USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-11214 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
JOHN DUNCAN FORDHAM, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES, GREAT AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-00121-DHB-BKE USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 23-11214
Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: After a jury convicted John Duncan Fordham of healthcare fraud, the district court imposed a prison sentence and ordered him to pay, jointly and severally with his codefendants, over one mil- lion dollars in restitution to the Georgia Department of Adminis- trative Services and Great American Insurance Company. More than a decade after his conviction, President Trump granted Ford- ham a full and unconditional pardon. Fordham now seeks reim- bursement of the restitution payments he made before his pardon, arguing that his presidential pardon requires the Department and Great American to refund his money. We disagree and affirm the district court’s dismissal of his claim. I.
The seeds of this controversy were sown when a jury con- victed Fordham of one count of healthcare fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347. The district court sentenced Fordham to fifty-two months’ imprisonment and three years of supervised release. Rele- vant here, it also ordered Fordham, jointly and severally with his codefendants, to pay $1,021,888 in restitution to the Department and its insurer, Great American, the victims of Fordham’s artifice. After ordering the seizure and liquidation of Fordham’s assets, the district court disbursed the resulting proceeds to the Department USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 3 of 7
23-11214 Opinion of the Court 3
and Great American. Fordham also made monthly restitution pay- ments following his incarceration, as required by the district court. More than fifteen years after his conviction, President Trump granted Fordham a full and unconditional pardon. With pardon in hand, Fordham moved for an accounting of all his resti- tution payments, which the district court granted. The district court also relieved Fordham of any additional restitution obliga- tion. Fordham then sued for a return of all past restitution pay- ments to the Department and Great American, which totaled over five hundred thousand dollars, alleging that his presidential pardon entitled him to such relief. The district court dismissed the claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, failure to state a claim. Fordham timely appealed. II.
We review questions of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. Williams v. Chatman, 510 F.3d 1290, 1293 (11th Cir. 2007). A district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim also receives de novo re- view. Luke v. Galley, 975 F.3d 1140, 1143 (11th Cir. 2020). And we may affirm on any basis supported by the record, “even if not relied upon by the district court.” United States v. Chitwood, 676 F.3d 971, 975 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008)). III. USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 23-11214
Fordham argues that the full and unconditional pardon from President Trump compels the Department and Great American to refund all restitution payments. The district court resolved this case primarily through the lens of subject-matter jurisdiction, but we believe the better approach is to ask whether Fordham has stated a plausible claim for relief. We start by sketching the Rule 12(b)(6) standard and then turn to Fordham’s argument. A.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a plaintiff must “state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Rule 12(b)(6) applies in tandem with Rule 8, which re- quires a claim for relief to include “a short and plain state- ment . . . showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. 8(a)(2). The complaint must state a claim to relief that is more than con- ceivable—it must be plausible. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In other words, a facially sufficient complaint pre- supposes “some viable legal theory” for relief. Id. at 562 (quoting Car Carriers v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1106 (7th Cir. 1984)). “[A] formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not” suffice. Id. at 555. In short, if a complaint does not provide legal grounds for entitlement to relief, a court must dismiss. See id. at 555. And “the tenet that . . . [we] must accept as true all of the alle- gations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (emphasis added). With these principles in mind, we address Fordham’s argu- ment. USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 5 of 7
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B.
Fordham posits that a presidential pardon is much more than a badge of forgiveness. Rather, a presidential pardon, he as- serts, entitles its recipient to recoup property that has vested in third parties. We disagree. The Constitution provides that the President “shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.” U.S. Const., art. II, § 2, cl. 1. The pardon power gives the President “plenary author- ity . . . to ‘forgive’ the convicted person in part or entirely, to re- duce” a prison sentence, or to amend a penalty “with conditions which are in themselves constitutionally unobjectionable.” Schick v. Reed, 419 U.S. 256, 266 (1974). “The pardon . . . shuts out from sight the offending act.” Young v. United States, 97 U.S. 39, 66 (1877). A full pardon “releases the punishment and blots out of existence the guilt,” rendering the offender innocent “in the eye of the law.” Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 333, 380 (1866). But a pardon does not affect any property rights “vested in others directly by the execution of the judgment for the offence, or which have been ac- quired by others whilst that judgment was in force.” Knote v. United States, 95 U.S. 149, 154 (1877). Though a pardon “releases the of- fender from the consequences of his offence,” including asset for- feiture, that release must not impair the accrued property rights of others. See Osborn v. United States,
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USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-11214 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
JOHN DUNCAN FORDHAM, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES, GREAT AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-00121-DHB-BKE USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 2 of 7
2 Opinion of the Court 23-11214
Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: After a jury convicted John Duncan Fordham of healthcare fraud, the district court imposed a prison sentence and ordered him to pay, jointly and severally with his codefendants, over one mil- lion dollars in restitution to the Georgia Department of Adminis- trative Services and Great American Insurance Company. More than a decade after his conviction, President Trump granted Ford- ham a full and unconditional pardon. Fordham now seeks reim- bursement of the restitution payments he made before his pardon, arguing that his presidential pardon requires the Department and Great American to refund his money. We disagree and affirm the district court’s dismissal of his claim. I.
The seeds of this controversy were sown when a jury con- victed Fordham of one count of healthcare fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347. The district court sentenced Fordham to fifty-two months’ imprisonment and three years of supervised release. Rele- vant here, it also ordered Fordham, jointly and severally with his codefendants, to pay $1,021,888 in restitution to the Department and its insurer, Great American, the victims of Fordham’s artifice. After ordering the seizure and liquidation of Fordham’s assets, the district court disbursed the resulting proceeds to the Department USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 3 of 7
23-11214 Opinion of the Court 3
and Great American. Fordham also made monthly restitution pay- ments following his incarceration, as required by the district court. More than fifteen years after his conviction, President Trump granted Fordham a full and unconditional pardon. With pardon in hand, Fordham moved for an accounting of all his resti- tution payments, which the district court granted. The district court also relieved Fordham of any additional restitution obliga- tion. Fordham then sued for a return of all past restitution pay- ments to the Department and Great American, which totaled over five hundred thousand dollars, alleging that his presidential pardon entitled him to such relief. The district court dismissed the claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, failure to state a claim. Fordham timely appealed. II.
We review questions of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. Williams v. Chatman, 510 F.3d 1290, 1293 (11th Cir. 2007). A district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim also receives de novo re- view. Luke v. Galley, 975 F.3d 1140, 1143 (11th Cir. 2020). And we may affirm on any basis supported by the record, “even if not relied upon by the district court.” United States v. Chitwood, 676 F.3d 971, 975 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Al-Arian, 514 F.3d 1184, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008)). III. USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 4 of 7
4 Opinion of the Court 23-11214
Fordham argues that the full and unconditional pardon from President Trump compels the Department and Great American to refund all restitution payments. The district court resolved this case primarily through the lens of subject-matter jurisdiction, but we believe the better approach is to ask whether Fordham has stated a plausible claim for relief. We start by sketching the Rule 12(b)(6) standard and then turn to Fordham’s argument. A.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a plaintiff must “state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Rule 12(b)(6) applies in tandem with Rule 8, which re- quires a claim for relief to include “a short and plain state- ment . . . showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Id. 8(a)(2). The complaint must state a claim to relief that is more than con- ceivable—it must be plausible. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In other words, a facially sufficient complaint pre- supposes “some viable legal theory” for relief. Id. at 562 (quoting Car Carriers v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1106 (7th Cir. 1984)). “[A] formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not” suffice. Id. at 555. In short, if a complaint does not provide legal grounds for entitlement to relief, a court must dismiss. See id. at 555. And “the tenet that . . . [we] must accept as true all of the alle- gations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (emphasis added). With these principles in mind, we address Fordham’s argu- ment. USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 5 of 7
23-11214 Opinion of the Court 5
B.
Fordham posits that a presidential pardon is much more than a badge of forgiveness. Rather, a presidential pardon, he as- serts, entitles its recipient to recoup property that has vested in third parties. We disagree. The Constitution provides that the President “shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.” U.S. Const., art. II, § 2, cl. 1. The pardon power gives the President “plenary author- ity . . . to ‘forgive’ the convicted person in part or entirely, to re- duce” a prison sentence, or to amend a penalty “with conditions which are in themselves constitutionally unobjectionable.” Schick v. Reed, 419 U.S. 256, 266 (1974). “The pardon . . . shuts out from sight the offending act.” Young v. United States, 97 U.S. 39, 66 (1877). A full pardon “releases the punishment and blots out of existence the guilt,” rendering the offender innocent “in the eye of the law.” Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 333, 380 (1866). But a pardon does not affect any property rights “vested in others directly by the execution of the judgment for the offence, or which have been ac- quired by others whilst that judgment was in force.” Knote v. United States, 95 U.S. 149, 154 (1877). Though a pardon “releases the of- fender from the consequences of his offence,” including asset for- feiture, that release must not impair the accrued property rights of others. See Osborn v. United States, 91 U.S. 474, 477 (1875). In this sense, the only limitation on the presidential pardon is that it does not reinstate “offices forfeited, or property or interests vested in USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 6 of 7
6 Opinion of the Court 23-11214
others in consequence of the conviction and judgment.” Garland, 71 U.S. at 381. Everyone agrees that the district court has already distrib- uted to the Department and Great American the proceeds from the sale of Fordham’s assets and the monthly restitution payments. And the financial administrator for the district court confirmed as much, stating that all restitution payments “have been sent out the to the victims, Department of Administrative Service and Great American Insurance.” No doubt, the Supreme Court has long held that, as long as proceeds from a restitution order remain in the court’s possession, they fall within a pardon’s grasp. See Osborn, 91 U.S. at 476; cf. Knote, 95 U.S. at 154 (holding that forfeited property does not vest when it “remain[s] under control of the Executive, or of officers subject to his orders, or . . . in the custody of the judicial tribunals” and “will be restored . . . to the original owner, upon his full pardon”). Thus, the district court properly concluded that Fordham’s pardon discharged his obligation to make future restitution payments. But the federal “government can only release what it holds,” Osborn, 91 U.S. at 477, and here, it holds nothing. The district court transferred all restitution monies to the victims, so the property rights to those funds have fully vested in the Department and Great American. See Knote, 95 U.S. at 154 (holding that, when monetary proceeds “have been paid to a party to whom the law has assigned them,” the party’s “rights . . . have become vested, and are as complete as if they were acquired in any other legal way”). In short, the money USCA11 Case: 23-11214 Document: 32-1 Date Filed: 09/06/2023 Page: 7 of 7
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Fordham seeks is long gone. Allowing him to claw back past resti- tution payments under guise of a presidential pardon would impair the Department and Great American’s accrued property rights in that money, an outcome plainly proscribed by the Supreme Court. See Osborn, 91 U.S. at 476; Garland, 71 U.S. at 381. Fordham’s claim that his presidential pardon entitles him to a refund of money vested in the Department and Great American directly contradicts Supreme Court precedent. Accordingly, his complaint did not advance any viable legal theory or a plausible basis for relief, and the district court correctly dismissed it. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 562, 570; Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). IV.
The district court is AFFIRMED.