealized profits[,]” and cited the following passage from Potter
v. Washincdon State Patrol:
Generally, the measure of damages for conversion is the fair market value of the property converted . An owner is also entitled to loss . .
of use damages for the period of time during which the owner was wrongfully deprived of the converted property Finally, .
consequential damages may be available in some circumstances. Dennis v. Southworth, 2 Wn. App. 115, 124, 467 P.2d 330 (1970) (allowing damages for the loss of profits or reasonable rental value of converted property).
165 Wn.2d 67, 85—86, 196 P.3d 691 (2008) (citations omitted).
At a bench trial in April 2018, Rodius testified that he had taken a “200 size
excavator” to Carville’s property to perform some work in late August 2016. The
excavator remained on the property while the work was ongoing because the
machine was too large to move easily. He testified that the last time he had
possession of the excavator was in September or early October of 2016, when he
was refused entry onto Carville’s property.
Rodius testified about the effect that the loss of use of the excavator had on
his business. He explained that the excavator was “a very versatile machine” that
he used “every single day, almost, in everything I do[,]” including digging stumps,
logging, stacking brush, loading containers, and building roads. He said that he
-2- No. 80106-6-1/3
typically used the excavator in 80 percent of his jobs, which equated to 80 percent
of his revenue.
He testified that he had five jobs lined up before he lost possession of the
excavator that he was unable to perform without it. At one job, he testified that he
would have harvested 12 loads of cedar and earned $20,000. At another, he
testified that he would have harvested 40 loads of logs and built a mile of road, for
which he would have been compensated $50,000. He was unable to say how
many jobs he had lost because he did not want to waste customers’ time by
pursuing work he would not be able to complete without the machine. Rodius also
testified that he would normally ship out one container of wood per month, which
would earn him a net profit of $20,000 to $40,000, depending on the species of
wood. He said that he had only been able to do this once since losing possession
of the excavator by renting another machine. He testified that he had rented
machines to do jobs at least 12 times. He said that a comparable machine cost
$2,600 to rent for a weekend, or “sometimes they will rent a 200 size machine for
about $12,000 a month, plus the additional fees that come with it.” He testified
that he had spent a total of $50,000 renting machines to replace the excavator.
During the trial, Carville requested a two-hour continuance to attempt to
locate a subpoenaed witness who had not appeared in court to testify. The court
indicated that it would allow the witness to testify after the lunch break, but said
that “if [the witness] isn’t here at one o’clock, he is not testifying.” After the lunch
break, Carville informed the court that the witness still had not arrived and asked
for “as many minutes as the [c]ourt will allow me to call him repeatedly.” The court
-3- No. 80106-6-1/4
responded, “You had the entire lunch break. He is two and a half hours late. This
is not your fault that he is not here, but we are not going to wait for him any longer.”
Rodius argued in closing about the amount of expected profit he had lost in
the absence of the excavator and the rental rates of substftute machines. He
argued that any lack of specificity did not mean that he was not entitled to damages
and that there was no testimony that his numbers were inflated, unrealistic, or
inaccurate.
In an oral ruling,1 the court found that it could not “reasonably and accurately
calculate damages based upon lost profits given the evidence presented here.”
However, the court noted that “[t]he law is pretty clear that there is more than one
way of calculating damages for loss of use of a chattel, and one of those is the
rental value of a similar chattel, in this case a similar piece of equipment.” The
court accepted Rodius’ testimony of the monthly rental cost of a similar machine
and awarded damages to Rodius of $12,000 per month from September 20, 2016
until the day the excavator was returned. A judgment was subsequently entered
in the amount of $229,200.
Carville filed a motion for reconsideration, elimination of the award of
damages, and a new trial under CR 59. The court denied the motion. Carville
timely appealed the judgment and order denying motion for reconsideration.
1 Written findings of fact and conclusions of law are not of record with this court.
-4- No. 801 06-6-1/5
DISCUSSION
Carville contends that the trial court erred in ordering damages based on
the reasonable rental value of the excavator, refusing a continuance when his
witness did not appear, and denying his motion for reconsideration or new trial.
Damages
A. Standard of Review
On appeal of bench trials, “respondents are entitled to the benefit of all
evidence and reasonable inference therefrom in support of the findings of fact
entered by the trial court.” Mason v. Mortq. Am., Inc., 114 Wn.2d 842, 853, 792
P.2d 142 (1990) (quoting Lidstrand v. Silvercrest Indus., 28 Wn. App. 359, 364,
623 P.2d 710 (1981)). When a trial court has weighed the evidence in a bench
trial, our review is limited to determining whether substantial evidence supports the
trial court’s findings of fact and, if so, whether the findings support the conclusions
of law. City of Tacoma v. State, 117 Wn.2d 348, 361, 816 P.2d 7 (1991).
Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a rational, fair-minded
person of the truth of the finding. In re Estate of Jones, 152 Wn.2d 1, 8, 93 P.3d
147 (2004). “[lIt is not the function of an appellate court to substitute its judgment
for that of the trial court or to weigh the evidence or the credibility of witnesses.”
Davisv. Dep’tofLaborand Indus., 94Wn.2d 119, 124, 615 P.2d 1279 (1980). We
review questions of law and conclusions of law de novo. Sunnyside Valley
Irrigation Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 880, 73 P.3d 369 (2003).
-5- No. 80106-6-1/6
B. Notice
Carville first contends that the trial court’s use of the reasonable rental value
as a measure of damages was inappropriate because he did not receive adequate
notice that this measure would be considered. He argues that Rodius’ complaint
only identified “significant business loss” as the source of his damages, and Rodius
did not request damages based on the reasonable rental value. Rodius responds
that his complaint and trial brief were sufficient to apprise Carville of his request to
be “made whole for the year and a half he was deprived of access to his property.”
Carville cites two authorities in support of this argument. Civil Rule 8(a)
requires pleadings to contain “(1) a short and plain statement of the claim showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief and (2) a demand for judgment for the relief to
which the pleader deems the pleader is entitled.” He also cites Lewis v. Bell for
the proposition that, “[a]lthough inexpert pleading has been allowed under the civil
rule, insufficient pleading has not. A pleading is insufficient when it does not give
the opposing party fair notice of what the claim is and the ground upon which it
rests.” 45 Wn. App. 192, 197, 724 P.2d 425 (1986). In his argument in reply, he
also cites the following language from Kirby v. City of Tacoma: “[a] party who does
not plead a cause of action or theory of recovery cannot finesse the issue by later
inserting the theory into trial briefs and contending it was in the case all along.” 124
Wn. App. 454, 472, 98 P.3d 827 (2004) (quoting Dewey v. Tacomma Sch. Dist.,
No. 10, 95 Wn. App. 18, 26, 974 P.2d 847 (1999)).
“Under our liberal rules of procedure, pleadings are primarily intended to
give notice to the court and the opponent of the general nature of the claim
-6- No. 80106-6-117
asserted.” Lewis, 45 Wn. App. at 197. Because their purpose is to allow trial courts
to properly decide cases on the merits, rather than to “erect formal and
burdensome impediments to the litigation process[,]” pleadings are to be liberally
construed. State v. Adams, 107 Wn.2d 611, 620, 732 P.2d 149 (1987).
In Lewis, the court found that the pleadings were insufficient to provide
notice to the defendants that the plaintiffs were seeking relief for an alleged tortious
assault when the only cause of action pleaded in the complaint was the tort of
outrage, and all affidavits and memoranda submitted to the court addressed issues
involving outrage and not assault. 45 Wn. App. at 197. In Kirby, the court found
that the necessary elements of a First Amendment claim could not be fairly inferred
from pleadings that did not contain the terms “First Amendment” or “free speech.”
124 Wn App. at 470-471 (citing Dewey, 95 Wn. App. at 23). In Adams, the
Washington Supreme Court found that the pleadings provided sufficient notice of
the State’s intent to seek a money judgment, even though its original pleadings did
not seek such relief, when its brief in support of summary judgment stated, “[alt a
minimum, a judgment against the employees for the amount of their overpayments
should be entered.” 107 Wn.2d at 620.
Here, Rodius stated his claims and request for monetary damages in his
complaint, and specified in his trial brief that he sought damages related to loss of
use and loss of business. This specification did not constitute a new cause of
action or theory of recovery. Carville cites no authority for the proposition that
pleadings must provide notice of the measure of damages that the court will use
to calculate the requested relief. “Where no authorities are cited in support of a
-7- No. 80106-6-I/S
proposition, the court is not required to search out authorities, but may assume
that counsel, after diligent search, has found none.” DeHeer v. Seattle Post
lntelliqencer, 6OWn.2d 122, 126, 372 P.2d 193 (1962). This argumentfails.
C. Election of Remedies
Carville next contends that the use of the reasonable rental value as a
measure of damages is barred by the election of remedies doctrine. He argues
that Rodius elected to pursue lost profits rather than reasonable rental value as
the measure of damages, and therefore any claim for reasonable rental value is
barred.
The election of remedies doctrine exists to prevent double recovery for the
same wrong. Bremerton Cent. Lions Club, Inc. v. Manke Lumber Co., 25 Wn. App.
1, 5, 604 P.2d 1325 (1979). “It seeks to prevent a party from asserting inconsistent
positions in order to recover more than the value of the harm suffered.” A party
is not bound by an election of remedies unless two or more remedies exist at the
time of the election, the remedies are repugnant and inconsistent with each other,
and the party to be bound has chosen one of them. Lange v. Town of Woodway,
79 Wn.2d 45, 49, 483 P.2d 116 (1971). If a party pleads different and additional
grounds for resort to the same remedy, the election of remedies doctrine does not
apply. Barber v. Rochester, 52 Wn.2d 691, 694—95, 328 P.2d 711(1958) (holding
that the trial court erred in requiring an election between two different grounds for
rescission of a contract).
-8- No. 80106-6-1/9
Here, as in Barber, the plaintiff pleaded two different grounds for the same
remedy: monetary damages. Thus, the election of remedies doctrine does not
apply.
D. Substantial Evidence
Carville also contends that the trial court’s award of damages based on the
reasonable rental value was not supported by substantial evidence. “‘Generally
the appropriate measure of damages for a given cause of action is a question of
law, reviewed de novo.” Shoemake ex rel. Guardian v. Ferrer, 168 Wn.2d 193,
198, 225 P.3d 990 (2010) (quoting Womack v. Von Rardon, 133 Wn. App. 254,
263, 135 P.3d 542 (2006)). However, the amount of damages awarded under a
specific measure is a discretionary determination for the trier of fact, provided it
falls within the range of relevant evidence. Womack, 133 Wn. App. at 262.
Generally, the appropriate measure of damages for conversion of personal
property is the fair market value of the property at the time of the conversion.
Dennis, 2 Wn. App. at 124. However, in some instances, a party may be awarded
consequential damages represented by lost profits or the reasonable rental value
of the equipment for a reasonable time in addition to the fair market value of the
property. jçj~ at 124—25 (holding that the trial court was justified in allowing
consequential damages where the plaintiff was unable to obtain a replacement for
the converted tractor due to his financial circumstances and the defendant was
made aware that consequential damages would commence at the time of the
conversion).
-9- No. 80106-6-1/10
“The guiding principle of tort law is to make the injured party as whole as
possible through pecuniary compensation” without conferring a windfall.
Shoemake, 168 Wn.2d at 198 (quoting 16 David K. DeWolf & Keller W. Allen,
Wash. Practice: Tort Law and Practice § 5.1, at 172 (3d ed. 2006)). Although “damages must be proved with reasonable certainty[,j” this doctrine “is concerned
more with the fact of damage than with the extent or amount of damage.” Mutual
of Enumclaw Ins. Co. v. Gregg Roofing, Inc., 178 Wn. App. 702, 715, 315 P.3d
1143 (2013) (quoting Lewis River Golf, Inc. v. CM. Scott & Sons, 120 Wn.2d 712,
717, 845 P.2d 987 (1993)). Once the plaintiff establishes the fact of the loss by a
preponderance of the evidence, they will not be required to prove an exact amount
of damages to recover. ~ at 715.
The court heard testimony that Rodius had operated his own company
performing logging and woodwork for over 30 years. It heard him testify about the
expected lifetime and maintenance of machines like the excavator. He testified
that he rented machines to replace the excavator on at least twelve occasions. He
specified the cost to rent the same type of excavator as the one he owned per
weekend, per hour with an operator, and per month without an operator. The
record on appeal does not show that this testimony was contradicted. The court
also specifically noted that it “was left with an abiding conclusion that Mr. Rodius
was being truthful when he testified today, in all respects.” Regarding the issue of
damages, the court stated:
Mr. Rodius testified that he determined what it would cost to rent a 200 size machine, thatwas his testimony. 200 size machine, that’s . .
what was unlawfully withheld from him, was a John Deere 200 size machine, and the number Mr. Rodius gave was $12,000 a month. I
-10- No. 80106-6-I/Il
accept that. I believe him . . . that would be what the rental cost would be.
Under Dennis, the court was permitted to order consequential damages of
lost profits or reasonable rental value in addition to the return of the excavator as
proper damages for conversion. The court did not err in using this as the
appropriate measure of damages. Turning to the sufficiency of the evidence for
the amount of damages, the court expressly found Rodius to be a credible witness
regarding the rental cost of the same type of excavator that he owned. A rational,
fair-minded person could conclude that this rental valuation would be the same for
Rodius’ machine, which he testified was in working order. The evidence was
sufficient to support the amount of damages imposed.2
II. Motion for Continuance
Carville contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a
continuance when his subpoenaed witness did not appear to testify. He argues
that this prevented him from having a fair trial and that Rodius would not have been
prejudiced by the delay. Carville’s only citation to any authority in this section is
the argument that “[a] new trial is warranted under CR 59(a)(l) and (9).”
The Rules of Appellate Procedure require appellants to provide an
“argument in support of the issues presented for review, together with citations to
legal authority and references to relevant parts of the record.” RAP 1O.3(a)(6).
2 Carville also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for reconsideration. Because we have found that Carville received sufficient notice of the claims and remedies sought, the court applied a permissible measure of damages, and sufficient evidence supported the amount of damages imposed, the court necessarily did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for reconsideration.
-Il - No. 80106-6-1/12
“The purpose of the rule and related rules ‘is to enable the court and opposing
counsel efficiently and expeditiously to review the accuracy of the factual
statements made in the briefs and efficiently and expeditiously to review the
relevant legal authority.” State v. Cox, 109 Wn. App. 937, 943, 38 P.3d 371 (2002)
(quoting Hurlbert v. Gordon, 64 Wn. App. 386, 400, 824 P.2d 1238 (1992)).
Consistent with this premise, “[w}e do not consider conclusory arguments that do
not cite authority.” West v. Thurston County., 168 Wn. App. 162, 187, 275 P.3d
1200 (2012).
Because Carville has failed to support his second assignment of error with
sufficient argument and legal authority, we decline to consider it.
Ill. Attorney Fees
Rodius contends that he is entitled to attorney’s fees on appeal because the
appeal is frivolous. “Under RAP 18.9(a), we can award attorney fees for the filing
of frivolous appeals.” Stiles v. Kearney, 168 Wn. App. 250, 267, 277 P.3d 9 (2012).
An appeal is frivolous if it presents no debatable issues upon which reasonable
minds could differ and it is so lacking in merit that there was no reasonable
possibility of reversal. In re Marriacie of Foley, 84 Wn. App. 839, 847, 930 P.2d
929 (1997). Any doubts as to whether the appeal is frivolous should be resolved
in favor of the appellant. Pub. Emps. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Rash, 48 Wn. App. 701, 706,
740 P.2d 370 (1987).
Here, although Carville does not provide adequate support for some of his
arguments, his appeal as a whole is not so devoid of merit as to be frivolous. The
request for attorney’s fees under RAP 18.9(a) is denied.
- 12- No. 80106-6-1113
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
-13-