MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any Feb 24 2017, 9:03 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Alexander E. Budzenski Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Larry D. Allen Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Johiney Jesus Acuna-Hinojosa, February 24, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A05-1605-CR-1096 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Linda E. Brown, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge The Honorable Steven J. Rubick, Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 49F10-0905-CM-47325
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 1 of 8 [1] Johiney Acuna-Hinojosa appeals from the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief (PCR Petition). He asserts that the post-conviction court erred
in rejecting his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] On May 12, 2009, Acuna-Hinojosa was pulled over by Sergeant Allen Driver of
the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department because the vehicle Acuna-
Hinojosa was driving had a fake temporary license tag on the back. As soon as
Acuna-Hinojosa stopped, Sergeant Driver noticed that he was moving around
in the car and appeared to be reaching toward the passenger side. Acuna-
Hinojosa then attempted to exit the vehicle. Sergeant Driver ordered him back
inside the car, and Acuna-Hinojosa complied.
[4] After Acuna-Hinojosa complied with orders to show his hands, Sergeant Driver
approached the driver’s side door and immediately saw that there was a towel
draped over the steering column, which he recognized from his experience as a
sign that the car was potentially stolen. He also noted that Acuna-Hinojosa
seemed “[v]ery nervous, very hyper” and that he was moving around while
inside the vehicle. Exhibit 1 at 16. Sergeant Driver removed Acuna-Hinojosa
from the car and immediately placed him in handcuffs at the rear of the vehicle.
Upon returning to the driver’s door, Sergeant Driver removed the towel and
observed that the steering column was broken. He also saw in plain view a
black handgun sticking up between the armrests.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 2 of 8 [5] Sergeant Driver asked Acuna-Hinojosa for his identification and registration,
and Acuna-Hinojosa handed him a Mexican identification card. Because
Acuna-Hinojosa spoke minimal English, Sergeant Driver called an interpreter
to the scene. Acuna-Hinojosa admitted that he did not have a valid driver’s
license and Sergeant Driver determined that there was no permit on file for the
handgun. Sergeant Driver then placed Acuna-Hinojosa under arrest, and
during a search of his person, Sergeant Driver discovered other forms of
identification bearing a different name.
[6] The State charged Acuna-Hinojosa with Class A misdemeanor carrying a
handgun without a license and Class C misdemeanor driving without a license.
After his initial hearing, public defender Tom Lee was appointed to represent
Acuna-Hinojosa. Lee represented Acuna-Hinojosa at a pre-trial hearing and
was supervising counsel during trial. Angka Morris, a certified legal intern
under Lee’s supervision represented Acuna-Hinojosa at the September 2, 2009
bench trial. The trial court found Acuna-Hinojosa guilty as charged and
subsequently sentenced him to an aggregate term of 365 days, with credit for
four days time served and 361 days suspended.
[7] On December 5, 2014, Acuna-Hinojosa filed his PCR Petition. The post-
conviction court held a fact-finding hearing on February 12, 2016. The post-
conviction court entered its order denying Acuna-Hinojosa’s PCR petition on
April 22, 2016. This appeal ensued.
Discussion & Decision
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 3 of 8 [8] In a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner bears the burden of establishing
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Bethea v. State, 983
N.E.2d 1134, 1138 (Ind. 2013). “When appealing the denial of post-conviction
relief, the petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from a negative
judgment.” Id. (quoting Fisher v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004)). In
order to prevail, the petitioner must demonstrate that the evidence as a whole
leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite the post-conviction
court’s conclusion. Id. Although we do not defer to a post-conviction court’s
legal conclusions, we will reverse its findings and judgment only upon a
showing of clear error, i.e., “that which leaves us with a definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quoting Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 729
N.E.2d 102, 106 (Ind. 2000)).
[9] A petitioner will prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel only
upon a showing that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that the deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner.
Bethea, 983 N.E.2d at 1138. To satisfy the first element, the petitioner must
demonstrate deficient performance, which is “representation that fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, committing errors so serious that the
defendant did not have the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” Id.
(quoting McCary v. State, 761 N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002)).
[10] To satisfy the second element, the petitioner must show prejudice, which is “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Id. at 1139. “A reasonable probability is one that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 4 of 8 is sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Kubsch v. State, 934
N.E.2d 1138, 1147 (Ind. 2010) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)). Because a petitioner must prove
both deficient performance and prejudice in order to prevail on a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, the failure to prove either element defeats such
a claim. See Young v. State, 746 N.E.2d 920, 927 (Ind. 2001).
[11] There is a strong presumption that trial counsel rendered adequate service.
Bethea, 983 N.E.2d at 1139. “We afford counsel considerable discretion in
choosing strategy and tactics, and ‘[i]solated mistakes, poor strategy,
inexperience, and instances of bad judgment do not necessarily render
representation ineffective,’” State v. Hollin, 970 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. 2012)
(quoting Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603 (Ind.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any Feb 24 2017, 9:03 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Alexander E. Budzenski Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Larry D. Allen Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Johiney Jesus Acuna-Hinojosa, February 24, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A05-1605-CR-1096 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Linda E. Brown, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge The Honorable Steven J. Rubick, Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 49F10-0905-CM-47325
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 1 of 8 [1] Johiney Acuna-Hinojosa appeals from the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief (PCR Petition). He asserts that the post-conviction court erred
in rejecting his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] On May 12, 2009, Acuna-Hinojosa was pulled over by Sergeant Allen Driver of
the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department because the vehicle Acuna-
Hinojosa was driving had a fake temporary license tag on the back. As soon as
Acuna-Hinojosa stopped, Sergeant Driver noticed that he was moving around
in the car and appeared to be reaching toward the passenger side. Acuna-
Hinojosa then attempted to exit the vehicle. Sergeant Driver ordered him back
inside the car, and Acuna-Hinojosa complied.
[4] After Acuna-Hinojosa complied with orders to show his hands, Sergeant Driver
approached the driver’s side door and immediately saw that there was a towel
draped over the steering column, which he recognized from his experience as a
sign that the car was potentially stolen. He also noted that Acuna-Hinojosa
seemed “[v]ery nervous, very hyper” and that he was moving around while
inside the vehicle. Exhibit 1 at 16. Sergeant Driver removed Acuna-Hinojosa
from the car and immediately placed him in handcuffs at the rear of the vehicle.
Upon returning to the driver’s door, Sergeant Driver removed the towel and
observed that the steering column was broken. He also saw in plain view a
black handgun sticking up between the armrests.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 2 of 8 [5] Sergeant Driver asked Acuna-Hinojosa for his identification and registration,
and Acuna-Hinojosa handed him a Mexican identification card. Because
Acuna-Hinojosa spoke minimal English, Sergeant Driver called an interpreter
to the scene. Acuna-Hinojosa admitted that he did not have a valid driver’s
license and Sergeant Driver determined that there was no permit on file for the
handgun. Sergeant Driver then placed Acuna-Hinojosa under arrest, and
during a search of his person, Sergeant Driver discovered other forms of
identification bearing a different name.
[6] The State charged Acuna-Hinojosa with Class A misdemeanor carrying a
handgun without a license and Class C misdemeanor driving without a license.
After his initial hearing, public defender Tom Lee was appointed to represent
Acuna-Hinojosa. Lee represented Acuna-Hinojosa at a pre-trial hearing and
was supervising counsel during trial. Angka Morris, a certified legal intern
under Lee’s supervision represented Acuna-Hinojosa at the September 2, 2009
bench trial. The trial court found Acuna-Hinojosa guilty as charged and
subsequently sentenced him to an aggregate term of 365 days, with credit for
four days time served and 361 days suspended.
[7] On December 5, 2014, Acuna-Hinojosa filed his PCR Petition. The post-
conviction court held a fact-finding hearing on February 12, 2016. The post-
conviction court entered its order denying Acuna-Hinojosa’s PCR petition on
April 22, 2016. This appeal ensued.
Discussion & Decision
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 3 of 8 [8] In a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner bears the burden of establishing
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Bethea v. State, 983
N.E.2d 1134, 1138 (Ind. 2013). “When appealing the denial of post-conviction
relief, the petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from a negative
judgment.” Id. (quoting Fisher v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004)). In
order to prevail, the petitioner must demonstrate that the evidence as a whole
leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite the post-conviction
court’s conclusion. Id. Although we do not defer to a post-conviction court’s
legal conclusions, we will reverse its findings and judgment only upon a
showing of clear error, i.e., “that which leaves us with a definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quoting Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 729
N.E.2d 102, 106 (Ind. 2000)).
[9] A petitioner will prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel only
upon a showing that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that the deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner.
Bethea, 983 N.E.2d at 1138. To satisfy the first element, the petitioner must
demonstrate deficient performance, which is “representation that fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, committing errors so serious that the
defendant did not have the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” Id.
(quoting McCary v. State, 761 N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002)).
[10] To satisfy the second element, the petitioner must show prejudice, which is “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Id. at 1139. “A reasonable probability is one that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 4 of 8 is sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Kubsch v. State, 934
N.E.2d 1138, 1147 (Ind. 2010) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)). Because a petitioner must prove
both deficient performance and prejudice in order to prevail on a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, the failure to prove either element defeats such
a claim. See Young v. State, 746 N.E.2d 920, 927 (Ind. 2001).
[11] There is a strong presumption that trial counsel rendered adequate service.
Bethea, 983 N.E.2d at 1139. “We afford counsel considerable discretion in
choosing strategy and tactics, and ‘[i]solated mistakes, poor strategy,
inexperience, and instances of bad judgment do not necessarily render
representation ineffective,’” State v. Hollin, 970 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. 2012)
(quoting Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603 (Ind. 2001)).
[12] Acuna-Hinojosa first argues that a Cronic violation occurred. See U.S. v. Cronic,
466 U.S. 648 (1984). He did not, however, present a Cronic claim to the post-
conviction court and thus, the post-conviction court was not given the
opportunity to rule on this independent ground. He has therefore waived this
issue for our review. See Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(8) (“All grounds for relief
available to a petitioner under this rule must be raised in his original petition”).
[13] Waiver notwithstanding, Acuna-Hinojosa’s claim fails. The Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution guarantees the assistance of counsel at all
critical stages of proceedings. Id. at 659; see also Mosley v. State, 908 N.E.2d 599,
604 (Ind. 2009). The right to assistance of counsel is so essential that prejudice
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 5 of 8 is presumed when there is actual or constructive denial of the assistance of
counsel. Hernandez v. State, 761 N.E.2d 845, 849 (Ind. 2002) (citing Strickland,
466 U.S. at 692). In Cronic, the United States Supreme Court created a narrow
exception to the Strickland inquiry and held that in extreme cases “a
presumption of ineffectiveness” may be justified as to obviate the need for
inquiry into counsel’s actual performance. 466 U.S. at 662. There are only a
few situations that justify such an extreme measure: (1) when counsel is
completely denied; (2) when counsel wholly fails to subject the prosecution’s
case to meaningful adversarial testing; and (3) when circumstances are such that
“the likelihood that any lawyer, even a fully competent one, could provide
effective assistance is so small that a presumption of prejudice is appropriate
without inquiry into the actual conduct of the trial.” Conner v. State, 711 N.E.2d
1238, 1254 (Ind. 1999) (quoting Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659-60).
[14] Acuna-Hinojosa argues that he was completely denied the right to counsel prior
to trial because he claims his appointed counsel met with him once on the day
of trial and did not use an interpreter to aid in communication. Specifically, he
maintains that his trial counsel failed to discharge his duty to make a reasonable
investigation of his case, which he asserts should at least have included an
effective pre-trial consultation with him.
[15] Aside from his own self-serving assertions that he was deprived of counsel,
Acuna-Hinojosa has failed to present any meaningful evidence in support of his
claim. In fact, the record establishes that he was appointed a public defender
and that the public defender appeared with Acuna-Hinojosa at a pre-trial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 6 of 8 conference and again met with him prior to trial, albeit briefly. During the trial,
Acuna-Hinojosa was represented by a certified legal intern under the
supervision of his public defender. The State’s case was subjected to adversarial
testing in the form of a motion to suppress evidence and attempted refutation of
Acuna-Hinojosa’s mens rea in committing the crimes. A relevance objection
was also asserted with regard to introduction into evidence of pieces of
identification belonging to someone other than Acuna-Hinojosa that were
found on Acuna-Hinojosa’s person. Acuna-Hinojosa asserts no grounds that
fall within the third situation presented in Cronic, and he has consequently failed
to meet his heavy burden of establishing a Cronic violation.
[16] We turn now to his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland.
We begin by noting that the gist of Acuna-Hinojosa’s claim is that his counsel
did not meet with him prior to trial to discuss trial strategy or possible defenses.
The only evidence in support of his claim is his own self-serving statements.
Acuna-Hinojosa did not call or solicit evidence from his appointed counsel.
When a petitioner does not present evidence from his trial counsel, it can be
presumed that counsel’s testimony would not have been favorable. See
Culvahouse v. State, 819 N.E.2d 857, 863 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). Acuna-Hinojosa
has not shown that his allegations are true, and in fact, the post-conviction
court found them factually lacking. Acuna-Hinojosa has failed to overcome the
presumption that his counsel rendered effective representation.
[17] We further note that Acuna-Hinojosa failed to demonstrate how he was
prejudiced by counsel’s performance. There was ample evidence of his guilt.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 7 of 8 Indeed, Acuna-Hinojosa admitted that he did not have a driver’s license and
Sergeant Driver testified that the handgun was in plain view as it was sticking
out between the arm rests of the front seats. Acuna-Hinojosa was the only one
in the car. His claim that the handgun was not his does not establish a defense
to the crime of carrying a handgun without a license under these circumstances.
Acuna-Hinojosa cannot show that counsel’s performance, even if deficient,
affected the outcome.
[18] In sum, we conclude that the post-conviction court did not err in denying
Acuna-Hinojosa’s petition for post-conviction relief.
[19] Judgment affirmed.
[20] Riley, J. and Crone, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1605-CR-1096 | February 24, 2017 Page 8 of 8