John Doe v. Five Keys Schools and Programs

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 JOHN DOE, Case No. 25-cv-08457-TSH

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS

10 FIVE KEYS SCHOOLS AND Re: Dkt. No. 22 PROGRAMS, 11 Defendant. 12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Plaintiff John Doe, proceeding pro se, filed this action against Defendant Five Keys 15 Schools and Programs arising from events at a shelter in San Francisco operated by Five Keys. 16 Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 17 Procedure 12(b)(6). ECF No. 22. Plaintiff filed an Opposition (ECF No. 25) and Defendant filed 18 a Reply (ECF No. 28). The Court finds this matter suitable for disposition without oral argument 19 pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b) and VACATES the March 5, 2026 hearing. For the reasons 20 stated below, the Court GRANTS the motion.1 21 II. BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiff alleges he is a “legally present asylum seeker” with documented physical and 23 mental disabilities, including PTSD, chronic pain, and mobility impairment. Compl. at 3, ECF 24 No. 1. He alleges that on or about September 30, 2025, while residing at the Five Keys Shelter in 25 San Francisco, shelter staff issued an Immediate Denial of Service (DOS) and required him to 26 leave without warning or reasonable accommodation, despite staff’s knowledge of his disabilities. 27 1 Id. Plaintiff alleges staff accused him of wrongdoing and labeled him disruptive, imposed the 2 DOS without written warning, verbal de-escalation, or progressive discipline, and denied his 3 request to retrieve prescription medications, passport, and clothing from his shelter room. Id. 4 According to the complaint, the loss of access to medications caused nausea, migraines, pain, and 5 distress. Id. 6 Plaintiff alleges he was left without medical access, legal identification, hygiene items, or 7 safe shelter; was forced to carry a heavy backpack and laptop; and that this aggravated existing 8 injuries to his hips, spine, left arm, and legs and restricted his mobility. Id. at 4. He alleges threats 9 and near-physical intimidation by multiple shelter staff before and after the DOS, an atmosphere 10 of fear and retaliation within the shelter, and that Five Keys staff photographed him without his 11 permission, which he contends caused emotional distress. Id. Plaintiff further alleges he was 12 falsely accused without an investigation, that management did not respond to grievance forms, and 13 that the shelter lacked a disability coordinator or an accessible accommodation process. Id. He 14 alleges he was denied bathroom and shower access for multiple days before the DOS, that his 15 complaints were ignored or mocked, and that he was isolated and intimidated when seeking equal 16 treatment. Id. He contends the suspension functioned as an eviction because he had nowhere else 17 to go and no way to return. Id. 18 Plaintiff alleges he sought treatment at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital but was 19 told staff could not provide meaningful care for chronic conditions or housing-related risks. Id. 20 He missed medical and legal appointments due to lack of medication, rest and safe housing. Id. 21 He also suffered long-term physical harm and worsened PTSD symptoms. Id. He alleges he spent 22 over $500 on replacement necessities and remained without shelter support while awaiting a 23 program hearing scheduled for October 6, 2025. Id. 24 Plaintiff filed the present complaint on October 3, 2025, alleging Defendant acted with 25 deliberate indifference and retaliated against him for asserting rights to accommodation and safety, 26 leading to continuing pain, fear, and distress. He brings claims under Title II of the Americans 27 with Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Equal Protection 1 “John Doe Shelter Ambassador(s); Does 1-5.” Id. at 5. Plaintiff seeks $20,000,000 in damages, 2 an injunction prohibiting further retaliation, and a declaratory judgment “confirming the 3 constitutional violations.” Id. at 7. 4 Defendant filed the present motion on January 21, 2026. 5 III. LEGAL STANDARD 6 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) “tests the legal 7 sufficiency of a claim. A claim may be dismissed only if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff 8 can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Cook v. 9 Brewer, 637 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Rule 8 10 provides that a complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 11 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Thus, a complaint must plead “enough facts 12 to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 13 570 (2007). Plausibility does not mean probability, but it requires “more than a sheer possibility 14 that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 (2009). A complaint 15 must therefore provide a defendant with “fair notice” of the claims against it and the grounds for 16 relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quotations and citation omitted). 17 In considering a motion to dismiss, the court accepts factual allegations in the complaint as 18 true and construes the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Manzarek v. 19 St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008); Erickson v. Pardus, 551 20 U.S. 89, 93–94 (2007). However, “the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations 21 contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements 22 of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 23 678. 24 If a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is granted, the “court should grant leave to amend even if no 25 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly 26 be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en 27 banc) (citations and quotations omitted). A court “may exercise its discretion to deny leave to 1 cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party . . ., 2 [and] futility of amendment.’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 892–93 (9th 3 Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 4 IV. DISCUSSION 5 A. Rule 8 6 Defendant first argues Plaintiff’s complaint fails to comply with Rule 8 because it does not 7 allege facts that state the elements of his claims plainly and succinctly. Mot. at 3-4. Defendant 8 argues the complaint contains only vague and conclusory allegations, such as that “shelter staff 9 retaliated against” Plaintiff, that Plaintiff “was evicted without warning, accommodation, 10 mediation or due process protections,” and that Plaintiff “was blocked from medical and shelter 11 access” without any factual allegations in support. Id. (quoting Compl. at 5). Defendant also 12 argues the complaint does not set forth the elements of any claim. Id. 13 While Plaintiff has stated facts that are plausible, the Court agrees that he has not properly 14 tied the alleged facts to his claims. To start, Plaintiff names Five Keys Schools & Programs and 15 “John Doe Shelter Ambassador(s); Does 1-5” as defendants without explaining why each is liable 16 for each cause of action. Blanket allegations that all defendants assisted the others to perform all 17 alleged violations are not sufficiently specific to place the defendants on notice of the allegations 18 against them. A plaintiff must “give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds 19 upon which it rests.” Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93 (cleaned up). As to the claims themselves, Plaintiff 20 lists four claims, but he does not set forth the elements of any claim, and he does not tie any of the 21 alleged facts to these claims. As such, the Court finds Plaintiff’s complaint does not provide 22 defendants with “fair notice” of the claims against them and the grounds for relief. See Twombly, 23 550 U.S. at 555 (A plaintiff must do more than assert “labels and conclusions, and a formulaic 24 recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS 25 Defendant’s motion WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 26 To comply with Rule 8’s pleading requirement, Plaintiff must amend the complaint to 27 allege: (1) the specific laws or rights he thinks the defendant(s) violated; (2) for each law or right, 1 including the dates, the names of people involved (if known), and what those people did to him; (3) 2 how he was harmed; and (4) what relief he seeks. 3 B. Title II of the ADA 4 Defendant argues Plaintiff’s Title II claim fails because Plaintiff (1) does not allege it is a 5 public entity and (2) fails to allege how he was denied a benefit or subjected to discrimination by 6 reason of a disability. Mot. at 5. 7 Title II of the ADA provides “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of 8 such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, 9 programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 10 U.S.C. § 12132. The ADA defines “public entity” as “any State or local government [and] 11 department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or States or local 12 government.’” 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1). To state a claim pursuant to Title II, a plaintiff must allege:

13 (1) he is an individual with a disability; (2) he is otherwise qualified to participate in or receive the benefit of some public entity’s services, 14 programs, or activities; (3) he was either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of the public entity’s services, programs, or 15 activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the public entity; and (4) such exclusion, denial of benefits, or discrimination was by 16 reason of his disability. 17 McGary v. City of Portland, 386 F.3d 1259, 1265 (9th Cir. 2004) (quotation and alteration 18 omitted). 19 Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant Five Keys is a public entity. Defendant states it is 20 not. See Mot. at 5 n.2 (“Five Keys is not, in fact, a public entity) (citing 21 https://www.fivekeyscharter.org/). As such, dismissal is appropriate. See Wilkins-Jones v. Cnty. 22 of Alameda, 859 F. Supp. 2d 1039, 1045 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (“Title II provides for liability only 23 against public entities”). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss 24 Plaintiff’s claim under Title II of the ADA. 25 However, it may be possible for Plaintiff to state a claim under Title III of the ADA, which 26 provides: “No individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and 27 equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of 1 place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a). To establish a claim under this 2 provision, Plaintiff must show (1) he is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) Defendants 3 own, lease, or operate a place of public accommodation; and (3) he was denied full and equal 4 treatment by Defendant because of his disability. Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 730 5 (9th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, dismissal is with LEAVE TO AMEND. 6 C. Rehabilitation Act 7 Defendant argues Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claim must be dismissed because he (1) 8 does not allege Five Keys received federal financial assistance, (2) fails to allege facts establishing 9 he was discriminated against because of his disability, and (3) fails to allege Defendant engaged in 10 intentional discrimination. Mot. at 5-6. 11 The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination in federally funded programs. It provides: 12 “No otherwise qualified individual with a disability . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his 13 disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to 14 discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 15 794(a). To state a claim under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must allege facts 16 showing that “(1) he is an ‘individual with a disability’; (2) he is ‘otherwise qualified’ to receive 17 the benefit; (3) he was denied the benefits of the program solely by reason of his disability; and (4) 18 the program receives federal financial assistance.” Weinreich v. Los Angeles Cnty. Metro. Transp. 19 Auth., 114 F.3d 976, 978 (9th Cir. 1997) (cleaned up). 20 As noted above, Plaintiff fails to tie any allegations to his Rehabilitation Act claim. 21 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. If Plaintiff 22 chooses to amend this claim, he must plead all four elements of a Rehabilitation Act claim and 23 include factual allegations that are plausible for each element. 24 D. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 25 Defendant argues Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim fails because it is a private party that cannot be 26 held liable under the statute. Mot. at 7. 27 Section 1983 “provides a cause of action for the ‘deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 1 Ass’n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Section 1983 “is not itself a source 2 of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere 3 conferred.” Nunn v. LeBlanc, 2014 WL 1089551, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2014), aff’d sub nom. 4 Nunn v. Le Blanc, 627 F. App’x 610 (9th Cir. 2015). To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff 5 must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the 6 United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting 7 under the color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Ketchum v. Alameda Cty., 8 811 F.2d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 1987). 9 “[M]ost rights secured by the Constitution are protected only against infringement by 10 governments,” so “the conduct allegedly causing the deprivation of a federal right [must] be fairly 11 attributable to the State.” Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 936–37 (1982) (internal 12 quotation marks omitted). Thus, a plaintiff seeking to challenge a private party’s conduct under § 13 1983 must show that “the conduct allegedly causing the deprivation of a federal right [is] fairly 14 attributable to the State,” meaning that the private party’s conduct is “state action.” Naoko Ohno 15 v. Yuko Yasuma, 723 F.3d 984, 993 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Lugar, 457 U.S. at 936-37). If the 16 conduct “is not so attributable, then there is no ‘state action’ and no violation.” Id. Purely private 17 conduct, no matter how wrongful, is not covered under § 1983. See Ouzts v. Maryland Nat’l Ins. 18 Co., 505 F.2d 547, 550 (9th Cir. 1974). For such private conduct the wrongdoer faces potential 19 liability in state courts, but a federal action would not lie under § 1983. Id. 20 Plaintiff does not allege Defendant is a public entity, and Defendant maintains it is a 21 private entity, so Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim cannot proceed unless he has plausibly alleged 22 Defendant’s conduct is “state action.” “In the typical case raising a state-action issue, a private 23 party has taken the decisive step that caused the harm to the plaintiff, and the question is whether 24 the State was sufficiently involved to treat that decisive conduct as state action. This may occur . . 25 . sometimes if [the State] knowingly accepts the benefits derived from unconstitutional behavior.” 26 Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass'n. v. Tarkanian, 488 U.S. 179, 192 (1988). Constitutional claims 27 may exist only “when it can be said that the State is responsible for the specific conduct of which 1 288, 295 (2001) (quotations omitted) (emphasis in original). As Plaintiff has alleged no such facts 2 here, dismissal is appropriate. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion WITH 3 LEAVE TO AMEND. 4 E. Fair Housing Act 5 Defendant argues Plaintiff’s claim under the Fair Housing Act (FHA) fails because (1) he 6 does not allege any facts showing it discriminated against him because of a handicap and (2) 7 although the complaint asserts Plaintiff was not provided an “accommodation,” there are no facts 8 alleged regarding any such accommodation. Mot. at 8. 9 The FHA makes it unlawful to “discriminate against any person in the terms, conditions, or 10 privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in connection 11 with such dwelling, because of a handicap of that person.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(2)(A). To state a 12 discrimination claim under the FHA, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case by alleging 13 facts that: (1) plaintiff’s rights are protected under the FHA; and (2) as a result of defendant’s 14 discriminatory conduct, plaintiff has suffered a distinct and palpable injury. See Harris v. Itzhaki, 15 183 F.3d 1043, 1051 (9th Cir. 1999). Where, as here, plaintiff is alleging discrimination based on 16 disability, he must suffer from a handicap as defined in 42 U.S.C. § 3602(h). See United States v. 17 Cal. Mobile Home Park Mgmt., 107 F.3d 1374, 1380 (9th Cir. 1997). The FHA defines a 18 handicap as: “(1) a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such 19 person’s major life activities, (2) a record of having such an impairment, or (3) being regarded as 20 having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 3602(h). 21 Discrimination includes the “refusal to make reasonable accommodations in rules, policies, 22 practices, or services, when such accommodations may be necessary to afford such person equal 23 opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling.” Id. § 3604(f)(3)(B). To make out a claim of 24 discrimination based on failure to reasonably accommodate, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) “he 25 suffers from a handicap”; (2) “defendants knew or reasonably should have known of the plaintiff’s 26 handicap”; (3) “accommodation of the handicap ‘may be necessary’ to afford plaintiff an equal 27 opportunity to use and enjoy the dwelling”; and (4) “defendants refused to make such 1 States v. California Mobile Home Park Mgmt. Co., 107 F.3d 1374 (9th Cir. 1997)). 2 Plaintiff’s claim is deficiently pled because he fails to allege facts showing Defendant 3 discriminated against him because of a disability. See Drawsand v. F.F. Properties, L.L.P., 866 F. 4 Supp. 2d 1110, 1119 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (dismissing FHA claim because “the Court cannot assess 5 whether Drawsand has a handicap within the meaning of § 3602(h) because she does not provide 6 any details regarding her alleged disability.”). Moreover, although Plaintiff asserts he was not 7 provided an “accommodation,” there are no facts alleged regarding any such accommodation. As 8 such, the Court finds Plaintiff fails to state a claim under the FHA, and dismissal is appropriate. 9 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. 10 V. CONCLUSION 11 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss WITH 12 LEAVE TO AMEND. If he chooses to do so, Plaintiff may file an amended complaint by March 13 30, 2026. 14 A. Requirements for Amended Complaint 15 Because an amended complaint replaces the previous complaint, it may not incorporate 16 claims or allegations in the original complaint by reference. See Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 17 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). Instead, any amendment must include all of the facts and claims to be 18 presented and all of the defendants that are to be sued. In addition, any amended complaint must 19 include the following sections:

20 Caption Page On the first page, list the names of the defendant(s), the case number 21 used in this order (25-cv-08457-TSH), the title (“FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT”), and write “Demand for Jury Trial” if you want your 22 case to be heard by a jury.

23 Form of Pleadings The factual allegations and claims must be written in numbered 24 paragraphs, each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances. 25 Subject Matter Jurisdiction 26 The first numbered paragraph in your complaint (labeled “Jurisdiction”) should explain why this Court has the power to decide 27 this kind of case. A federal court can hear a case based on a federal are citizens of different states disputing more than $75,000) under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 2 Parties In separate paragraphs for each party, identify the plaintiff(s) and 3 defendant(s) in the case. 4 Statement of Facts Explain the important facts in numbered paragraphs, describing how 5 the defendant(s) violated the law and how you have been injured. 6 Claims Include a separate heading for each legal claim (Claim 1, Claim 2, 7 etc.), identifying the specific law that you think the defendant(s) violated and explaining in numbered paragraphs what each defendant 8 did to violate each law. 9 B. Assistance for Self-Represented Litigants 10 The Court encourages Plaintiff to seek assistance from the Federal Pro Bono Project, a free 11 service offered by the Justice & Diversity Center of the Bar Association of San Francisco. You «12 || may request an appointment by emailing fedpro@sfbar.org or calling 415-782-8982. At the

€& 13 Federal Pro Bono Project, you will be able to speak with an attorney who may be able to provide

14 || basic legal help but not representation. More information is available at © 2 15 || https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants/. Q 16 Plaintiff may also wish to obtain a copy of this District’s Handbook for Litigants Without a

17 || Lawyer, which provides instructions on how to proceed at every stage of your case. The Z 18 || handbook is available in person at the Clerk’s Office and online at: 19 || https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants/. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 22 || Dated: February 27, 2026

THOMAS S. HIXSON 24 United States Magistrate Judge 25 26 27 28