COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Alston and Senior Judge Coleman
JOHN R. POINDEXTER MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 2286-11-2 PER CURIAM MAY 1, 2012 LISA M. POINDEXTER, N/K/A LISA MARIE CLARK
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANOVER COUNTY J. Overton Harris, Judge
(Robert H. Smallenberg; Andrew S. Chen; Metropolitan Law Center, PLC, on brief), for appellant.
(Cheri H. Warren; WarrenLaw, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
John R. Poindexter appeals the trial court’s ruling to grant Lisa Marie Clark’s motion to
strike at the hearing on Poindexter’s motion to set aside the parties’ property settlement agreement
(the agreement). Poindexter argues that the trial court erred in granting the motion to strike because
in viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to him, the agreement was procured by duress
and overreaching and resulted in a disparate division of property. Upon reviewing the record and
briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily
affirm the decision of the trial court. 1 See Rule 5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Clark argues that Poindexter did not preserve his issue at the trial court level because he signed the order as “seen and objected to” without further explanation. A statement of “seen and objected to” is insufficient to preserve an issue for appeal. Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc). However, in a bench trial, an appellant can preserve his issues for appeal in a motion to strike, in closing argument, in a motion to set aside the verdict, or in a motion to reconsider. Id. Poindexter preserved his issue in his closing argument because he asserted that Clark threatened him and that he would not have signed the agreement but for her threats. He also argued that the agreement was “grossly financially disparate.” BACKGROUND
The parties married on October 5, 2007 and separated on June 13, 2010. On June 15,
2010, Clark signed a property settlement agreement prepared by her attorney. When presented
with the agreement, Poindexter refused to sign it and asked for certain revisions. Clark’s
attorney revised the agreement, and wife signed it on June 16, 2010. She presented the
agreement to Poindexter, and he signed it on June 28, 2010.
Clark filed a complaint for divorce on October 20, 2010. Then, she filed a motion and
notice to incorporate the agreement into an order. Poindexter was served with the documents on
October 22, 2010. On November 3, 2010, the trial court entered an order incorporating the
agreement. Poindexter’s endorsement was waived pursuant to Rule 1:13. On November 8,
2010, Poindexter filed an answer to the complaint and alleged that the agreement was “void as it
was executed by defendant on the basis of duress which was induced by the plaintiff.” He also
filed a cross-bill and asserted that the agreement was not valid.
The parties appeared before the trial court on June 8, 2011 for a hearing on the validity of
the agreement. Poindexter testified about the agreement and the circumstances at the time that
he signed it. He testified that Clark was threatening him by telling him that she was going to
have her daughter tell the police that he molested the daughter unless Poindexter signed the
agreement. He denied molesting the daughter. He said that he signed the agreement because he
was afraid that his past conviction of being a peeping tom would hurt his credibility. After
Poindexter’s testimony, he rested his case, and Clark moved to strike. Clark argued that
Poindexter did not meet his burden to set aside the agreement. She asserted that a false
allegation of molestation did not rise to overcoming one’s will and that Poindexter did not seek
the advice of legal counsel. She pointed out that Poindexter suggested changes to the agreement,
which were made, and that Poindexter received a copy of the agreement after he signed it. The
-2- trial court granted the motion to strike, denied Poindexter’s motion to set aside the agreement,
and incorporated the agreement into the order, which was entered on June 24, 2011. The trial
court entered the final decree on October 12, 2011. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Poindexter argues that the trial court erred in granting Clark’s motion to strike his
evidence because the agreement was procured by duress and resulted in a disparate division of
property. He contends the trial court should have granted his motion to set aside the agreement.
“The standard that governs the trial court’s review of the plaintiff’s evidence before
granting a motion to strike the case is well settled.” Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 772,
682 S.E.2d 108, 113 (2009). In reviewing a ruling to strike a plaintiff’s evidence, we “must view
the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to
the plaintiff.” Economopoulos v. Kolaitis, 259 Va. 806, 814, 528 S.E.2d 714, 719 (2000) (citing
West v. Critzer, 238 Va. 356, 357, 383 S.E.2d 726, 727 (1989)).
Poindexter had to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the agreement was
unconscionable and procured by duress. Derby v. Derby, 8 Va. App. 19, 25, 378 S.E.2d 74, 77
(1989) (citations omitted).
Duress may exist whether or not the threat is sufficient to overcome the mind of a man of ordinary courage, it being sufficient to constitute duress that one party to the transaction is prevented from exercising his free will by reason of threats made by the other and that the contract is obtained by reason of such fact. Unless these elements are present, however, duress does not exist. . . . Authorities are in accord that the threatened act must be wrongful to constitute duress.
Norfolk Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Unknown Father, 2 Va. App. 420, 435, 345 S.E.2d 533, 541
(1986) (quoting 6B Michie’s Jurisprudence Duress and Undue Influence §§ 2-3 (Repl. Vol.
1985)).
-3- Poindexter argues that the agreement was procured by duress because Clark threatened to
send him to jail by having her daughter falsely accuse him of molesting her. Poindexter denied
molesting Clark’s daughter, but believed that the police may not find him credible because he
had previously been convicted as a peeping tom. The trial court held that Poindexter did not
prove by clear and convincing evidence that the agreement was the result of duress. “It is well
established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be
given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.”
Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668 (1997) (en banc).
The trial court did not find that Poindexter met his burden. Poindexter negotiated terms
in the agreement. For example, the original agreement presented by Clark stated that Poindexter
would receive the 2007 Dodge Ram truck (the truck) and refinance the note, and he would not
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Alston and Senior Judge Coleman
JOHN R. POINDEXTER MEMORANDUM OPINION * v. Record No. 2286-11-2 PER CURIAM MAY 1, 2012 LISA M. POINDEXTER, N/K/A LISA MARIE CLARK
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANOVER COUNTY J. Overton Harris, Judge
(Robert H. Smallenberg; Andrew S. Chen; Metropolitan Law Center, PLC, on brief), for appellant.
(Cheri H. Warren; WarrenLaw, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
John R. Poindexter appeals the trial court’s ruling to grant Lisa Marie Clark’s motion to
strike at the hearing on Poindexter’s motion to set aside the parties’ property settlement agreement
(the agreement). Poindexter argues that the trial court erred in granting the motion to strike because
in viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to him, the agreement was procured by duress
and overreaching and resulted in a disparate division of property. Upon reviewing the record and
briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily
affirm the decision of the trial court. 1 See Rule 5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Clark argues that Poindexter did not preserve his issue at the trial court level because he signed the order as “seen and objected to” without further explanation. A statement of “seen and objected to” is insufficient to preserve an issue for appeal. Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc). However, in a bench trial, an appellant can preserve his issues for appeal in a motion to strike, in closing argument, in a motion to set aside the verdict, or in a motion to reconsider. Id. Poindexter preserved his issue in his closing argument because he asserted that Clark threatened him and that he would not have signed the agreement but for her threats. He also argued that the agreement was “grossly financially disparate.” BACKGROUND
The parties married on October 5, 2007 and separated on June 13, 2010. On June 15,
2010, Clark signed a property settlement agreement prepared by her attorney. When presented
with the agreement, Poindexter refused to sign it and asked for certain revisions. Clark’s
attorney revised the agreement, and wife signed it on June 16, 2010. She presented the
agreement to Poindexter, and he signed it on June 28, 2010.
Clark filed a complaint for divorce on October 20, 2010. Then, she filed a motion and
notice to incorporate the agreement into an order. Poindexter was served with the documents on
October 22, 2010. On November 3, 2010, the trial court entered an order incorporating the
agreement. Poindexter’s endorsement was waived pursuant to Rule 1:13. On November 8,
2010, Poindexter filed an answer to the complaint and alleged that the agreement was “void as it
was executed by defendant on the basis of duress which was induced by the plaintiff.” He also
filed a cross-bill and asserted that the agreement was not valid.
The parties appeared before the trial court on June 8, 2011 for a hearing on the validity of
the agreement. Poindexter testified about the agreement and the circumstances at the time that
he signed it. He testified that Clark was threatening him by telling him that she was going to
have her daughter tell the police that he molested the daughter unless Poindexter signed the
agreement. He denied molesting the daughter. He said that he signed the agreement because he
was afraid that his past conviction of being a peeping tom would hurt his credibility. After
Poindexter’s testimony, he rested his case, and Clark moved to strike. Clark argued that
Poindexter did not meet his burden to set aside the agreement. She asserted that a false
allegation of molestation did not rise to overcoming one’s will and that Poindexter did not seek
the advice of legal counsel. She pointed out that Poindexter suggested changes to the agreement,
which were made, and that Poindexter received a copy of the agreement after he signed it. The
-2- trial court granted the motion to strike, denied Poindexter’s motion to set aside the agreement,
and incorporated the agreement into the order, which was entered on June 24, 2011. The trial
court entered the final decree on October 12, 2011. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Poindexter argues that the trial court erred in granting Clark’s motion to strike his
evidence because the agreement was procured by duress and resulted in a disparate division of
property. He contends the trial court should have granted his motion to set aside the agreement.
“The standard that governs the trial court’s review of the plaintiff’s evidence before
granting a motion to strike the case is well settled.” Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 772,
682 S.E.2d 108, 113 (2009). In reviewing a ruling to strike a plaintiff’s evidence, we “must view
the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to
the plaintiff.” Economopoulos v. Kolaitis, 259 Va. 806, 814, 528 S.E.2d 714, 719 (2000) (citing
West v. Critzer, 238 Va. 356, 357, 383 S.E.2d 726, 727 (1989)).
Poindexter had to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the agreement was
unconscionable and procured by duress. Derby v. Derby, 8 Va. App. 19, 25, 378 S.E.2d 74, 77
(1989) (citations omitted).
Duress may exist whether or not the threat is sufficient to overcome the mind of a man of ordinary courage, it being sufficient to constitute duress that one party to the transaction is prevented from exercising his free will by reason of threats made by the other and that the contract is obtained by reason of such fact. Unless these elements are present, however, duress does not exist. . . . Authorities are in accord that the threatened act must be wrongful to constitute duress.
Norfolk Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Unknown Father, 2 Va. App. 420, 435, 345 S.E.2d 533, 541
(1986) (quoting 6B Michie’s Jurisprudence Duress and Undue Influence §§ 2-3 (Repl. Vol.
1985)).
-3- Poindexter argues that the agreement was procured by duress because Clark threatened to
send him to jail by having her daughter falsely accuse him of molesting her. Poindexter denied
molesting Clark’s daughter, but believed that the police may not find him credible because he
had previously been convicted as a peeping tom. The trial court held that Poindexter did not
prove by clear and convincing evidence that the agreement was the result of duress. “It is well
established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be
given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.”
Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668 (1997) (en banc).
The trial court did not find that Poindexter met his burden. Poindexter negotiated terms
in the agreement. For example, the original agreement presented by Clark stated that Poindexter
would receive the 2007 Dodge Ram truck (the truck) and refinance the note, and he would not
receive the 2003 Nissan Xterra (the SUV). Poindexter objected to this language. In the final
agreement, wife received the truck and was responsible for the note, and husband received the
SUV. The final agreement also included additional provisions in the real estate section,
including a division of past-due real estate taxes and a division of the cost of materials necessary
for improvements or repairs, if the house is placed on the market. Another change to the
agreement was in the spousal support section. The new agreement provided that if the house was
sold and the mortgage paid in full, then wife waived spousal support. There is no indication that
husband was under duress in signing this agreement, especially considering the negotiation of
terms favorable to him.
Furthermore, Poindexter argues that the agreement should have been set aside because it
resulted in a disparate division of assets. There is a two-step test that courts must apply in
determining whether an agreement is unconscionable: “1) a gross disparity existed in the
-4- division of assets and 2) overreaching or oppressive influences.” Galloway v. Galloway, 47
Va. App. 83, 92, 622 S.E.2d 267, 271 (2005) (citations omitted).
Historically, a bargain was unconscionable in an action at law if it was “‘such as no man in his senses and not under delusion would make on the one hand, and as no honest and fair man would accept on the other.’” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 208 cmt. b (quoting Hume v. United States, 132 U.S. 406, 411 (1889)). If inadequacy of price or inequality in value are the only indicia of unconscionability, the case must be extreme to justify equitable relief. Smyth Bros. v. Beresford, 128 Va. 137, 169-70, 104 S.E. 371, 381-82 (1920).
Derby v. Derby, 8 Va. App. 19, 28, 378 S.E.2d 74, 78-79 (1989). “The inequality must be so
gross as to shock the conscience.” Smyth Bros., 128 Va. at 170, 104 S.E. at 382. “[G]ross
disparity in the value exchanged is a significant factor in determining whether oppressive
influences affected the agreement to the extent that the process was unfair and the terms of the
resultant agreement unconscionable.” Derby, 8 Va. App. at 28, 378 S.E.2d at 79 (citation
omitted).
Poindexter claims that the fact that Clark received $30,000 in spousal support and the
marital residence proves gross disparity. The trial court disagreed and found that there was no
gross disparity in the division of the assets and liabilities and that there were no overreaching or
oppressive influences. Poindexter argues that the marital residence was his property before the
marriage and that Clark should not have been awarded the property. However, during the
marriage, the marital residence was conveyed by deed of gift to the parties as tenants by the
entirety. The record does not include information about the value of the assets and liabilities, nor
does it include information regarding the parties’ income and expenses. An appellant has the
responsibility to provide a complete record to the appellate court. Twardy v. Twardy, 14
Va. App. 651, 658, 419 S.E.2d 848, 852 (1992) (en banc). Therefore, we are unable to determine
whether there is a gross disparity in the division of the assets.
-5- Since Poindexter did not prove that there was a gross disparity in the division of the
assets, we do not need to consider whether there were “overreaching or oppressive influences” in
obtaining execution of the agreement. 2 Galloway, 47 Va. App. at 92, 622 S.E.2d at 271
(citations omitted).
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting the motion to strike and denying
Poindexter’s motion to set aside the agreement because he did not meet his burden to prove that
the agreement was unconscionable and procured by duress.
Attorney’s fees and costs
Clark asks this Court to award her attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal. See
O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). On consideration
of the record before us, we deny Clark’s request for attorney’s fees and costs.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.
Affirmed.
2 See Kilby v. Culpeper Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 55 Va. App. 106, 108 n.1, 684 S.E.2d 219, 220 n.1 (2009) (“an appellate court decides cases on the best and narrowest ground available” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).
-6-