NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 17-3551 ___________
JOHN E. REARDON, Appellant
v.
MAGISTRATE ZONIES; MAGISTRATE LUONGO LAWRENCE; OFFICER DOUGHERTY; OFFICER SMITH ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Civil Action No. 1-15-cv-08597) District Judge: Honorable Noel L. Hillman ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) April 10, 2018
Before: VANASKIE, COWEN and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: April 11, 2018) ___________
OPINION * ___________
PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Pro se appellant John E. Reardon appeals the District Court’s orders dismissing his
complaint and denying his motion for reconsideration and leave to amend. We will
affirm the District Court’s judgment.
In December 2015, Reardon filed a complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
against Magistrate Judge Daniel B. Zonies; Lawrence Luongo, a prosecutor; and Officers
Daniel J. Dougherty and Russell J. Smith, alleging violations of his right to a jury trial
and his First Amendment right to be free from retaliation, as well as the New Jersey
statutory and common law analogues of those claims. The claims arise from several
motor vehicle stops and corresponding municipal court hearings in Runnemede, New
Jersey in 1988 and 1989, that led to convictions for lack of registration, lack of insurance,
failure to use turn signals, driving with a suspended license, and use of a fictitious license
plate.
Reardon subsequently filed a motion to amend the complaint, followed by seven
supplemental submissions to “amend” or “correct” various mistakes in both the
complaint and the proposed amended complaint, which the District Court denied without
prejudice. In August 2016, defendants filed a motion to dismiss Reardon’s complaint.
Reardon then filed a second motion to amend/correct the complaint. This motion was
never explicitly ruled upon by the District Court. Rather, the District Court granted
defendants’ motion to dismiss, concluding that Reardon’s § 1983 claims were time-
barred, and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law
claims. 2 Thereafter, Reardon filed a motion for reconsideration with another proposed
amended complaint. By order entered on November 9, 2017, the District Court denied
Reardon’s motion for reconsideration and leave to amend, concluding that Reardon did
not advance any arguments regarding an intervening change in the law or the availability
of new evidence. Rather, he simply recited the arguments in his opposition to the motion
to dismiss. The District Court further determined that its holding that the claims were
time-barred also supported the conclusion that amendment would be futile. Reardon
appeals.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of the
District Court’s order dismissing Reardon’s claims on statute of limitations grounds
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Lake v. Arnold, 232 F.3d 360, 365
(3d Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). “[W]e accept as true the factual allegations in the
Complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor.” Warren Gen. Hosp. v.
Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 79-80 (3d Cir. 2011). We review the denial of a Rule 59(e)
motion and the underlying Rule 15 motion to amend the complaint for an abuse of
discretion. See Jang v. Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc., 729 F.3d 357, 367 (3d Cir. 2013).
When a timely Rule 59(e) motion has been filed, the Rule 15 and 59 inquiries involve the
same factors, and leave to amend may be denied for “undue delay, bad faith, prejudice to
the opposing party, or futility.” Id. at 367-68.
There are numerous problems with Reardon’s action. Because Reardon
challenges their conduct in adjudicating and prosecuting the cases, Zonies possesses 3 judicial immunity, see, e.g., Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356 (1978), and Luongo
possesses prosecutorial immunity, see Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 261-62 (2006).
Thus, Reardon’s claims against those defendants are barred.
Reardon’s claim that his right to a jury trial was infringed is barred by the rule of
Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). In Heck, the Supreme Court held that “a
prisoner cannot use § 1983 to obtain damages where success would necessarily imply the
unlawfulness of a (not previously invalidated) conviction or sentence.” Wilkinson v.
Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 81 (2005). Reardon argues that all of his still-valid convictions
should be set aside because he was improperly deprived of the right to have the charges
decided by a jury. Thus, this claim falls within Heck. See generally Sullivan v.
Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 281–82 (1993); see also Gilles v. Davis, 427 F.3d 197, 210 (3d
Cir. 2005) (Heck applies even if the litigant “has no recourse under the habeas statute”).
Moreover, even if the claim were not Heck-barred, it lacks merit, as it is well established
that defendants do not have the right to a jury when they are charged, as Reardon was
here, with petty offenses. See, e.g., S. Union Co. v. United States, 567 U.S. 343, 350–51
(2012); United States v. Nachtigal, 507 U.S. 1, 4-5 (1993).
While Reardon’s retaliatory-prosecution claims may not be barred by Heck, see
Smith v. Campbell, 782 F.3d 93, 101–02 (2d Cir. 2015), they are plainly untimely. In
New Jersey, the statute of limitations for a § 1983 claim is two years. See Dique v. N.J.
State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 185 (3d Cir. 2010). As the Supreme Court explained in
Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384 (2007), “the tort cause of action accrues, and the statute of 4 limitations commences to run, when the wrongful act or omission results in damages.”
Id. at 391 (quotation marks omitted). Reardon’s retaliatory-prosecution claims accrued in
1989, when he alleges that he was ticketed and prosecuted. Reardon has not challenged
that conclusion. 1 Accordingly, the District Court did not err in dismissing Reardon’s
federal claims. 2
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 17-3551 ___________
JOHN E. REARDON, Appellant
v.
MAGISTRATE ZONIES; MAGISTRATE LUONGO LAWRENCE; OFFICER DOUGHERTY; OFFICER SMITH ____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Civil Action No. 1-15-cv-08597) District Judge: Honorable Noel L. Hillman ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) April 10, 2018
Before: VANASKIE, COWEN and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: April 11, 2018) ___________
OPINION * ___________
PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Pro se appellant John E. Reardon appeals the District Court’s orders dismissing his
complaint and denying his motion for reconsideration and leave to amend. We will
affirm the District Court’s judgment.
In December 2015, Reardon filed a complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
against Magistrate Judge Daniel B. Zonies; Lawrence Luongo, a prosecutor; and Officers
Daniel J. Dougherty and Russell J. Smith, alleging violations of his right to a jury trial
and his First Amendment right to be free from retaliation, as well as the New Jersey
statutory and common law analogues of those claims. The claims arise from several
motor vehicle stops and corresponding municipal court hearings in Runnemede, New
Jersey in 1988 and 1989, that led to convictions for lack of registration, lack of insurance,
failure to use turn signals, driving with a suspended license, and use of a fictitious license
plate.
Reardon subsequently filed a motion to amend the complaint, followed by seven
supplemental submissions to “amend” or “correct” various mistakes in both the
complaint and the proposed amended complaint, which the District Court denied without
prejudice. In August 2016, defendants filed a motion to dismiss Reardon’s complaint.
Reardon then filed a second motion to amend/correct the complaint. This motion was
never explicitly ruled upon by the District Court. Rather, the District Court granted
defendants’ motion to dismiss, concluding that Reardon’s § 1983 claims were time-
barred, and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law
claims. 2 Thereafter, Reardon filed a motion for reconsideration with another proposed
amended complaint. By order entered on November 9, 2017, the District Court denied
Reardon’s motion for reconsideration and leave to amend, concluding that Reardon did
not advance any arguments regarding an intervening change in the law or the availability
of new evidence. Rather, he simply recited the arguments in his opposition to the motion
to dismiss. The District Court further determined that its holding that the claims were
time-barred also supported the conclusion that amendment would be futile. Reardon
appeals.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of the
District Court’s order dismissing Reardon’s claims on statute of limitations grounds
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Lake v. Arnold, 232 F.3d 360, 365
(3d Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). “[W]e accept as true the factual allegations in the
Complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor.” Warren Gen. Hosp. v.
Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 79-80 (3d Cir. 2011). We review the denial of a Rule 59(e)
motion and the underlying Rule 15 motion to amend the complaint for an abuse of
discretion. See Jang v. Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc., 729 F.3d 357, 367 (3d Cir. 2013).
When a timely Rule 59(e) motion has been filed, the Rule 15 and 59 inquiries involve the
same factors, and leave to amend may be denied for “undue delay, bad faith, prejudice to
the opposing party, or futility.” Id. at 367-68.
There are numerous problems with Reardon’s action. Because Reardon
challenges their conduct in adjudicating and prosecuting the cases, Zonies possesses 3 judicial immunity, see, e.g., Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356 (1978), and Luongo
possesses prosecutorial immunity, see Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 261-62 (2006).
Thus, Reardon’s claims against those defendants are barred.
Reardon’s claim that his right to a jury trial was infringed is barred by the rule of
Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). In Heck, the Supreme Court held that “a
prisoner cannot use § 1983 to obtain damages where success would necessarily imply the
unlawfulness of a (not previously invalidated) conviction or sentence.” Wilkinson v.
Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 81 (2005). Reardon argues that all of his still-valid convictions
should be set aside because he was improperly deprived of the right to have the charges
decided by a jury. Thus, this claim falls within Heck. See generally Sullivan v.
Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 281–82 (1993); see also Gilles v. Davis, 427 F.3d 197, 210 (3d
Cir. 2005) (Heck applies even if the litigant “has no recourse under the habeas statute”).
Moreover, even if the claim were not Heck-barred, it lacks merit, as it is well established
that defendants do not have the right to a jury when they are charged, as Reardon was
here, with petty offenses. See, e.g., S. Union Co. v. United States, 567 U.S. 343, 350–51
(2012); United States v. Nachtigal, 507 U.S. 1, 4-5 (1993).
While Reardon’s retaliatory-prosecution claims may not be barred by Heck, see
Smith v. Campbell, 782 F.3d 93, 101–02 (2d Cir. 2015), they are plainly untimely. In
New Jersey, the statute of limitations for a § 1983 claim is two years. See Dique v. N.J.
State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 185 (3d Cir. 2010). As the Supreme Court explained in
Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384 (2007), “the tort cause of action accrues, and the statute of 4 limitations commences to run, when the wrongful act or omission results in damages.”
Id. at 391 (quotation marks omitted). Reardon’s retaliatory-prosecution claims accrued in
1989, when he alleges that he was ticketed and prosecuted. Reardon has not challenged
that conclusion. 1 Accordingly, the District Court did not err in dismissing Reardon’s
federal claims. 2
We further discern no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s order denying
Reardon’s request for reconsideration and leave to amend. To prevail on a motion for
reconsideration, a party must demonstrate: “(1) an intervening change in the controlling
law; (2) the availability of new evidence . . .; or (3) the need to correct a clear error of law
or fact or to prevent manifest injustice.” Max’s Seafood Cafe ex rel. Lou–Ann, Inc. v.
Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 677 (3d Cir. 1999). In support of his motion for
reconsideration, Reardon essentially reiterated the arguments that the District Court had
properly rejected; the District Court therefore did not err in denying the motion. See id.
1 Reardon does argue at some length that his right-to-a-jury claim did not accrue until 2014, when he researched the law and learned of his cause of action. This argument does not address the Heck problem. In any event, the argument is faulty because “a claim accrues upon awareness of actual injury, not upon awareness that the injury constitutes a legal wrong.” New Castle Cty. v. Halliburton NUS Corp., 111 F.3d 1116, 1125 (3d Cir.1997); see generally Freeman v. State, 788 A.2d 867, 880 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2002) (holding in § 1983 case that equitable tolling did not apply because “Plaintiffs were aware of their injury and the principal actors involved at the time of the [traffic] stop”).”) 2 Moreover, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Reardon’s state law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); Byrd v. Shannon, 715 F.3d 117, 128 (3d Cir. 2013). 5 Finally, the District Court did not err in denying Reardon’s request for leave to
amend. In light of the legal bars to Reardon’s claims that we have discussed above, we
are satisfied that amendment would be futile. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293
F.3d 103, 106, 108 (3d Cir 2002).
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.