COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Benton, Humphreys and Retired Judge Kulp* Argued at Richmond, Virginia
JOHN ALONZO ROACH MEMORANDUM OPINION ** BY v. Record No. 2783-98-2 JUDGE JAMES E. KULP AUGUST 1, 2000 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY Robert G. O'Hara, Jr., Judge
David L. Cloninger for appellant.
Thomas D. Bagwell, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
John Alonzo Roach (appellant) appeals from a judgment of the
Prince George County Circuit Court (trial court) convicting him of
receiving/concealing stolen property and attempted grand larceny.
He contends the evidence was insufficient to prove the offenses.
For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the evidence was
sufficient to convict appellant of concealing stolen property, but
agree that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of
attempted grand larceny.
* Retired Judge James E. Kulp took part in the consideration of this case by designation pursuant to Code § 17.1-400, recodifying Code § 17-116.01. ** Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, recodifying Code § 17-116.010, this opinion is not designated for publication. "On appeal, 'we review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable
inferences fairly deducible therefrom.'" Archer v.
Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997)
(citation omitted). "This Court does not substitute its
judgment for that of the trier of fact, and the trial court's
judgment will not be set aside unless plainly wrong or without
evidence to support it." Hunley v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App.
556, 559, 518 S.E.2d 347, 349 (1999) (citation omitted).
Sometime around 1:00 a.m. on August 17, 1996, Richard Loftus
saw a car drive up to Shannon Barker's house with its headlights
off. Two men exited the vehicle, a 1996 Nissan Altima that had
been stolen in Richmond from Meredith Hickman on August 8, 1996.
Loftus' wife called the police to report this suspicious activity.
Upon arriving in Barker's and Loftus' neighborhood, Officer
Messina noticed that the dome light and brake lights on Barker's
car were illuminated. He saw appellant and Tyree Lundy standing
by Hickman's car. Appellant falsely claimed to be looking for a
young lady who lived in the area. Appellant then lied to Messina
and stated that Hickman's car belonged to his sister.
At some point after Messina encountered appellant and Lundy,
Maurice Mayo and Chris Barnes exited Barker's property from the
vicinity of Barker's car. Upon examining Barker's 1995 Nissan
Altima automobile, Messina noticed that the ignition was damaged
- 2 - and there were tools laying on the floorboard around the driver's
seat.
Appellant testified that on August 16, 1996, around
5:00 p.m., Mayo came to his house driving Hickman's car. The back
"vent" window on the car was broken, and the ignition had been
pried open. Appellant noticed the broken window, but testified
that he did not notice the pried-open ignition, even though he was
sitting in the front passenger seat. Appellant admitted that he
was with Mayo continuously thereafter, except for ten minutes
appellant spent at his uncle's residence and approximately an hour
appellant spent at his girlfriend's house. He noticed that Mayo
never turned off the car while they were together.
Appellant initially testified that he knew the car was stolen
as soon as he saw Mayo that day. He subsequently testified that
Mayo had been driving around in the car for one and a half to two
weeks and that, at first, he did not "expect" that the car was
stolen. Appellant testified at another point that "he didn't know
[Mayo] had the car for a week," and his testimony varied regarding
exactly when he learned the car was stolen. At the very latest,
appellant learned that the car was stolen as they drove past
Pilots in Hopewell, on the way to Barker's neighborhood.
Appellant admitted knowing that Mayo and Chris Barnes went to
Barker's neighborhood to steal a car, but testified that he did
not participate in this crime and that he accompanied them
unwillingly. Mayo refused to take appellant home, but he said
- 3 - that appellant did not have to participate in the theft.
Appellant did not want to be dropped off in Prince George County
because he was not familiar with the area.
The trial court acquitted appellant of conspiracy to commit
larceny, but convicted appellant of receiving stolen
property--Hickman's car--and attempted grand larceny of Barker's
car.
Concealing Stolen Property
Appellant contends the evidence was insufficient to convict
him under Code § 18.2-108 because he only learned the car was
stolen after he had been riding in it for a while, he did not
aid in concealing the vehicle, and he never possessed the car.
"If any person buy or receive from another person, or aid
in concealing, any stolen goods or other thing, knowing the same
to have been stolen, he shall be deemed guilty of larceny
thereof . . . ." Code § 18.2-108. "The statute defines the
offense of larceny in the disjunctive. Any person who buys or
receives or aids in concealing property knowing that it was the
fruit of a theft is guilty of constructive larceny." Spitzer v.
Commonwealth, 233 Va. 7, 9, 353 S.E.2d 711, 713 (1987). Black's
Law Dictionary 288 (6th ed. 1990) defines "conceal" as "[t]o
hide, secrete, or withhold from the knowledge of others."
The evidence proved that, at the earliest, appellant knew
Hickman's car was stolen when he first saw Mayo drive up in the
vehicle, and, at the latest, when they were near Pilots in
- 4 - Hopewell. Appellant was in the stolen car with Mayo for
approximately seven hours before they arrived in Prince George
County near the Barker residence. When approached by Officer
Messina, appellant falsely told the officer that the Hickman
vehicle belonged to his sister in a deliberate attempt to
conceal from the officer that the car was stolen. From the
evidence, the trial court could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that appellant was aiding in concealing property that he knew to
be stolen. The evidence was sufficient therefore to convict
appellant of violating Code § 18.2-108.
Attempted Grand Larceny
Appellant disavowed any intent to aid and abet the theft of
Barker's car, and he asserts his mere presence at the scene was
insufficient to convict him as a principal in the second degree.
A defendant is equally liable as a principal in the second
degree if he "intended his words, gestures, signals, or actions to
in some way encourage, advise, or urge, or in some way help the
person committing the crime to commit it." Ramsey v.
Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 265, 269, 343 S.E.2d 465, 468 (1986).
But "mere presence and consent will not suffice." Underwood v.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Benton, Humphreys and Retired Judge Kulp* Argued at Richmond, Virginia
JOHN ALONZO ROACH MEMORANDUM OPINION ** BY v. Record No. 2783-98-2 JUDGE JAMES E. KULP AUGUST 1, 2000 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY Robert G. O'Hara, Jr., Judge
David L. Cloninger for appellant.
Thomas D. Bagwell, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
John Alonzo Roach (appellant) appeals from a judgment of the
Prince George County Circuit Court (trial court) convicting him of
receiving/concealing stolen property and attempted grand larceny.
He contends the evidence was insufficient to prove the offenses.
For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the evidence was
sufficient to convict appellant of concealing stolen property, but
agree that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of
attempted grand larceny.
* Retired Judge James E. Kulp took part in the consideration of this case by designation pursuant to Code § 17.1-400, recodifying Code § 17-116.01. ** Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, recodifying Code § 17-116.010, this opinion is not designated for publication. "On appeal, 'we review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable
inferences fairly deducible therefrom.'" Archer v.
Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997)
(citation omitted). "This Court does not substitute its
judgment for that of the trier of fact, and the trial court's
judgment will not be set aside unless plainly wrong or without
evidence to support it." Hunley v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App.
556, 559, 518 S.E.2d 347, 349 (1999) (citation omitted).
Sometime around 1:00 a.m. on August 17, 1996, Richard Loftus
saw a car drive up to Shannon Barker's house with its headlights
off. Two men exited the vehicle, a 1996 Nissan Altima that had
been stolen in Richmond from Meredith Hickman on August 8, 1996.
Loftus' wife called the police to report this suspicious activity.
Upon arriving in Barker's and Loftus' neighborhood, Officer
Messina noticed that the dome light and brake lights on Barker's
car were illuminated. He saw appellant and Tyree Lundy standing
by Hickman's car. Appellant falsely claimed to be looking for a
young lady who lived in the area. Appellant then lied to Messina
and stated that Hickman's car belonged to his sister.
At some point after Messina encountered appellant and Lundy,
Maurice Mayo and Chris Barnes exited Barker's property from the
vicinity of Barker's car. Upon examining Barker's 1995 Nissan
Altima automobile, Messina noticed that the ignition was damaged
- 2 - and there were tools laying on the floorboard around the driver's
seat.
Appellant testified that on August 16, 1996, around
5:00 p.m., Mayo came to his house driving Hickman's car. The back
"vent" window on the car was broken, and the ignition had been
pried open. Appellant noticed the broken window, but testified
that he did not notice the pried-open ignition, even though he was
sitting in the front passenger seat. Appellant admitted that he
was with Mayo continuously thereafter, except for ten minutes
appellant spent at his uncle's residence and approximately an hour
appellant spent at his girlfriend's house. He noticed that Mayo
never turned off the car while they were together.
Appellant initially testified that he knew the car was stolen
as soon as he saw Mayo that day. He subsequently testified that
Mayo had been driving around in the car for one and a half to two
weeks and that, at first, he did not "expect" that the car was
stolen. Appellant testified at another point that "he didn't know
[Mayo] had the car for a week," and his testimony varied regarding
exactly when he learned the car was stolen. At the very latest,
appellant learned that the car was stolen as they drove past
Pilots in Hopewell, on the way to Barker's neighborhood.
Appellant admitted knowing that Mayo and Chris Barnes went to
Barker's neighborhood to steal a car, but testified that he did
not participate in this crime and that he accompanied them
unwillingly. Mayo refused to take appellant home, but he said
- 3 - that appellant did not have to participate in the theft.
Appellant did not want to be dropped off in Prince George County
because he was not familiar with the area.
The trial court acquitted appellant of conspiracy to commit
larceny, but convicted appellant of receiving stolen
property--Hickman's car--and attempted grand larceny of Barker's
car.
Concealing Stolen Property
Appellant contends the evidence was insufficient to convict
him under Code § 18.2-108 because he only learned the car was
stolen after he had been riding in it for a while, he did not
aid in concealing the vehicle, and he never possessed the car.
"If any person buy or receive from another person, or aid
in concealing, any stolen goods or other thing, knowing the same
to have been stolen, he shall be deemed guilty of larceny
thereof . . . ." Code § 18.2-108. "The statute defines the
offense of larceny in the disjunctive. Any person who buys or
receives or aids in concealing property knowing that it was the
fruit of a theft is guilty of constructive larceny." Spitzer v.
Commonwealth, 233 Va. 7, 9, 353 S.E.2d 711, 713 (1987). Black's
Law Dictionary 288 (6th ed. 1990) defines "conceal" as "[t]o
hide, secrete, or withhold from the knowledge of others."
The evidence proved that, at the earliest, appellant knew
Hickman's car was stolen when he first saw Mayo drive up in the
vehicle, and, at the latest, when they were near Pilots in
- 4 - Hopewell. Appellant was in the stolen car with Mayo for
approximately seven hours before they arrived in Prince George
County near the Barker residence. When approached by Officer
Messina, appellant falsely told the officer that the Hickman
vehicle belonged to his sister in a deliberate attempt to
conceal from the officer that the car was stolen. From the
evidence, the trial court could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that appellant was aiding in concealing property that he knew to
be stolen. The evidence was sufficient therefore to convict
appellant of violating Code § 18.2-108.
Attempted Grand Larceny
Appellant disavowed any intent to aid and abet the theft of
Barker's car, and he asserts his mere presence at the scene was
insufficient to convict him as a principal in the second degree.
A defendant is equally liable as a principal in the second
degree if he "intended his words, gestures, signals, or actions to
in some way encourage, advise, or urge, or in some way help the
person committing the crime to commit it." Ramsey v.
Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 265, 269, 343 S.E.2d 465, 468 (1986).
But "mere presence and consent will not suffice." Underwood v.
Commonwealth, 218 Va. 1045, 1048, 243 S.E.2d 231, 233 (1978).
"The prosecution must prove that the accused did or said something
showing his consent to the felonious purpose and his contribution
to its execution. . . . [H]e must share the criminal intent of
the actual perpetrator or be guilty of some overt act." Hall v.
- 5 - Commonwealth, 225 Va. 533, 536, 303 S.E.2d 903, 904 (1983)
(citation omitted).
Whenever "a conviction is based on circumstantial evidence,
'all necessary circumstances proved must be consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence and exclude every
reasonable hypothesis of innocence.'" Garland v. Commonwealth,
225 Va. 182, 184, 300 S.E.2d 783, 784 (1983) (citation omitted).
"[A] suspicion of guilt, however strong, or even a probability
of guilt, is insufficient to support a criminal conviction."
Bishop v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 164, 170, 313 S.E.2d 390, 393
(1984).
Appellant consistently denied aiding and abetting Mayo and
Barnes in attempting to steal Barker's car. While he was
present at the scene of the crime, appellant was not actively
assisting his codefendants, he had expressed to them that he did
not share their larcenous intent, and there was no evidence that
he was acting as a lookout. Although appellant's false
statements to Messina raise a suspicion of guilt, even when
coupled with his presence at the crime scene, they are
insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was
guilty of attempted grand larceny as a principal in the second
degree. Accordingly, this conviction must be reversed.
- 6 - For the reasons stated above, we affirm appellant's
conviction for concealing stolen property. But we reverse and
dismiss his conviction for attempted grand larceny.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and dismissed in part.
- 7 -