NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 5 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JOHN ATLAS, Jr., No. 20-55452
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:15-cv-01504-RSWL-RAO v.
ERIC ARNOLD, Warden, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Ronald S.W. Lew, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 7, 2021 Pasadena, California
Before: D.M. FISHER,** WATFORD, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges. Dissent by Judge WATFORD
Petitioner John Atlas, Jr., was convicted in California state court of dissuading
witnesses by force or fear. The conviction stemmed from an incident in which Atlas
made threatening remarks to a couple while Atlas’s acquaintance was arrested for
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable D. Michael Fisher, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation. stealing their car. At trial, Atlas testified that he had been diagnosed with
schizophrenia and prescribed medication, which he had failed to take the night
before the incident.
On direct appeal from his conviction, Atlas argued that trial counsel was
ineffective under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), because he failed
to call Atlas’s psychiatrist as a witness to testify about his mental illness. The
California Court of Appeal rejected his claim, holding that Atlas failed to show any
deficient representation prejudiced him. The California Supreme Court summarily
denied his petition for review.
Thereafter, Atlas sought habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in federal
district court, which stayed proceedings while Atlas exhausted state habeas
remedies. He then filed a habeas petition in the California Superior Court, which
denied his petition for two reasons: (1) the petition was not verified, and (2) relief
was barred under In re Waltreus, 62 Cal. 2d 218 (1965). Under the Waltreus rule,
“claims that have been raised and rejected on direct appeal” cannot support state
habeas relief. In re Scoggins, 9 Cal. 5th 667, 673 (2020). Finally, Atlas filed a
separate, verified petition in the California Supreme Court, which summarily denied
relief. The district court then denied relief, and Atlas appealed. We review de novo,
Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 964–65 (9th Cir. 2004), and affirm.
In considering a habeas petition under § 2254, the first issue is whether we
2 owe AEDPA deference under § 2254(d) and, if so, to which decision deference
applies. We start with the California Supreme Court’s denial of state habeas relief,
as the last relevant state court decision. Fox v. Johnson, 832 F.3d 978, 985–86 (9th
Cir. 2016). Because it is an unreasoned decision, there is a presumption that the
court adopted the last relevant reasoned state-court decision. Id. This “look-
through” presumption, however, may be rebutted by “strong evidence.” Sandgathe
v. Maass, 314 F.3d 371, 377 (9th Cir. 2002).
Here, the last reasoned decision is the California Superior Court’s denial of
state habeas relief. But strong evidence rebuts the presumption that the California
Supreme Court adopted the Superior Court’s decision. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501
U.S. 797, 802 (1991) (holding that “the nature of the disposition” and “surrounding
circumstances” may inform the reasoning behind a state court’s silent denial of
relief). The Superior Court’s first ground for denial—that the petition there was not
verified—is clearly inapplicable to the decision in the California Supreme Court,
where the petition was undisputedly verified.
The California Supreme Court also did not adopt the Superior Court’s
Waltreus ground for denial of relief. First, Waltreus does not apply to claims of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. In re Robbins, 18 Cal. 4th 770, 814 n.34
(1998). And we apply a “presumption that the state court knew and followed the
law.” Lopez v. Schriro, 491 F.3d 1029, 1037 (9th Cir. 2007). It is implausible that
3 the court unreasonably applied California law. Second, the state’s briefing in the
California Supreme Court did not even advance the Waltreus argument, unlike its
briefing in the Superior Court. Third, the California Supreme Court granted
California’s motion to judicially notice the conviction of Atlas’s mental-health
expert, suggesting that the Supreme Court considered Atlas’s ineffective assistance
claim on the merits since the conviction only pertained to merits consideration.
Finally, the California Supreme Court “denied” the petition, rather than “dismissed”
it. See Ylst, 501 U.S. at 802 (noting that dismissal indicates a procedural decision,
whereas a denial indicates a decision on the merits). This evidence rebuts the look-
through presumption. We therefore presume that the California Supreme Court’s
denial was a decision on the merits. See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 99
(2011).
Given the rebuttal of the look-through presumption, we now look to “the last
related state-court decision that . . . provide[s] a relevant rationale” and apply
AEDPA deference to it. Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018). Because
the Superior Court’s decision here did not decide the ineffective assistance claim on
the merits, see Forrest v. Vasquez, 75 F.3d 562, 564 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[A] Waltreus
citation is neither a ruling on the merits nor a denial on procedural grounds.”), we
look further back to the Court of Appeal’s decision on direct appeal.
Atlas contends, however, that the Court of Appeal decided a different
4 ineffective assistance claim than the one raised in his habeas petitions. In Atlas’s
view, his current claim was therefore never adjudicated on the merits and should be
subject to de novo review. We disagree. Both on direct appeal and on collateral
review, his claim is that trial counsel failed to sufficiently advance his mental illness
defense to the mens rea element of his charges. This claim was decided in the Court
of Appeal. Even supposing the minor differences between his ineffective assistance
arguments are relevant, Atlas’s habeas petition before the California Supreme Court
raised the precise same issues as he does here and, as explained above, that court’s
decision was on the merits and is thus due deference.
Applying AEDPA deference to the Court of Appeal’s determination that any
deficient performance by Atlas’s counsel did not prejudice him, we conclude that
the decision is not unreasonable under § 2254(d). The court determined that Atlas’s
testimony made the jury “fully aware of his claims of schizophrenia and
medications.” Furthermore, the evidence against him was overwhelming—
including Atlas’s confession that he remembered telling the victims not to go to court
and a credible officer’s testimony as to his other threats—so that stronger evidence
regarding his mental illness would have had no effect. A gang expert also testified
that Atlas was an associate of a gang or its members and that his threatening
statements would serve to raise his standing with the gang. Atlas has not shown that
the Court of Appeal’s conclusion is an unreasonable application of Strickland. See
5 White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419 (2014) (Unreasonable applications are
“objectively unreasonable,” not “merely wrong” or even “clear[ly] erro[neous].”
(simplified)).
The dissent would have remanded to the district court for an evidentiary
hearing to develop the facts underlying Atlas’s ineffective assistance claim. A
petitioner is only entitled to an evidentiary hearing in federal district court if he
alleges facts that, if proven, “would entitle the applicant to federal habeas relief.”
Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 474 (2007). In undertaking this inquiry, federal
courts must “take into account [AEDPA] standards in deciding whether an
evidentiary hearing is appropriate.” Id. “[I]f the record refutes the applicant’s
factual allegations or otherwise precludes habeas relief, a district court is not
required to hold an evidentiary hearing.” Id. “[A]n evidentiary hearing is not
required on issues that can be resolved by reference to the state court record.’” Id.
(quoting Totten v. Merkle, 137 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 1998)).
Here, the California Court of Appeal determined that, due to the
overwhelming evidence of Atlas’s guilt, the addition of the expert witness testimony
would only bolster the facts before the jury. We cannot say that this was an
unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2). As the district court
concluded, there was “no reasonable probability that presentation of the proffered
evidence . . . would have raised a reasonable doubt in any juror’s mind as to whether
6 Petitioner had the specific intent to commit the charged offenses,” primarily because
of the sharp contrast between Atlas’s behavior at the time of the incident and his
behavior when he is having an episode of mental illness. When suffering a psychotic
episode, according to the record, Atlas acted in recognizably aberrant and incoherent
ways, such as hitting the walls or his head and stating his fear of demons emerging
out of the toilet. By contrast, at the time of the incident, Atlas waited to obtain his
jacket from the victims’ car, then clearly and specifically threatened the victims,
warning them not to go to court and that he knew where the victims live. There is
no evidence that Atlas was disconnected from reality. The threat was considered so
genuine that an officer accompanied the victims home for their safety and the victims
immediately moved from their home because they were frightened for their family.
It was not unreasonable for the California Court of Appeal to hold there was no
Strickland prejudice and that the result would have been the same even had Atlas’s
attorney presented additional evidence about Atlas’s mental illness.
AFFIRMED.
7 FILED AUG 5 2021 John Atlas, Jr. v. Eric Arnold, No. 20-55452 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS WATFORD, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I agree with my colleagues that the look-through presumption has been
rebutted and that the California Supreme Court’s summary denial of Atlas’s
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim should be treated as a decision on the
merits. “Under California law, the California Supreme Court’s summary denial of
a habeas petition on the merits reflects that court’s determination that the claims
made in the petition do not state a prima facie case entitling the petitioner to
relief.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 188 n.12 (2011). Thus, the only
question before us is whether Atlas in fact stated a prima facie claim for relief. If
he did, the California Supreme Court’s denial of the claim without holding an
evidentiary hearing would be based on an unreasonable determination of the facts
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). See Nunes v. Mueller, 350 F.3d 1045, 1053–56 (9th
Cir. 2003).
Atlas’s conviction for two counts of dissuading a witness by force or threat
and for the benefit of a criminal street gang stems from a bizarre encounter on
April 2, 2013. That morning, a stolen vehicle was found in the parking lot of a
grocery store. Police arrested Dunell Crawford, who was later identified as a gang
member. Atlas had received a ride from Crawford, an acquaintance of his, and
waited with the police until the car owners arrived so that he could retrieve his Page 2 of 10
jacket from the car. When the car owners confirmed that the jacket was not theirs,
police gave the jacket to Atlas and told him to leave. At that point, Atlas began
walking back and forth, yelling, “Don’t go to court,” and “We know you live in
Five Time” gang territory. He also made gunshot noises. All of this occurred in
front of the police, who arrested Atlas as he continued yelling. A search of Atlas’s
person revealed two cigarette lighters, which prompted Atlas to yell that they
would be used to burn the victims’ house down. Atlas’s jacket pocket contained
medication that had been prescribed for his psychiatric condition.
At the time of the offense, Atlas was 43 years old and had no history of gang
activity or membership. Atlas admits that he yelled “Don’t go to court,” but he
does not remember the other threats and cannot otherwise explain his conduct.
Although the victims felt frightened and intimidated, they also testified at trial that
it seemed as though Atlas “was just drunk or something.” According to a
treatment note from the detention center, the day after the offense, while in
custody, Atlas was “angry and hitting walls,” reported having “auditory
hallucinations,” and “appeared to be responding to internal stimuli.”
At trial, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Atlas had the
specific intent to dissuade the witnesses by force or threat and for the benefit of a
gang. The trial court defined the specific intent requirement as acting
“maliciously,” meaning a person “unlawfully intends to annoy, harm, or injure Page 3 of 10
someone else in any way or intends to interfere in any way with the orderly
administration of justice.” Although Atlas’s attorney presented a mental health
defense, only Atlas testified in support of the defense, and the prosecution
understandably characterized his testimony as “self-serving” without the support of
even a mental health expert.
Atlas argued before the California Supreme Court on collateral review that
his attorney rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to retain a mental
health expert and to investigate the basis for a potential mental health defense.
Atlas asserted that a properly presented mental health defense would have rebutted
the required specific intent for his conviction. Atlas supported his claim by
submitting mental health records, declarations from his trial counsel and family
members, and an expert evaluation prepared by Dr. Jason H. Yang. He also
requested an evidentiary hearing to further develop the factual basis for his claim.
The California Supreme Court nonetheless summarily denied his claim without
first holding an evidentiary hearing.
In his federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Atlas requested an
evidentiary hearing. When a state court has denied relief without holding an
evidentiary hearing, a federal habeas court must grant a petitioner’s request for an
evidentiary hearing when three conditions are met. First, the petitioner must assert
“a colorable claim,” meaning the petitioner must “allege specific facts which, if Page 4 of 10
true, would entitle him to relief.” Earp v. Ornoski, 431 F.3d 1158, 1167 & n.4 (9th
Cir. 2005). Second, the petitioner must not have “failed to develop the factual
basis of his claim in state court.” Hurles v. Ryan, 752 F.3d 768, 791 (9th Cir.
2014); see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). And third, the petitioner must show that the
state court’s decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts
under § 2254(d)(2), a showing that is met if the petitioner can establish one of the
circumstances described in Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 313 (1963). Earp,
431 F.3d at 1167. Atlas has met all three conditions.
First, Atlas has asserted a colorable claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel. Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), Atlas must
establish both that his attorney’s performance was deficient and that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for those errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. Id. at 687–88, 694. As explained below, Atlas has alleged
specific facts that, if true, would entitle him to relief.
Dr. Yang’s report and the mental health records demonstrate that Atlas has a
history of serious mental health issues. Atlas first heard voices and saw ghosts as a
child but was able to ignore them. After high school, he moved to England to play
soccer and, by staying active, he was able to ignore the infrequent auditory or
visual hallucinations. He raised a family and worked various jobs while in
England until the age of 37, when he moved back to the United States. In 2009, Page 5 of 10
however, he began exhibiting severe psychiatric symptoms. Over the years,
clinicians have diagnosed Atlas with variations of bipolar disorder, psychotic
disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. Atlas was most recently diagnosed with
schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type.
Atlas’s mental health issues have contributed to previous run-ins with law
enforcement and being placed on psychiatric holds. In December 2009, police
brought Atlas in on his first documented psychiatric hold, when Atlas was hitting
the walls and “afraid of demons coming out of the toilet.” In February 2012,
police brought Atlas to a hospital on another psychiatric hold after he walked into a
McDonald’s restaurant and “threatened to blow the place up.”
Declarations from Atlas’s family members corroborate his history of mental
health issues. In late 2011 or early 2012, Atlas lived with his younger sister for a
year and a half. She attested that Atlas acted strangely at times, “as though he had
a split personality,” and sometimes said “things that made no sense,” including
“things that would sound threaten[ing] to anyone who did not know him well.” In
late March and early April 2013, shortly before the offense conduct at issue here,
Atlas lived with his grandmother. She attested that during that time, he was
“acting very strangely” by blurting out “things that were weird or did not make
sense,” and would “talk about hearing voices.”
Atlas’s symptoms increased in severity shortly before his arrest on April 2, Page 6 of 10
2013. At the end of March 2013, Atlas went to a clinic to obtain a new medication
regimen. A psychiatrist determined that he was in a manic state and presenting
“building mania.” Atlas was prescribed antipsychotic medication and mood
stabilizers, but when police arrested him less than a week later, he had taken the
antipsychotic medication for only three days after it had been prescribed. He did
not take his medication the day before, the day of, or the day after the offense. He
also had trouble sleeping and had not taken any of his mood-stabilizing
medication.
Crediting these facts as true, as we must at this stage of the proceedings, the
record before the California Supreme Court establishes that Atlas’s trial counsel
performed deficiently. “Trial counsel has a duty to investigate a defendant’s
mental state if there is evidence to suggest that the defendant is impaired.”
Douglas v. Woodford, 316 F.3d 1079, 1085 (9th Cir. 2003). Here, according to a
declaration from Atlas’s attorney, he failed to hire a mental health expert or
investigate the basis for a mental health defense despite knowing about Atlas’s
history of mental health issues. His attorney could not make a strategic decision to
forego hiring a mental health expert without first conducting a reasonable
investigation that would allow him to make an informed decision. See Weeden v.
Johnson, 854 F.3d 1063, 1069–70 (9th Cir. 2017). Even Atlas’s lack of
receptiveness to a mental health defense did not absolve his attorney of the duty to Page 7 of 10
at least investigate the basis for such a defense. See Douglas, 316 F.3d at 1086.
The facts described above, if true, would also establish that Atlas was
prejudiced by his attorney’s deficient performance. Had this evidence been
presented to a jury, “the probability of a different result is sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Weeden, 854 F.3d at 1072; see also Bloom v.
Calderon, 132 F.3d 1267, 1278 (9th Cir. 1997). Counsel’s presentation of a
mental health defense should have rested on at least one medical opinion, as even
the prosecution remarked during trial. Dr. Yang’s report placed Atlas’s mental
health history and his offense conduct in context. Dr. Yang opined that when Atlas
made the threatening statements to the victims on the street and in front of a police
officer, he was suffering from “bouts of mania, paranoia, and disorganized
outbursts.” As noted above, less than a week before his arrest, Atlas had started a
new medication regimen, with which he was noncompliant at the time of the
offense. And at that point, the treatment provider indicated that Atlas was already
presenting with “building mania.” Significantly, Dr. Yang emphasized in his
report that it would have taken at least four weeks for the new medication to be
fully effective. Furthermore, comparing the offense conduct with the past
McDonald’s incident when Atlas was brought in on a psychiatric hold reveals
further similarities: Both times, Atlas was noncompliant with his medication and
yelled what could be perceived as threats in public. Page 8 of 10
Had the evidence detailed above been presented to and credited by the jury,
there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have concluded that
Atlas did not harbor the specific intent required for the crime of dissuading a
witness by force or threat and for the benefit of a gang. At the time of the offense,
Atlas had no documented history of gang activity, and there is ample history of his
mental health issues. Testimony from a qualified expert would have “added an
entirely new dimension to the jury’s assessment of the critical issue of . . . mens
rea.” Weeden, 854 F.3d at 1072.
The State argues that the California Supreme Court’s summary denial was
proper given credibility issues surrounding Dr. Yang. The California Supreme
Court took judicial notice of state records showing that a few months after
completing his psychiatric evaluation of Atlas, Dr. Yang pleaded guilty to making
false material misrepresentations as part of an insurance fraud scheme. But when
determining prima facie sufficiency, the California Supreme Court must draw all
inferences in Atlas’s favor and cannot make credibility determinations. See Nunes,
350 F.3d at 1055 n.7, 1056. Accordingly, any determination that Dr. Yang’s report
lacked credibility could not be made without granting Atlas an evidentiary hearing.
Second in the trio of conditions that Atlas must satisfy to obtain an
evidentiary hearing in federal court, Atlas adequately developed the factual basis
for his claim before the California Supreme Court. He submitted his mental health Page 9 of 10
records, declarations from his trial counsel and family members, and Dr. Yang’s
evaluation, thus providing the factual underpinning for his claim. He also
requested an evidentiary hearing to further develop the facts supporting his claim.
“A petitioner who has previously sought and been denied an evidentiary hearing
has not failed to develop the factual basis of his claim.” Hurles, 752 F.3d at 791.
Third, and finally, Atlas has established one of the circumstances described
in Townsend v. Sain—namely, “the fact-finding procedure employed by the state
court was not adequate to afford a full and fair hearing.” 372 U.S. at 313; see
Hurles, 752 F.3d at 791; Earp, 431 F.3d at 1169. When a state court’s decision
turns on the resolution of a disputed issue of fact—particularly when, as here,
credibility determinations are at issue—an evidentiary hearing will usually be
required in order for the state court’s fact-finding procedure to be “adequate to
afford a full and fair hearing.” Earp, 431 F.3d at 1167, 1169; see also Perez v.
Rosario, 459 F.3d 943, 950 (9th Cir. 2006). An exception exists when the record
before the state court “conclusively establishes” the fact at issue, but that is not the
case here. Perez, 459 F.3d at 951. In addition to Dr. Yang’s report, Atlas
submitted ample other evidence supporting Dr. Yang’s ultimate opinion that Atlas
was suffering from a manic episode during the offense conduct. Certainly, nothing
in the record conclusively refutes that view. Atlas was not required to prove his
claim “with absolute certainty” before being granted an evidentiary hearing. Page 10 of 10
Nunes, 350 F.3d at 1054.
Because the California Supreme Court’s decision was “based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), Atlas is entitled
to an evidentiary hearing on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. See
Hurles, 752 F.3d at 790–92; Earp, 431 F.3d at 1167. I would thus vacate the
district court’s judgment and remand for an evidentiary hearing.