MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT
JOHN BAKER, ) ) WD83622 Respondent, ) v. ) OPINION FILED: ) DIRECTOR OF REVENUE, ) March 16, 2021 ) Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cass County, Missouri Honorable Jeffrey L. Cox, Judge
Before Division One: Alok Ahuja, P.J., Thomas H. Newton, and Thomas N. Chapman, JJ.
The Missouri Director of Revenue (State) appeals the Cass County Circuit Court
judgment reinstating Mr. John Baker’s driver’s license after a 10-year denial of driving
privileges. The State alleges that the trial court erred in reinstating Mr. Baker ’s license
because no substantial evidence supported the conclusion that a Michi gan conviction
was not related to alcohol or drugs and that conclusion was against the weight of the
evidence. We reverse.
Mr. Baker received a 10-year denial of driving privileges in October 2008, after
he received his third DWI conviction. Mr. Baker filed a petition under section
302.060.1(9) 1 for reinstatement in January 2019, in Cass County.
1 All statutory references are to RSMo (2016), as amended through January 31, 2020.
1 The trial court held a reinstatement hearing in June 2019. Mr. Baker testified
that he had not been convicted of any offenses related to alcohol, controlled subs tances,
or drugs during the 10-year denial period. Mr. Baker entered into evidence his
certificate of achievement for alcohol treatment and his Substance Awareness Traffic
Offender Program completion form. Mr. Baker testified that he had relocated to a
different city and no longer associates with the people he would drink with. Mr. Baker
also testified that he voluntarily attends Alcoholics Anonymous and entered himself
into an intensive program called Communities of Recovery Experience.
During direct examination, Mr. Baker testified that he was arrested for but not
convicted of operating while intoxicated. Mr. Baker testified that he pleaded guilty to
disorderly conduct in Benzie County, Michigan, in December 2018:
Q. And you were arrested for operating while intoxicated, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. But that is not what you've pled to and were found guilty to by the court, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. Isn't it true that, in fact, you entered a plea of guilty, and the only admission or evidence of guilt was to a disorderly conduct; is that correct?
A. That's correct.
The State entered into evidence the Michigan records for disorderly person
without objection. The Michigan judgment stated, “P/G TO DISORDERLY DRUNK;
F&C $125; 60D JAIL, CREDIT 26D.” 2
2 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.167 (2014), has twelve subsections defining a “disorderly person.” Subsection (e) is the only definition that describes a person who is intoxicated in a public place… The Michigan court characterized the guilty plea to disorderly person as “disorderly drunk.” It is clear from the judgment that Mr. Baker pled guilty to the disorderly person charge as it relates to subsection (e).
2 The trial court ruled:
. . . After hearing the evidenced adduced to the cause by the Petitioner and in accordance with 302.060, RSMo (including a review of the MSHP criminal history check, fingerprint check and federal criminal history check), this Court finds that the petitioner has not been found guilty of and has no pending charges for any offense related to alcohol, controlled substances or drugs and has no other alcohol-related enforcement contacts as defined in section 302.525 during the preceding five 3 years and that the petitioner’s habits and conduct show such petitioner to no longer pose a threat to the public safety of this state. The Court further finds that the Petitioner is otherwise qualified pursuant to the provisions of sections 302.010 to 302.540, RSMo.
The State timely appeals.
Legal Analysis
The State contends that the trial court erred in reinstating Mr. Baker ’s driver’s
license because: (1) there was no substantial evidence to conclude that he had not been
found guilty of any offense relating to alcohol or drugs, and (2) its finding that the
Michigan disorderly person conviction was not related to alcohol was against the
weight of the evidence.
“The trial court's judgment will be affirmed unless there is no substantial
evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares
or applies the law.” Hill v. Dir. of Revenue, 364 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Mo. banc 2012). “In
appeals from a court-tried civil case, the trial court's judgment will be affirmed unless
there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence,
or it erroneously declares or applies the law.” White v. Dir. of Revenue, 321 S.W.3d
298, 307–08 (Mo. banc 2010). “[T]he appellate court defers to the trial court's
3 Pursuant to 302.060.1(9), ten years from the date of conviction of the last offense must expire prior to the trial court granting a reinstatement, not five years as stated in the judgment. However, because of the result we reach in this case, this error in the judgment is of no consequence.
3 assessment of the evidence if any facts relevant to an issue are contested.” Sauvain v.
Acceptance Indem. Ins. Co., 437 S.W.3d 296, 302 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014), as modified
(May 27, 2014). “Substantial evidence is evidence that, if believed, has some probative
force on each fact that is necessary to sustain the circuit court's judgment.” Ivie v.
Smith, 439 S.W.3d 189, 199 (Mo. banc 2014). This Court “will overturn a trial court's
judgment under these fact-based standards of review only when the court has a firm
belief that the judgment is wrong.” Sauvain, 437 S.W.3d at 302 (citation omitted).
“When the facts are not contested and the issue is one of law, our review is de
novo, and no deference is given to the trial court's determination. ” Johnson v. Dir. of
Revenue, 411 S.W.3d 878, 881 (Mo. App. S.D. 2013). 4
Under the relevant statute, to reinstate Mr. Baker’s driving privileges, the court
must have found that:
. . . [T]he petitioner has not been found guilty of, and has no pending charges for any offense related to alcohol, controlled substances or drugs and has no other alcohol-related enforcement contacts as defined in section 302.525 during the preceding ten years and that the petitioner's habits and conduct show such petitioner to no longer pose a threat to the public safety of this state, [and] the petitioner is otherwise qualified pursuant to the provisions of sections 302.010 to 302.540.
§ 302.060.1(9). The meaning of “related to alcohol, controlled, substances, or drugs”
involves a statutory interpretation raising an issue of law that this Court reviews de
novo. Stiers v. Dir. of Revenue, 477 S.W.3d 611, 614 (Mo. banc 2016).
“When interpreting a statute, the primary goal is to give effect to legislative
intent as reflected in the plain language of the statute.” State v.
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MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT
JOHN BAKER, ) ) WD83622 Respondent, ) v. ) OPINION FILED: ) DIRECTOR OF REVENUE, ) March 16, 2021 ) Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cass County, Missouri Honorable Jeffrey L. Cox, Judge
Before Division One: Alok Ahuja, P.J., Thomas H. Newton, and Thomas N. Chapman, JJ.
The Missouri Director of Revenue (State) appeals the Cass County Circuit Court
judgment reinstating Mr. John Baker’s driver’s license after a 10-year denial of driving
privileges. The State alleges that the trial court erred in reinstating Mr. Baker ’s license
because no substantial evidence supported the conclusion that a Michi gan conviction
was not related to alcohol or drugs and that conclusion was against the weight of the
evidence. We reverse.
Mr. Baker received a 10-year denial of driving privileges in October 2008, after
he received his third DWI conviction. Mr. Baker filed a petition under section
302.060.1(9) 1 for reinstatement in January 2019, in Cass County.
1 All statutory references are to RSMo (2016), as amended through January 31, 2020.
1 The trial court held a reinstatement hearing in June 2019. Mr. Baker testified
that he had not been convicted of any offenses related to alcohol, controlled subs tances,
or drugs during the 10-year denial period. Mr. Baker entered into evidence his
certificate of achievement for alcohol treatment and his Substance Awareness Traffic
Offender Program completion form. Mr. Baker testified that he had relocated to a
different city and no longer associates with the people he would drink with. Mr. Baker
also testified that he voluntarily attends Alcoholics Anonymous and entered himself
into an intensive program called Communities of Recovery Experience.
During direct examination, Mr. Baker testified that he was arrested for but not
convicted of operating while intoxicated. Mr. Baker testified that he pleaded guilty to
disorderly conduct in Benzie County, Michigan, in December 2018:
Q. And you were arrested for operating while intoxicated, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. But that is not what you've pled to and were found guilty to by the court, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. Isn't it true that, in fact, you entered a plea of guilty, and the only admission or evidence of guilt was to a disorderly conduct; is that correct?
A. That's correct.
The State entered into evidence the Michigan records for disorderly person
without objection. The Michigan judgment stated, “P/G TO DISORDERLY DRUNK;
F&C $125; 60D JAIL, CREDIT 26D.” 2
2 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.167 (2014), has twelve subsections defining a “disorderly person.” Subsection (e) is the only definition that describes a person who is intoxicated in a public place… The Michigan court characterized the guilty plea to disorderly person as “disorderly drunk.” It is clear from the judgment that Mr. Baker pled guilty to the disorderly person charge as it relates to subsection (e).
2 The trial court ruled:
. . . After hearing the evidenced adduced to the cause by the Petitioner and in accordance with 302.060, RSMo (including a review of the MSHP criminal history check, fingerprint check and federal criminal history check), this Court finds that the petitioner has not been found guilty of and has no pending charges for any offense related to alcohol, controlled substances or drugs and has no other alcohol-related enforcement contacts as defined in section 302.525 during the preceding five 3 years and that the petitioner’s habits and conduct show such petitioner to no longer pose a threat to the public safety of this state. The Court further finds that the Petitioner is otherwise qualified pursuant to the provisions of sections 302.010 to 302.540, RSMo.
The State timely appeals.
Legal Analysis
The State contends that the trial court erred in reinstating Mr. Baker ’s driver’s
license because: (1) there was no substantial evidence to conclude that he had not been
found guilty of any offense relating to alcohol or drugs, and (2) its finding that the
Michigan disorderly person conviction was not related to alcohol was against the
weight of the evidence.
“The trial court's judgment will be affirmed unless there is no substantial
evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares
or applies the law.” Hill v. Dir. of Revenue, 364 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Mo. banc 2012). “In
appeals from a court-tried civil case, the trial court's judgment will be affirmed unless
there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence,
or it erroneously declares or applies the law.” White v. Dir. of Revenue, 321 S.W.3d
298, 307–08 (Mo. banc 2010). “[T]he appellate court defers to the trial court's
3 Pursuant to 302.060.1(9), ten years from the date of conviction of the last offense must expire prior to the trial court granting a reinstatement, not five years as stated in the judgment. However, because of the result we reach in this case, this error in the judgment is of no consequence.
3 assessment of the evidence if any facts relevant to an issue are contested.” Sauvain v.
Acceptance Indem. Ins. Co., 437 S.W.3d 296, 302 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014), as modified
(May 27, 2014). “Substantial evidence is evidence that, if believed, has some probative
force on each fact that is necessary to sustain the circuit court's judgment.” Ivie v.
Smith, 439 S.W.3d 189, 199 (Mo. banc 2014). This Court “will overturn a trial court's
judgment under these fact-based standards of review only when the court has a firm
belief that the judgment is wrong.” Sauvain, 437 S.W.3d at 302 (citation omitted).
“When the facts are not contested and the issue is one of law, our review is de
novo, and no deference is given to the trial court's determination. ” Johnson v. Dir. of
Revenue, 411 S.W.3d 878, 881 (Mo. App. S.D. 2013). 4
Under the relevant statute, to reinstate Mr. Baker’s driving privileges, the court
must have found that:
. . . [T]he petitioner has not been found guilty of, and has no pending charges for any offense related to alcohol, controlled substances or drugs and has no other alcohol-related enforcement contacts as defined in section 302.525 during the preceding ten years and that the petitioner's habits and conduct show such petitioner to no longer pose a threat to the public safety of this state, [and] the petitioner is otherwise qualified pursuant to the provisions of sections 302.010 to 302.540.
§ 302.060.1(9). The meaning of “related to alcohol, controlled, substances, or drugs”
involves a statutory interpretation raising an issue of law that this Court reviews de
novo. Stiers v. Dir. of Revenue, 477 S.W.3d 611, 614 (Mo. banc 2016).
“When interpreting a statute, the primary goal is to give effect to legislative
intent as reflected in the plain language of the statute.” State v. Moore, 303 S.W.3d 515,
520 (Mo. banc 2010). “This Court's primary rule of statutory interpretation is to give
4 Here, the State does not contest any of the trial court’s factual findings. Instead, the State alleg es that the trial court either applied the wrong statute or misinterpreted the statute it applied.
4 effect to legislative intent in the plain language of the statute at issue. ” Parktown
Imports, Inc. v. Audi of Am., Inc., 278 S.W.3d 670, 672 (Mo. banc 2009).
Under section 302.060.1(9), the trial court has the authority to reinstate a license
from a denial when it “finds that the petitioner has not been found guilty of . . . any
offense related to alcohol . . . and has no other alcohol-related enforcement contacts as
defined in section 302.525.” Under section 302.525, “alcohol-related enforcement
contacts” include “any conviction in this or any other state for a violation which
involves driving while intoxicated, driving while under t he influence of drugs or
alcohol, or driving a vehicle while having an unlawful alcohol concentration. ” §
302.525. The facts are undisputed that Mr. Baker was originally charged with two
counts of operating while intoxicated and one count of disorderly per son. Mr. Baker
pleaded guilty to the disorderly person charge, and the Michigan penal code defines
disorderly person as:
A person is a disorderly person if the person is any of the following:
(e) A person who is intoxicated in a public place and who is either endangering directly the safety of another person or of property or is acting in a manner that causes a public disturbance.
Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.167(e) (2014). 5
The Michigan “disorderly person” conviction did not constitute an “alcohol-
related enforcement contact” within the meaning of section 302.525. It nevertheless
constituted “any offense related to alcohol” within the meaning of section
302.060.1(9), and therefore disqualified Mr. Baker from reinstatement of his driving
5 The State filed a motion to file an exhibit. At trial, the exhibit was admitted under section 490.130, “which allows evidence to be admitted from other states.” We sustained the State’s motion to file the exhibit.
5 privileges. An argument could be made that “any offense related to alcohol” must be
construed to mean “any driving-related offense related to alcohol.” But that is not the
way the phrase has been interpreted. Instead, the courts – including the Missouri
Supreme Court – have held that an “offense related to alcohol” (or to controlled
substances) includes non-driving-related offenses. See Hill, 364 S.W.3d at 547
(reversing circuit court’s reinstatement of driving privileges, because the driver’s
“conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia is unquestionably an offense ‘related
to . . . drugs’ as required by section 302.060.1(9).”); Branson v. Dir. of Revenue, 601
S.W.3d 302, 305 (Mo. App. E.D. 2020) (driver disqualified from obtaining
reinstatement under section 302.060.1(10), because conviction for possession of a
controlled substance “is clearly an offense that is ‘related to alcohol, controlled
substances, or drugs[,]’ and Branson's conviction was within ‘the preceding five years’
of filing his petition.”); Mayfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 335 S.W.3d 572, 573-74 (Mo.
App. E.D. 2011) (driver ineligible for reinstatement of driving privileges under section
302.060.1(9) based on intervening conviction of possession of drug paraphernalia).
Mr. Baker pleaded guilty in Michigan to being a “disorderly person” under
subsection (e), meaning that he was “intoxicated in a public place” in a manner that
presented a danger or created a public disturbance. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. §
750.167(e) (2014). Mr. Baker’s Michigan conviction was an “offense related to
alcohol” within the meaning of section 302.060.1(9). Accordingly, we agree with the
State that the court erroneously reinstated Mr. Baker’s driver’s license.
6 Conclusion
We find that the trial court erroneously applied the law when it determined that
Mr. Baker was qualified for reinstatement. We reverse.
/s/ Thomas H. Newton Thomas H. Newton, Judge
Alok Ahuja, P.J. and Thomas N. Chapman, J. concur.