COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Alston and Senior Judge Clements Argued at Richmond, Virginia
JOHN EDWARD TOWNSEND MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2706-08-2 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS NOVEMBER 3, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY Catherine C. Hammond, Judge
Samuel P. Simpson, V (Montgomery & Simpson, LLLP, on brief), for appellant.
John W. Blanton, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In a bench trial, John Edward Townsend (appellant) was convicted of petit larceny as a third
or subsequent offense in violation of Code §§ 18.2-96 and 18.2-104. On appeal, appellant
contends the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. Finding no error, we affirm
appellant’s conviction.
As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal.
BACKGROUND
“‘When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we determine whether
the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, the Commonwealth, and
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. the reasonable inferences fairly deducible from that evidence support each and every element of
the charged offense.’” Slade v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 61, 69, 596 S.E.2d 90, 94 (2004)
(quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 145, 149-50, 521 S.E.2d 777, 779 (1999)).
On May 11, 2008, Clark Brummette was working as the assistant manager at the
Woodcraft store in Henrico County. Brummette observed appellant, whom Brummette knew as
a prior customer, in the store for about thirty minutes. Brummette saw appellant pick up two to
four “link belts,” which sold for twenty-nine dollars apiece. Each package containing a link belt
was one foot long, four inches wide, and three-quarters of an inch deep. Brummette did not see
appellant pick up any other items in the store.
After picking up the link belts, appellant walked away from Brummette, down an aisle to
the back of the store. Appellant walked along the back wall of the store, pausing as he crossed
over each display aisle. Brummette, who was six feet four inches tall, was able to look over the
display aisles. Appellant turned and walked down the last aisle of the store and out the door.
Appellant did not stop to purchase anything. Brummette followed appellant out of the store.
As appellant was getting into a van, Brummette asked if appellant would like to “get the
link belt.” Appellant said, “[N]o[,] I put them back on your hook.” Brummette asked if
appellant was sure, and he said he was. Appellant drove away in the van. Brummette made a
note of the license plate number on the van.
Brummette returned to the store and retraced appellant’s path through the store.
Brummette did not find any link belts along the route or in the area where the belts had been
displayed.
Brummette contacted the police on “Monday a week after” the incident. Brummette had
checked the store’s inventory and discovered they were short two link belts. Brummette testified
that, from his experience working in retail, he believed he could not report a shoplifting offense
-2- to the police unless he had seen the perpetrator actually conceal the item on his person.
Brummette provided the police with the license plate number of the van he had seen appellant
driving. The police issued a warrant for the arrest of appellant, the registered owner of the van,
on May 19, 2008.
In finding appellant guilty of the charged offense, the trial court stated:
I think that some weight has to be given to Mr. Brummette as a witness. He was very certain in what he observed and I accept his testimony. I really think the only reasonable inference from that testimony is that [appellant] took the items and left the store with them.
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Appellant contends the Commonwealth’s evidence against him was circumstantial and
insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed larceny from the Woodcraft
store. However, “[c]ircumstantial evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as
direct evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis
except that of guilt.” Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983).
“Circumstantial evidence is not viewed in isolation. ‘While no single piece of evidence may be
sufficient, the “combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient
in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.”’” Commonwealth v. Hudson,
265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003) (quoting Derr v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413,
425, 410 S.E.2d 662, 669 (1991)). Moreover, “[t]he Commonwealth need only exclude
reasonable hypotheses of innocence that flow from the evidence, not those that spring from the
imagination of the defendant.” Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 751, 755, 433 S.E.2d
27, 29 (1993).
-3- The uncontroverted evidence proved that appellant was in the Woodcraft store for about
thirty minutes before he picked up some link belts. Afterward, appellant followed a circuitous
route down an aisle to the back of the store, across the length of the store, up the final aisle of the
store, then out the door. When Brummette questioned appellant about the link belts, he claimed
he had put them back where they were displayed. However, Brummette followed the path
appellant had taken through the store and did not find the link belts. Within about a week,
Brummette discovered two link belts were missing from the store’s inventory, and he reported
the crime to the police.
Appellant contends there were three reasonable hypotheses of innocence: he left the
store without taking the link belts, someone else committed the theft, or the belts were moved to
different location in the store by another customer. However, Brummette’s testimony, which the
trial court credited, excluded these hypotheses. Brummette saw appellant take the link belts from
their display area. When Brummette questioned appellant about the link belts, he claimed he had
returned the items to the hook where they had been displayed. This statement proved untrue
when Brummette returned to the store and was unable to locate the missing link belts along
appellant’s path or in the display area.
Brummette’s delay in reporting the incident to the police did not diminish his certainty
about what he witnessed on May 11, 2008. He explained that he believed it was not worthwhile
to report a shoplifting incident if he had not seen the perpetrator actually conceal the
merchandise. But after confirming that the link belts were missing from the inventory, he did
contact the police.
Viewing the evidence on appeal in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Alston and Senior Judge Clements Argued at Richmond, Virginia
JOHN EDWARD TOWNSEND MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2706-08-2 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS NOVEMBER 3, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY Catherine C. Hammond, Judge
Samuel P. Simpson, V (Montgomery & Simpson, LLLP, on brief), for appellant.
John W. Blanton, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In a bench trial, John Edward Townsend (appellant) was convicted of petit larceny as a third
or subsequent offense in violation of Code §§ 18.2-96 and 18.2-104. On appeal, appellant
contends the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. Finding no error, we affirm
appellant’s conviction.
As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal.
BACKGROUND
“‘When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we determine whether
the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, the Commonwealth, and
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. the reasonable inferences fairly deducible from that evidence support each and every element of
the charged offense.’” Slade v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 61, 69, 596 S.E.2d 90, 94 (2004)
(quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 145, 149-50, 521 S.E.2d 777, 779 (1999)).
On May 11, 2008, Clark Brummette was working as the assistant manager at the
Woodcraft store in Henrico County. Brummette observed appellant, whom Brummette knew as
a prior customer, in the store for about thirty minutes. Brummette saw appellant pick up two to
four “link belts,” which sold for twenty-nine dollars apiece. Each package containing a link belt
was one foot long, four inches wide, and three-quarters of an inch deep. Brummette did not see
appellant pick up any other items in the store.
After picking up the link belts, appellant walked away from Brummette, down an aisle to
the back of the store. Appellant walked along the back wall of the store, pausing as he crossed
over each display aisle. Brummette, who was six feet four inches tall, was able to look over the
display aisles. Appellant turned and walked down the last aisle of the store and out the door.
Appellant did not stop to purchase anything. Brummette followed appellant out of the store.
As appellant was getting into a van, Brummette asked if appellant would like to “get the
link belt.” Appellant said, “[N]o[,] I put them back on your hook.” Brummette asked if
appellant was sure, and he said he was. Appellant drove away in the van. Brummette made a
note of the license plate number on the van.
Brummette returned to the store and retraced appellant’s path through the store.
Brummette did not find any link belts along the route or in the area where the belts had been
displayed.
Brummette contacted the police on “Monday a week after” the incident. Brummette had
checked the store’s inventory and discovered they were short two link belts. Brummette testified
that, from his experience working in retail, he believed he could not report a shoplifting offense
-2- to the police unless he had seen the perpetrator actually conceal the item on his person.
Brummette provided the police with the license plate number of the van he had seen appellant
driving. The police issued a warrant for the arrest of appellant, the registered owner of the van,
on May 19, 2008.
In finding appellant guilty of the charged offense, the trial court stated:
I think that some weight has to be given to Mr. Brummette as a witness. He was very certain in what he observed and I accept his testimony. I really think the only reasonable inference from that testimony is that [appellant] took the items and left the store with them.
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Appellant contends the Commonwealth’s evidence against him was circumstantial and
insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed larceny from the Woodcraft
store. However, “[c]ircumstantial evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as
direct evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis
except that of guilt.” Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983).
“Circumstantial evidence is not viewed in isolation. ‘While no single piece of evidence may be
sufficient, the “combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient
in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.”’” Commonwealth v. Hudson,
265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003) (quoting Derr v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413,
425, 410 S.E.2d 662, 669 (1991)). Moreover, “[t]he Commonwealth need only exclude
reasonable hypotheses of innocence that flow from the evidence, not those that spring from the
imagination of the defendant.” Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 751, 755, 433 S.E.2d
27, 29 (1993).
-3- The uncontroverted evidence proved that appellant was in the Woodcraft store for about
thirty minutes before he picked up some link belts. Afterward, appellant followed a circuitous
route down an aisle to the back of the store, across the length of the store, up the final aisle of the
store, then out the door. When Brummette questioned appellant about the link belts, he claimed
he had put them back where they were displayed. However, Brummette followed the path
appellant had taken through the store and did not find the link belts. Within about a week,
Brummette discovered two link belts were missing from the store’s inventory, and he reported
the crime to the police.
Appellant contends there were three reasonable hypotheses of innocence: he left the
store without taking the link belts, someone else committed the theft, or the belts were moved to
different location in the store by another customer. However, Brummette’s testimony, which the
trial court credited, excluded these hypotheses. Brummette saw appellant take the link belts from
their display area. When Brummette questioned appellant about the link belts, he claimed he had
returned the items to the hook where they had been displayed. This statement proved untrue
when Brummette returned to the store and was unable to locate the missing link belts along
appellant’s path or in the display area.
Brummette’s delay in reporting the incident to the police did not diminish his certainty
about what he witnessed on May 11, 2008. He explained that he believed it was not worthwhile
to report a shoplifting incident if he had not seen the perpetrator actually conceal the
merchandise. But after confirming that the link belts were missing from the inventory, he did
contact the police.
Viewing the evidence on appeal in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we
must, the evidence excluded every reasonable hypothesis of innocence and proved beyond a
reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of petit larceny as a third or subsequent offense.
-4- CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction.
Affirmed.
-5- Alston, J., concurring.
While I agree with the majority’s analysis, I write separately to emphasize a point not
discussed in the majority opinion. My concern is with the weight that appellant’s prior
convictions for misdemeanor larceny, which elevated the instant conviction to a felony, might
have had on the fact finder’s ultimate determination of guilt in this highly circumstantial case.
The legislature, in its wisdom, has determined that a criminal defendant twice convicted
of a misdemeanor larceny offense may be convicted of a felony for a third or subsequent larceny.
See Code § 18.2-104. The legislature was obviously sensitive to the constitutional implications
of using prior convictions to support a finding of guilt. Cognizant of these implications, Virginia
courts have adopted procedural protections to ensure a conviction is based solely on evidence
involving the instant offense. Nevertheless, it is well established that evidence of prior crimes is
admissible where an accused is charged with a recidivist offense.
It is well settled under Virginia case law, for example, that recidivism evidence
implicating the terms of Code § 18.2-104 may be admitted during the sentencing phase of trial.
See, e.g., Scott v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 425, 427, 230 S.E.2d 236, 237 (1976). Because the
prior convictions necessary to sustain a conviction under a recidivist statute must be charged in
the indictment, it has also been held that proof of the prior conviction is admissible during the
guilt phase of a bifurcated jury trial, because it is an element of the “aggravated” recidivist
offense. See Berry v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 209, 213, 468 S.E.2d 685, 687 (1996)
(holding that evidence of prior convictions was admissible, reasoning that, inter alia, “conviction
of a prior like offense is an element of the charge as it was set forth in the indictment”); see also
Pittman v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 33, 35-36, 434 S.E.2d 694, 696 (1993) (holding that the
trial court did not err in admitting proof of six prior convictions, reasoning that, “to prove the
charge set forth in the indictment, the Commonwealth was obliged to prove that [the defendant]
-6- was guilty of a third or subsequent offense”); Farmer v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 175, 179,
390 S.E.2d 775, 776 (1990) (holding that proof of a prior conviction is “necessary to prove the
substantive offense of driving under the influence as a third or subsequent offense and, therefore,
is admissible during the guilt stage of a bifurcated trial”), aff’d on reh’g en banc, 12 Va. App.
337, 342, 404 S.E.2d 371, 373 (1991).
The evidence in the instant case was entirely circumstantial, limited, and subject to
varying interpretations. The fact finder apparently accepted the Commonwealth’s circumstantial
case and rejected appellant’s various theories of the case—a determination the fact finder, in its
role, was entitled to make. My concern is that this result could be read to suggest that limited
circumstantial evidence, buttressed by the pejorative implications of prior evidence of similar
crimes, supports a finding of guilt for an accused twice convicted of prior offenses when on trial
for a third or subsequent offense. Though I am concerned that the trial court may have placed
inappropriate emphasis on appellant’s two prior convictions in its consideration of the facts
supporting this larceny, I am unable to determine, based on the record, that the trial court’s
determination of guilt was plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.
Recognizing the limited purpose for which the prior offenses should be used and the fact
finder’s prerogatives in considering the evidence, I respectfully concur in the majority’s
conclusion.
-7-