COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges AtLee and Friedman
JOHN CALVIN KEY MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0693-22-4 PER CURIAM MARCH 14, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY Daniel S. Fiore, II, Judge
(Bradley R. Haywood; Office of the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Susan Hallie Hovey-Murray, Assistant Attorney General; on brief), for appellee.
John Calvin Key asserts on appeal that the Arlington County Circuit Court erred in
imposing a “time served” disposition of over nine months in jail for absconding, in violation of
Code § 19.2-306.1, which at the time of sentencing limited any active period of incarceration to
fourteen days. After examining the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously holds that
oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” Code
§ 17.1-403(ii)(a); Rule 5A:27(a).
BACKGROUND
“On appeal of the revocation of a suspended sentence, the appellate court reviews the
evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the party who prevailed below.”
Jenkins v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 334, 339 n.2 (2019).
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413. Key was convicted of robbery in 2011 and sentenced to twenty years in prison, with all but
two years and six months suspended on condition that he complete an indefinite period of
supervised probation. The trial court also ordered that he complete substance abuse and mental
health counseling and that he obtain his GED. In 2016, the trial court found that Key violated the
conditions of his probation, revoked his previously suspended sentence, and then resuspended all
but four years. In May 2021, Key’s probation officer prepared a major violation report indicating
that Key was not in compliance with his probation. The violation was assigned case number
CR10000691(02). The trial court issued a capias for case number (02) on May 4, 2021. On June
14, 2021, Key’s probation officer submitted an addendum to the major violation report, indicating
that Key had absconded from probation and that his whereabouts were unknown. That violation
was assigned case number CR10000691(03). Key was arrested on charge (02) on June 23, 2021,
and was held without bond. He was arrested on charge (03) on June 24, 2021. Key also made an
initial appearance in court on June 24, 2021, at which time counsel was appointed and the case was
scheduled for hearing on August 20, 2021.
After several continuances, on September 17, 2021, the trial court found Key guilty of
violating his probation on charge (03). The trial court then suspended the imposition of sentence,
ordered Key to successfully complete the “ACT Unit Program,”1 and scheduled the matter on the
court’s docket for September 2022 for review.
Key was found ineligible for the ACT Unit Program. His case was moved up on the court’s
docket, and the trial court conducted a hearing on March 18, 2022. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court again found Key guilty of violating his probation and imposed a “time
1 The ACT Unit Program is a jail-based substance abuse program. -2- served” disposition on charge (03).2 Key objected to the sentence “since that ends up being a
nine-month sentence for absconding.” The trial court noted Key’s objection, and this appeal
followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Whether to revoke the suspension of a sentence lies within the sound discretion of the trial
court, whose findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed absent a clear showing of an abuse
of discretion.” Keeling v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 312, 315 (1997). “A trial court has broad
discretion to revoke a suspended sentence and probation based on Code § 19.2-306, which allows a
court to do so ‘for any cause deemed by it sufficient.’” Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81,
86 (1991) (quoting Code § 19.2-306). Moreover, “[u]nder well-established principles, an issue of
statutory interpretation is a pure question of law which we review de novo.” Conyers v. Martial
Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007). More specifically, “the issue of whether a
statute should be applied retroactively presents a question of law that we review de novo on appeal.”
Taylor v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 179, 184 (2004).
ANALYSIS
Key asserts that the trial court’s imposition of a “time served” disposition for his probation
violation ultimately resulted in an active period of incarceration of nine months, since he was held
in custody during the pendency of the case. He argues that because the nature of the violation in
charge (03) was merely technical, the trial court was limited to imposing a fourteen-day sentence
pursuant to the 2021 amendments to Code § 19.2-306. Key acknowledges that this Court
previously opined in Green v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 69 (2022), that the amendments to Code
§ 19.2-306 do not apply retroactively to probation violation proceedings, but he urges this Court to
2 The violation for charge (02) was continued to April 1, 2022. That charge was adjudicated separately from charge (03) and was not appealed. It is therefore not before us. -3- reverse our holding in Green and remand the case for a new sentencing hearing. We decline that
invitation and affirm.
“In any case in which the court has suspended the execution or imposition of sentence, the
court may revoke the suspension of sentence for any cause the court deems sufficient that occurred
at any time within the probation period, or within the period of suspension fixed by the court.”
Code § 19.2-306(A). Before July 1, 2021, Code § 19.2-306(C) provided:
If the court, after hearing, finds good cause to believe that the defendant has violated the terms of suspension, then: (i) if the court originally suspended the imposition of sentence, the court shall revoke the suspension, and the court may pronounce whatever sentence might have been originally imposed or (ii) if the court originally suspended the execution of the sentence, the court shall revoke the suspension and the original sentence shall be in full force and effect.
2021 Va. Acts Sp. Sess. I ch. 538. However, effective July 1, 2021, Code § 19.2-306(C) was
“amended and reenacted” to provide that “[i]f the court, after hearing, finds good cause to believe
that the defendant has violated the terms of suspension, then the court may revoke the suspension
and impose a sentence in accordance with the provisions of § 19.2-306.1.” Id. “The newly enacted
Code § 19.2-306.1 limits the period of active incarceration that a circuit court can impose for what
the statute refers to as certain ‘technical violations’ enumerated under the new statute.” Green, 75
Va. App. at 78. Pertinent to Key’s case, a “‘technical violation’ means a violation based on the
probationer’s failure to . . . (x) maintain contact with the probation officer whereby his whereabouts
are no longer known to the probation officer.” Code § 19.2-306.1(A). “[I]f the court finds, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant committed a second technical violation and he
cannot be safely diverted from active incarceration through less restrictive means, the court may
impose not more than 14 days of active incarceration for a second technical violation.” Code
§ 19.2-306.1(C). For purposes of subsection C, “a first technical violation based on clause (viii) or
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges AtLee and Friedman
JOHN CALVIN KEY MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0693-22-4 PER CURIAM MARCH 14, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY Daniel S. Fiore, II, Judge
(Bradley R. Haywood; Office of the Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Susan Hallie Hovey-Murray, Assistant Attorney General; on brief), for appellee.
John Calvin Key asserts on appeal that the Arlington County Circuit Court erred in
imposing a “time served” disposition of over nine months in jail for absconding, in violation of
Code § 19.2-306.1, which at the time of sentencing limited any active period of incarceration to
fourteen days. After examining the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously holds that
oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” Code
§ 17.1-403(ii)(a); Rule 5A:27(a).
BACKGROUND
“On appeal of the revocation of a suspended sentence, the appellate court reviews the
evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the party who prevailed below.”
Jenkins v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 334, 339 n.2 (2019).
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413. Key was convicted of robbery in 2011 and sentenced to twenty years in prison, with all but
two years and six months suspended on condition that he complete an indefinite period of
supervised probation. The trial court also ordered that he complete substance abuse and mental
health counseling and that he obtain his GED. In 2016, the trial court found that Key violated the
conditions of his probation, revoked his previously suspended sentence, and then resuspended all
but four years. In May 2021, Key’s probation officer prepared a major violation report indicating
that Key was not in compliance with his probation. The violation was assigned case number
CR10000691(02). The trial court issued a capias for case number (02) on May 4, 2021. On June
14, 2021, Key’s probation officer submitted an addendum to the major violation report, indicating
that Key had absconded from probation and that his whereabouts were unknown. That violation
was assigned case number CR10000691(03). Key was arrested on charge (02) on June 23, 2021,
and was held without bond. He was arrested on charge (03) on June 24, 2021. Key also made an
initial appearance in court on June 24, 2021, at which time counsel was appointed and the case was
scheduled for hearing on August 20, 2021.
After several continuances, on September 17, 2021, the trial court found Key guilty of
violating his probation on charge (03). The trial court then suspended the imposition of sentence,
ordered Key to successfully complete the “ACT Unit Program,”1 and scheduled the matter on the
court’s docket for September 2022 for review.
Key was found ineligible for the ACT Unit Program. His case was moved up on the court’s
docket, and the trial court conducted a hearing on March 18, 2022. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court again found Key guilty of violating his probation and imposed a “time
1 The ACT Unit Program is a jail-based substance abuse program. -2- served” disposition on charge (03).2 Key objected to the sentence “since that ends up being a
nine-month sentence for absconding.” The trial court noted Key’s objection, and this appeal
followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Whether to revoke the suspension of a sentence lies within the sound discretion of the trial
court, whose findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed absent a clear showing of an abuse
of discretion.” Keeling v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 312, 315 (1997). “A trial court has broad
discretion to revoke a suspended sentence and probation based on Code § 19.2-306, which allows a
court to do so ‘for any cause deemed by it sufficient.’” Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81,
86 (1991) (quoting Code § 19.2-306). Moreover, “[u]nder well-established principles, an issue of
statutory interpretation is a pure question of law which we review de novo.” Conyers v. Martial
Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007). More specifically, “the issue of whether a
statute should be applied retroactively presents a question of law that we review de novo on appeal.”
Taylor v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 179, 184 (2004).
ANALYSIS
Key asserts that the trial court’s imposition of a “time served” disposition for his probation
violation ultimately resulted in an active period of incarceration of nine months, since he was held
in custody during the pendency of the case. He argues that because the nature of the violation in
charge (03) was merely technical, the trial court was limited to imposing a fourteen-day sentence
pursuant to the 2021 amendments to Code § 19.2-306. Key acknowledges that this Court
previously opined in Green v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 69 (2022), that the amendments to Code
§ 19.2-306 do not apply retroactively to probation violation proceedings, but he urges this Court to
2 The violation for charge (02) was continued to April 1, 2022. That charge was adjudicated separately from charge (03) and was not appealed. It is therefore not before us. -3- reverse our holding in Green and remand the case for a new sentencing hearing. We decline that
invitation and affirm.
“In any case in which the court has suspended the execution or imposition of sentence, the
court may revoke the suspension of sentence for any cause the court deems sufficient that occurred
at any time within the probation period, or within the period of suspension fixed by the court.”
Code § 19.2-306(A). Before July 1, 2021, Code § 19.2-306(C) provided:
If the court, after hearing, finds good cause to believe that the defendant has violated the terms of suspension, then: (i) if the court originally suspended the imposition of sentence, the court shall revoke the suspension, and the court may pronounce whatever sentence might have been originally imposed or (ii) if the court originally suspended the execution of the sentence, the court shall revoke the suspension and the original sentence shall be in full force and effect.
2021 Va. Acts Sp. Sess. I ch. 538. However, effective July 1, 2021, Code § 19.2-306(C) was
“amended and reenacted” to provide that “[i]f the court, after hearing, finds good cause to believe
that the defendant has violated the terms of suspension, then the court may revoke the suspension
and impose a sentence in accordance with the provisions of § 19.2-306.1.” Id. “The newly enacted
Code § 19.2-306.1 limits the period of active incarceration that a circuit court can impose for what
the statute refers to as certain ‘technical violations’ enumerated under the new statute.” Green, 75
Va. App. at 78. Pertinent to Key’s case, a “‘technical violation’ means a violation based on the
probationer’s failure to . . . (x) maintain contact with the probation officer whereby his whereabouts
are no longer known to the probation officer.” Code § 19.2-306.1(A). “[I]f the court finds, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant committed a second technical violation and he
cannot be safely diverted from active incarceration through less restrictive means, the court may
impose not more than 14 days of active incarceration for a second technical violation.” Code
§ 19.2-306.1(C). For purposes of subsection C, “a first technical violation based on clause (viii) or
(x) of subsection A shall be considered a second technical violation . . . .” Code § 19.2-306.1(C). -4- There is no question that at the time of the final probation violation hearing on March 18,
2022, Code § 19.2-306.1 limited Key’s active period of incarceration to fourteen days, since Key
was before the court on a technical violation as defined by that statute. However, as Green makes
clear, because the proceedings in this case commenced before the statute’s enactment, the
amendments to Code § 19.2-306 do not apply. Indeed, Key was initially placed on probation in
2011. His probation officer filed the most recent major violation report on May 3, 2021. The
circuit court issued a warrant for Key’s arrest on May 4, 2021, and Key was taken into custody
when the warrants were executed on June 23, 2021. Key was arraigned on June 24, 2021, and
counsel was appointed that day. Under these circumstances, the record shows that the judicial
proceedings related to the revocation of Key’s suspended sentence began before the statutory
amendments took effect on July 1, 2021.
“[W]hen a statute is amended while an action is pending, the rights of the parties are to be
decided in accordance with the law in effect when the action was begun, unless the amended statute
shows a clear intention to vary such rights.” Green, 75 Va. App. at 80 (quoting Washington v.
Commonwealth, 216 Va. 185, 193 (1975)). “Nothing in the text of the amendments to Code
§ 19.2-306 or in Code § 19.2-306.1 shows a clear legislative intent for the amended statutory
scheme governing revocation proceedings to apply to revocation proceedings that began prior to
July 1, 2021.” Id. “Therefore, because the plain language of Code § 19.2-306 and Code
§ 19.2-306.1 lacks any indication of retroactive intent on the part of the General Assembly, ‘the
rights of the parties are to be decided in accordance with the law in effect when the action was
begun[.]’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Washington, 216 Va. at 193). The law in effect when
the action was begun in Key’s case was the former Code § 19.2-306, which vested the trial court
with the discretion to impose “whatever sentence might have been originally imposed.” See former
Code § 19.2-306.
-5- Key does not dispute that the revocation proceedings in this matter commenced before the
enactment of the amendments to Code § 19.2-306. He merely argues that this Court’s decision in
Green was wrongly decided and asks that we reverse it. However, it is well settled that “[u]nder the
interpanel-accord doctrine, the decision of a prior panel of this Court ‘becomes a predicate for
application of the doctrine of stare decisis’ and cannot be overruled except by the Court of Appeals
sitting en banc or by the Virginia Supreme Court.” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 475,
481 (2022) (quoting Butcher v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 392, 397 n.6 (2020)). “The
interpanel-accord doctrine ‘applies not merely to the literal holding of the case, but also to its ratio
decidendi—the essential rationale in the case that determines the judgment.’” Id. (quoting
Clinchfield Coal Co. v. Reed, 40 Va. App. 69, 73 (2003)).
This Court’s decision in Green controls the outcome of Key’s case. Because the probation
violation proceedings commenced before the enactment of the amendments to Code § 19.2-306, the
provisions in Code § 19.2-306.1 did not apply to his sentence and the trial court did not err in
imposing a “time served” disposition rather than an active period of incarceration “not to exceed
fourteen days” as required by Code § 19.2-306.1(C). We find no error in the judgment.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
-6-