Opinion issued December 22, 2016
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-16-00006-CV ——————————— JOHN KHOURY, Appellant V. PRENTIS B. TOMLINSON, JR., Appellee
On Appeal from the 281st District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 2012-61491
OPINION
John Khoury sued Prentis B. Tomlinson, Jr., alleging securities violations
under the Texas Blue Sky Laws, common-law fraud, and breach of contract. The
jury found in favor of Khoury on all three claims. In response to Tomlinson’s motion
for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the trial court disregarded the jury’s findings of liability on Khoury’s securities violations and breach of contract claims.
In three issues on appeal, Khoury argues that the trial court erred by disregarding the
jury’s findings on his securities and breach of contract claims and that, as a result,
he is entitled to judgment recovering his attorneys’ fees. In seven issues on cross-
appeal, Tomlinson argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict on Khoury’s fraud claim.
We reverse and render.
Background
Tomlinson is the president and CEO of PetroGulf, Ltd., a company “formed
in August 2008 to be a physical trader of fuel oil and crude oil from Iraq into
selective markets in the region.” On December 9, 2008, Tomlinson met with Khoury
and presented him with an 11-page business plan, seeking investment in PetroGulf.
As a result of the meeting and the investment document, Khoury invested $400,000
in PetroGulf.
Dissatisfied with his investment and the lack of disclosures of PetroGulf’s
financial information, Khoury met with Tomlinson on January 9, 2012. During that
meeting, Tomlinson agreed to personally repay Khoury the amount loaned to
PetroGulf. They agreed that Tomlinson would repay the debt over a four or five
year period. Khoury testified at trial that they had agreed that Tomlinson would
elect whether to pay over four or five years. A week later, Khoury sent an email to
2 Tomlinson summarizing what agreements they had made. Tomlinson replied,
writing, “We are in agreement.”
Tomlinson did not make any of the payments he had agreed to make. Khoury
brought suit alleging breach of contract, securities violations under the Texas Blue
Sky Laws,1 and common-law fraud. In his live answer, Tomlinson asserted that any
recovery for breach of contract was barred by the Statute of Frauds. At trial,
Tomlinson acknowledged sending the email but claimed that his statement of his
being in agreement with Khoury referred to an agreement entirely different from the
terms identified in the email to which he responded.
The jury found in favor of Khoury on all of his claims, awarding the same
amount ($400,000) for each claim. The jury also awarded attorneys’ fees. For the
breach of contract claim, the jury found that Tomlinson had obligated himself to
repay the investment amount to Khoury. It also found that Tomlinson breached that
agreement.
After trial, Tomlinson filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the
verdict, seeking to overturn the jury’s findings in favor of Khoury on each of
Khoury’s claims. For Khoury’s breach of contract claim, Tomlinson argued that the
jury’s findings of liability should be overturned because the contract was barred by
the Statute of Frauds and because the contract was too indefinite to be enforceable.
1 See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 581-33 (Vernon 2010).
3 For his Statute of Frauds argument, Tomlinson acknowledged his email
constituted a writing but argued the email was not signed. Tomlinson attached a
copy of his email2 to his motion.
The trial court granted the motion for the state securities violations claim and
breach of contract claim. It denied the motion for the fraud claim.
2 The redactions were added by this Court. The redacted information identified the email addresses for Khoury and Tomlinson.
4 Standard of Review
When a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is premised on the
legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a claim, rulings on a motion for JNOV
and directed verdict are reviewed under the same legal-sufficiency test as are
appellate no-evidence challenges. JSC Neftegas-Impex v. Citibank, N.A., 365
S.W.3d 387, 395 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied); see also In re
Humphreys, 880 S.W.2d 402, 404 (Tex. 1994) (“[Q]uestions of law are always
subject to de novo review.”). Such a no-evidence challenge “‘will be sustained when
(a) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court is barred by
rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove
a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere
scintilla, or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.’”
King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003) (quoting Merrell
Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)).
In our legal-sufficiency review, “we must view the evidence in a light that
tends to support the finding of disputed fact and disregard all evidence and inferences
to the contrary.” Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex. 2003).
With that evidence, we review “whether the evidence at trial would enable
reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. . . . [L]egal-
sufficiency review in the proper light must credit favorable evidence if reasonable
5 jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.”
City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005).
This case also involves questions of statutory interpretation and contract
construction. We review those questions de novo. See Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356
S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011) (statutory interpretation); J.M. Davidson, Inc. v.
Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex. 2003) (contract construction).
Breach of Contract
In his second issue, Khoury argues the trial court erred by granting the
judgment notwithstanding the verdict on his breach of contract claim. Tomlinson
presented two grounds for why the jury’s finding on liability should have been
overturned. First, Tomlinson argued that the contract was barred by the Statute of
Frauds. Second, Tomlinson argued that the contract was too indefinite to be
enforceable.
A. Statute of Frauds
“[A] promise by one person to answer for the debt . . . of another person” “is
not enforceable unless the promise or agreement, or a memorandum of it, is (1) in
writing; and (2) signed by the person to be charged with the promise or agreement
. . . .” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 26.01(a)(1)–(2), (b)(2) (Vernon 2015).
The parties agreed at trial that they met on January 9, 2012, and that they
entered into an agreement. The evidence shows that, a week later, Khoury sent
6 Tomlinson an email listing the terms of their agreement and requesting Tomlinson’s
confirmation of those terms. Tomlinson acknowledged at trial that he received the
email and sent the responding email, writing, “We are in agreement.”
The email shows that Tomlinson’s name does not appear in the body of the
email that he wrote. His name and email address do appear, however, in the “from”
field for the email. The question before us is whether the name or email address in
the “from” field constitutes a signature for purposes of the Statute of Frauds. See id.
§ 26.01(a)(2).
It is undisputed by the parties that their email correspondence is governed by
the Texas Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (“UETA”). See TEX. BUS. & COM.
CODE ANN. §§ 322.001–.021 (Vernon 2015). Subject to exceptions not applicable
to this case, UETA “applies to electronic records and signatures relating to a
transaction.” Id. § 322.003(a). “A record or signature may not be denied legal effect
or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.” Id. § 322.007(a). “If a law
requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.” Id. § 322.007(d). We
must construe and apply UETA in a manner “to be consistent with reasonable
practices concerning electronic transactions and with the continued expansion of
those practices.”3 Id. § 322.006(2).
3 It is worth noting the history of the enactment of UETA. Before it was enacted in Texas, the federal government enacted E-SIGN. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. ch. 322 state bar committee comments 1 (Vernon 2015) (noting E-SIGN was
7 Under UETA, an electronic record is “a record, created, generated, sent,
communicated, received, or stored by electronic means.” Id. § 322.002(7). An
electronic signature is “an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or
logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent
to sign the record.” Id. § 322.002(8).
An email satisfies all of the disjunctive definitions of an electronic record. See
id. § 322.002(7). A name or email address in a “from” field is a symbol logically
associated with the email. See id. § 322.002(8). We are left to determine, then,
whether a name or email address in a “from” field can be construed to be “executed
or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.” See id.
While UETA defines “electronic signature,” it does not define “sign.” This
was by design. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. ch. 322 official comment (Vernon
2015) (recognizing UETA “defers to existing substantive law” for “the meaning and
enacted in 2000). E-SIGN preempts state laws on electronic transactions unless the states adopted UETA. 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 7001(a), 7002(a) (West 2009). Any exceptions the states enact to restrict the scope of the uniform code results in E- SIGN pre-empting those restrictions. Id. § 7002(a)(1). The Texas Legislature enacted UETA with the explicit intent of superseding E-SIGN. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 322.019 (Vernon 2015) (“This chapter modifies, limits, or supersedes the provisions of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq.) as authorized by Section 102 of that Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7002).”); see also TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 322.003 state bar committee comment 1 (Vernon 2015) (recognizing chapter 322 “does not contain any non-uniform exceptions to the scope of [the uniform code] and does not therefore invoke the E-SIGN consistency test for preemption.”). Nothing in this opinion should be read to restrict the application of the uniform code.
8 effect of ‘sign’”). Accordingly, we look to existing law to determine the meaning
and effect of “sign.” See id.
“The signature of the person against whom enforcement is sought [under the
Statute of Frauds] authenticates the document as reliable evidence of that person’s
agreement to the transaction.” Lone Star Air Sys., Ltd. v. Powers, 401 S.W.3d 855,
859 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.). “[F]or the purpose of the
Statute of Frauds, the signature of the ‘person to be charged’ is the act which
authenticates the document as reliable evidence of that person’s agreement to the
transaction.” Capital Bank v. Am. Eyewear, Inc., 597 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Dallas 1980, no writ). “What is essential [for a signature under the Statute
of Frauds] is that the signature of the party to be charged shall authenticate the whole
of the writing.” Gruss v. Cummins, 329 S.W.2d 496, 500 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso
1959, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see also Betts v. Betts, No. 14-11-00267-CV, 2012 WL
2803750, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 10, 2012, pet. denied) (mem.
op.) (recognizing Texas law treats documents as signed when they contain any mark
sufficient to show intent to be bound by document).
The “from” field in the email authenticated the writing in the email to be
Tomlinson’s. UETA expressly allows for automated transactions to satisfy the
requirements of contract formation. See BUS. & COM. § 322.014. The very nature
of automated transactions requires the mechanisms for the transaction to be
9 established in advance of the actual transactions. The fact that the name or email
address to appear in a “from” field was set up in advance of sending the email in
question, then, does not preclude any legal effect of the name or email address. See
also id. § 322.006(2) (requiring UETA to be construed and applied consistently with
continued expansion of practices for electronic communications); UNIF.
ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS ACT § 2 cmt. 7 (UNIF. LAW COMM’N 1999)
(recognizing that entering in identifying information into website and later clicking
“I agree” button satisfies signature requirement).
Related authority backs up the conclusion that the name or email address in a
“from” field functions as a signature in an email. The New Oxford American
Dictionary defines sign to mean to “write one’s name . . . to identify oneself as the
writer or sender.” Sign, THE NEW OXFORD AM. DICTIONARY (2d. ed. 2005). Black’s
Law Dictionary defines sign as “[t]o identify (a record) by means of a signature,
mark, or other symbol with the intent to authenticate it as an act or agreement of the
person identifying it.” Sign, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014). The
“from” field functions to identify the sender of the email and authenticate the email
as his act. Legal scholarship likewise recognizes this point. See Douglas B. Lang,
Electronic Settlement Agreements, Are They Enforceable in Texas?, 64 TEX. B.J.
638, 644 (2001) (arguing “from” field in an email satisfies signature requirement for
electronic messages).
10 Finally, other states that have adopted the uniform code have reached the same
conclusion. Int’l Casings Group, Inc. v. Premium Standard Farms, Inc., 358 F.
Supp. 2d 863, 873 (W.D. Missouri 2005) (holding email header with name of sender
constitutes signature under Missouri UETA); Kluver v. PPL Mont., LLC, 293 P.3d
817, 822–23 (Mont. 2012) (holding “from” field in email and statement of approval
in body of email established email was signed); Dalos v. Novaheadinc, No. 1 CA-
CV 07-0459, 2008 WL 4182996, at *3 (Az. Ct. Ap. 2008) (holding “from” field in
email acted as signature); see also BUS. & COM. ch. 322 table of jurisdictions
(identifying Missouri, Montana, and Arizona as states that have adopted the uniform
code).
We recognize that the Fort Worth Court of Appeals has reached a holding in
conflict with ours. In Cunningham v. Zurich American Insurance Co., the court
considered whether the signature line within an email constituted a signature and
concluded it did not. 352 S.W.3d 519, 529–30 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet.
denied). The court held,
There is nothing to show that the signature block was typed by Grabouski and not generated automatically by her email client. If Grabouski did personally type the signature block at the bottom of the email, nothing in the email suggests that she did so with the intention that the block be her signature, and Cunningham does not direct us to any other place in the record raising a fact issue about her intention. . . . We decline to hold that the mere sending by Grabouski of an email containing a signature block satisfies the signature requirement when no evidence suggests that the information was typed purposefully rather
11 than generated automatically, [or] that Grabouski intended the typing of her name to be her signature . . . .
Id. at 530.
The court offered no explanation for why physically typing in a signature line
at the time of drafting the email should be required for a “signature block” to
constitute a signature. See Cox Eng’g, Inc. v. Funston Mach. & Supply Co., 749
S.W.2d 508, 511 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1988, no writ) (holding letterhead on
invoice satisfied signature requirement under Statute of Frauds).
Another court has criticized this holding. See Williamson v. Bank of New York
Mellon, 947 F. Supp. 2d 704, 710–11 (N.D. Tex. 2013). The court observed that
signature blocks with a person’s name are created by the account owner, not the
email client. Id. at 710. “There is no fundamental difference between, on the one
hand, manually typing a signature block into a series of emails and, on the other,
typing the block once and instructing a computer program to append it to future
messages.” Id. at 711.
The court further noted that UETA was designed to remove barriers to
electronic transactions by setting an expansive view of what constitutes electronic
records and signatures. Id. The court recognized that UETA requires the act to be
construed and applied consistently with reasonable practices for electronic
communications. Id. (citing BUS. & COM. § 322.006). “Email communication is a
reasonable and legitimate means of reaching a settlement in this day and age.” Id.
12 We agree. A signature block in an email performs the same authenticating
function as a “from” field. Accordingly, it satisfies the requirement of a signature
under UETA. See id.
We hold that the email name or address in the “from” field satisfies the
definition of a signature under existing law. See Lone Star Air Sys., 401 S.W.3d at
859. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is sufficient to establish that Tomlinson
signed the email and that the signed email satisfies the Statute of Frauds.
B. Indefiniteness
Tomlinson’s other ground for overturning the jury’s finding of liability is that
the contract was too indefinite to be enforceable. To be enforceable, an agreement
must contain all of its essential terms. See Fischer v. CTMI, L.L.C., 479 S.W.3d
231, 238 (Tex. 2016). We construe the contract as a whole “‘to determine what
purposes the parties had in mind at the time they signed’ it.” Id. at 239 (quoting
Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd. v. Clear Lake City Water Auth., 320 S.W.3d 829, 841 (Tex.
2010)).
“Forfeitures are not favored in Texas, and contracts are construed to avoid
them.” Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La Valencia, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex.
2009). “Thus, if the parties clearly intended to agree and a ‘reasonably certain basis
for granting a remedy’ exists, we will find the contract terms definite enough to
provide that remedy.” Fischer, 479 S.W.3d at 239 (quoting RESTATEMENT
13 (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 33 cmt. b (1981)). “[T]he degree of certainty required
may be affected by the dispute which arises and by the remedy sought.”
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 33 cmt. b. “For example, when a suit
seeks money damages—rather than specific performance—less certainty is needed
to render a contract enforceable.” Gen. Metal Fabricating Corp. v. Stergiou, 438
S.W.3d 737, 751 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (citing Somers v.
Aranda, 322 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.)).
Here, the evidence shows that Tomlinson agreed to pay Khoury $400,000 at
7.5% interest over a period of four or five years. The estimation of payments
required under either option establishes that the payments were to have been
submitted monthly. Khoury testified that the parties agreed that Tomlinson would
elect whether to pay over a four year period or a five year period.
Tomlinson argued to the trial court that the agreement was indefinite because
it did not specify whether the loan would be repaid in four or five years. Because
the parties agreed that Tomlinson would elect which time period he would prefer,
this was not a term requiring further negotiation. See Fischer, 479 S.W.3d at 237
(holding leaving material terms open for future agreement means document is not
14 binding).4 We hold the contract is sufficiently certain to sustain the jury’s finding
of liability for breach of contract.
We hold that Tomlinson did not establish that Khoury’s breach-of-contract
claim failed as a matter of law or was legally insufficient. We sustain Khoury’s
second issue.
Attorneys’ Fees
In his third issue, Khoury argues that he is entitled to recover the attorneys’
fees that the jury awarded to him. A person may recover his attorneys’ fees when
he prevails on a breach of contract claim. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 38.001(8) (Vernon 2015). In his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict,
Tomlinson argued that Khoury was “legally precluded from recovering attorneys’
fees because he failed to segregate his fees.”
“[I]f any attorney’s fees relate solely to a claim for which such fees are
unrecoverable, a claimant must segregate recoverable from unrecoverable fees.”
Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 313 (Tex. 2006). To preserve
this issue, however, the complaining party must object to the charge’s failure to
segregate. Green Int’l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 389 (Tex. 1997). The charge
4 To the degree Tomlinson’s failure to act on his election created uncertainty in the amount of interest Khoury could have collected, this is irrelevant to our analysis because Khoury did not seek loss of interest as damages at trial. See Somers v. Aranda, 322 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.) (holding terms about interest were not material since interest was not awarded in judgment).
15 question on attorneys’ fees did not ask the jury to segregate attorneys’ fees. There
was no objection to the failure to segregate. Accordingly, this issue has not been
preserved. See id.
We sustain Khoury’s third issue.5
Conclusion
We reverse the trial court’s grant of Tomlinson’s judgment notwithstanding
the verdict for Khoury’s breach of contract claim and render judgment conforming
to the jury’s verdict.
Laura Carter Higley Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Lloyd.
5 The jury awarded the same amount of damages for all of Khoury’s claims. The awards of actual damages for each claim are duplicative. Accordingly, we do not need to reach Khoury’s first issue concerning his state securities violation claim because it would not provide him greater relief. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; King v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust Co., 472 S.W.3d 848, 856 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.). Likewise, we do not need to reach Tomlinson’s issues on cross-appeal concerning Khoury’s common-law fraud claim because our holdings in this opinion fully support the jury’s verdict. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; Romero v. Kroger Texas, L.P., No. 01-12-00049-CV, 2013 WL 6405477, at *4 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 5, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.).