FOURTH DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., ANDREWS and BOGGS, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
October 3, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A1542. HENLEY v. THE STATE. DO-059 C
DOYLE , Presiding Judge.
In this discretionary appeal, Joel Henley challenges an order revoking his
probation based on new offenses. Henley contends that (1) the State failed to provide
sufficient admissible evidence that he possessed (a) controlled substances or (b) drug-
related objects, and (2) the trial court erroneously revoked more than two years of
probation pursuant to OCGA § 42-8-34.1 (c). For the reasons that follow, we reverse
the judgment and remand the case for resentencing.
A court may revoke probation based on new violations if the evidence produced at the revocation hearing establishes by a preponderance of the evidence the violation or violations alleged. And this Court will not interfere with a revocation absent manifest abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court. Accordingly, if admissible evidence is presented in support of the allegations regarding revocation of probation, this Court will affirm.1
The record shows that Henley pleaded guilty to robbery and was sentenced to
a term of probation for 11 years, 11 months, and 11 days. In March 2010, while on
probation, Henley was stopped at a police roadblock. After Henley was unable to
produce a license and gave a false name to the inquiring officer, Henley was arrested,
his vehicle was searched pursuant to the owner’s consent, and police found a number
of unidentified pills as well as two pipes that appeared to be used for smoking
controlled substances.
The State petitioned for revocation of Henley’s probation based on the
encounter at the roadblock, and Henley admitted giving a false name, having a
suspended license, and committing technical probation violations. Based on the
evidence from the hearing, the trial court revoked four years of Henley’s probation
based on eight violations: two new felony offenses of possessing controlled
substances (alleged codeine and oxycodone pills); three new misdemeanor offenses
(possessing drug-related objects, driving while his license was suspended, and giving
1 (Footnotes and punctuation omitted.) Brown v. State, 294 Ga. App. 1, 3 (2) (668 SE2d 490) (2008).
2 a false name); and three technical violations (failure to initially report, failure to
complete day reporting, and failure to pay a fine). After Henley applied for
discretionary review of the revocation, we granted his application.
1. (a) Possession of controlled substances. Henley contends that the State failed
to provide sufficient admissible evidence to support the trial court’s findings that he
possessed oxycodone and codeine, which was the basis for two new felony offenses
supporting the revocation. Indeed, as ruled by the trial court and conceded by the
State on appeal, the testifying officer failed to give a proper foundation for his
identification of the pills and there was no evidence of lab results for testing the pills.
Therefore, there was no admissible evidence that the pills were actually contraband.
Despite this, the trial court appeared to rely on the fact that Henley told an
officer that there was contraband in the vehicle and where to find it. But this
statement was made to an officer who did not testify in court; instead, the statement
was repeated by the testifying officer who explained that he was repeating what
another officer told him. Henley correctly objected to this statement on hearsay
grounds, and the trial court erred by considering it.2 Such a statement derives its value
2 See, e.g., Zachery v. State, 276 Ga. App. 688, 691 (2) (624 SE2d 265) (2005) (testimony by one officer as to what another officer told him that an informant said was inadmissible hearsay); Morris v. State, 265 Ga. App. 186, 187 (593 SE2d 360)
3 not from the credit of the testifying officer but from the veracity and competency of
the non-testifying officer.3 Hearsay testimony lacks probative value, so the trial court
erred by relying on the hearsay testimony to conclude that Henley had knowledge of
the contraband in the vehicle. This left no evidence to conclude, even under the
State’s lower burden of proof at the hearing, that the pills were contraband.
Accordingly, the trial court erred by basing its revocation decision on the two new
felony counts of possession of controlled substance.
(b) Possession of drug-related objects. Likewise, with respect to Henley’s
alleged possession of the two pipes, which support the possession of drug-related
objects offense, there was no admissible evidence that Henley knew of the existence
of the pipes or where they were located in the vehicle. There was uncontroverted
evidence that Henley was not the owner of the vehicle, and in fact the owner did
come to the scene and claim the vehicle. Therefore, Henley argues that under the
equal access rule, the evidence was insufficient to show he possessed the drug-related
objects in the vehicle.
(2004) (“hearsay, even if not objected to, proves nothing”) (citation omitted). 3 See OCGA § 24-3-1 (a).
4 Because Henley was not found holding the objects or with them on his person,
the State’s theory of possession is based on the legal presumption that he possessed
the objects because he was driving the vehicle where they were found at the time they
were found.4
However, this presumption is rebuttable by evidence of equal access. And in this context, evidence showing that a person or persons other than the owner or driver of the automobile had equal access to the contraband found in the automobile may or will, depending on the strength of the evidence, overcome the presumption that the contraband was in the exclusive possession of the owner or driver. Whether the evidence of equal access was sufficient to rebut any inference of possession is a question properly left to the [fact finder].5
Here, the only evidence of equal access was that another person owned the car.
There was no evidence that the owner or any other person had recent access to the
4 See Henry v. State, 311 Ga. App. 353, 354 (716 SE2d 232) (2011) (“In cases involving contraband found in vehicles, the [S]tate is generally entitled to an evidentiary presumption that the driver . . . of the vehicle is in constructive possession of the contraband.”). 5 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Mercado v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (731 SE2d 82) (2012).
5 vehicle.6 “Contrary to [Henley’s] arguments otherwise, the fact that [another person]
owned the car was insufficient, by itself, to” require a finding that Henley had
rebutted the presumption that he possessed what was in the vehicle at the time he
drove it.7 Therefore, in light of the record before us, including the fact that Henley
was the sole occupant of the vehicle and there was no evidence of recent access by
others, the trial court was not required to abandon the presumption that Henley
possessed what was found in the vehicle when he drove it.
2.
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FOURTH DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., ANDREWS and BOGGS, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
October 3, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A1542. HENLEY v. THE STATE. DO-059 C
DOYLE , Presiding Judge.
In this discretionary appeal, Joel Henley challenges an order revoking his
probation based on new offenses. Henley contends that (1) the State failed to provide
sufficient admissible evidence that he possessed (a) controlled substances or (b) drug-
related objects, and (2) the trial court erroneously revoked more than two years of
probation pursuant to OCGA § 42-8-34.1 (c). For the reasons that follow, we reverse
the judgment and remand the case for resentencing.
A court may revoke probation based on new violations if the evidence produced at the revocation hearing establishes by a preponderance of the evidence the violation or violations alleged. And this Court will not interfere with a revocation absent manifest abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court. Accordingly, if admissible evidence is presented in support of the allegations regarding revocation of probation, this Court will affirm.1
The record shows that Henley pleaded guilty to robbery and was sentenced to
a term of probation for 11 years, 11 months, and 11 days. In March 2010, while on
probation, Henley was stopped at a police roadblock. After Henley was unable to
produce a license and gave a false name to the inquiring officer, Henley was arrested,
his vehicle was searched pursuant to the owner’s consent, and police found a number
of unidentified pills as well as two pipes that appeared to be used for smoking
controlled substances.
The State petitioned for revocation of Henley’s probation based on the
encounter at the roadblock, and Henley admitted giving a false name, having a
suspended license, and committing technical probation violations. Based on the
evidence from the hearing, the trial court revoked four years of Henley’s probation
based on eight violations: two new felony offenses of possessing controlled
substances (alleged codeine and oxycodone pills); three new misdemeanor offenses
(possessing drug-related objects, driving while his license was suspended, and giving
1 (Footnotes and punctuation omitted.) Brown v. State, 294 Ga. App. 1, 3 (2) (668 SE2d 490) (2008).
2 a false name); and three technical violations (failure to initially report, failure to
complete day reporting, and failure to pay a fine). After Henley applied for
discretionary review of the revocation, we granted his application.
1. (a) Possession of controlled substances. Henley contends that the State failed
to provide sufficient admissible evidence to support the trial court’s findings that he
possessed oxycodone and codeine, which was the basis for two new felony offenses
supporting the revocation. Indeed, as ruled by the trial court and conceded by the
State on appeal, the testifying officer failed to give a proper foundation for his
identification of the pills and there was no evidence of lab results for testing the pills.
Therefore, there was no admissible evidence that the pills were actually contraband.
Despite this, the trial court appeared to rely on the fact that Henley told an
officer that there was contraband in the vehicle and where to find it. But this
statement was made to an officer who did not testify in court; instead, the statement
was repeated by the testifying officer who explained that he was repeating what
another officer told him. Henley correctly objected to this statement on hearsay
grounds, and the trial court erred by considering it.2 Such a statement derives its value
2 See, e.g., Zachery v. State, 276 Ga. App. 688, 691 (2) (624 SE2d 265) (2005) (testimony by one officer as to what another officer told him that an informant said was inadmissible hearsay); Morris v. State, 265 Ga. App. 186, 187 (593 SE2d 360)
3 not from the credit of the testifying officer but from the veracity and competency of
the non-testifying officer.3 Hearsay testimony lacks probative value, so the trial court
erred by relying on the hearsay testimony to conclude that Henley had knowledge of
the contraband in the vehicle. This left no evidence to conclude, even under the
State’s lower burden of proof at the hearing, that the pills were contraband.
Accordingly, the trial court erred by basing its revocation decision on the two new
felony counts of possession of controlled substance.
(b) Possession of drug-related objects. Likewise, with respect to Henley’s
alleged possession of the two pipes, which support the possession of drug-related
objects offense, there was no admissible evidence that Henley knew of the existence
of the pipes or where they were located in the vehicle. There was uncontroverted
evidence that Henley was not the owner of the vehicle, and in fact the owner did
come to the scene and claim the vehicle. Therefore, Henley argues that under the
equal access rule, the evidence was insufficient to show he possessed the drug-related
objects in the vehicle.
(2004) (“hearsay, even if not objected to, proves nothing”) (citation omitted). 3 See OCGA § 24-3-1 (a).
4 Because Henley was not found holding the objects or with them on his person,
the State’s theory of possession is based on the legal presumption that he possessed
the objects because he was driving the vehicle where they were found at the time they
were found.4
However, this presumption is rebuttable by evidence of equal access. And in this context, evidence showing that a person or persons other than the owner or driver of the automobile had equal access to the contraband found in the automobile may or will, depending on the strength of the evidence, overcome the presumption that the contraband was in the exclusive possession of the owner or driver. Whether the evidence of equal access was sufficient to rebut any inference of possession is a question properly left to the [fact finder].5
Here, the only evidence of equal access was that another person owned the car.
There was no evidence that the owner or any other person had recent access to the
4 See Henry v. State, 311 Ga. App. 353, 354 (716 SE2d 232) (2011) (“In cases involving contraband found in vehicles, the [S]tate is generally entitled to an evidentiary presumption that the driver . . . of the vehicle is in constructive possession of the contraband.”). 5 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Mercado v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (731 SE2d 82) (2012).
5 vehicle.6 “Contrary to [Henley’s] arguments otherwise, the fact that [another person]
owned the car was insufficient, by itself, to” require a finding that Henley had
rebutted the presumption that he possessed what was in the vehicle at the time he
drove it.7 Therefore, in light of the record before us, including the fact that Henley
was the sole occupant of the vehicle and there was no evidence of recent access by
others, the trial court was not required to abandon the presumption that Henley
possessed what was found in the vehicle when he drove it.
2. Henley points out that the revocation petition does not specify which Code
section Henley is alleged to have violated for the drug-related objects offense; instead
it simply accuses him of possessing certain specified drug-related objects. Henley
correctly argues that the only violation alleged and proved falls under OCGA § 16-
6 See Maldonado v. State, 313 Ga. App. 511, 513 (1) (722 SE2d 123) (2012) (noting that the defendant “was the sole occupant of the vehicle, and there was no evidence adduced demonstrating that anyone else had access to the contents of the truck”). 7 (Emphasis supplied.) Mercado, __ Ga. App. at __. See Navarro v. State, 293 Ga. App. 329, 331 (667 SE2d 125) (2008). See also Mangum v. State, 308 Ga. App. 84, 87 (1) (706 SE2d 612) (2011) (explaining that the equal access rule depends on the strength of the evidence of equal access and does not require the State to prove a negative fact).
6 13-32.2, which makes possession of a drug-related object a misdemeanor.8 In light
of this fact and the rulings herein, the only offenses supported by the record were the
drug-related objects misdemeanor offense and those others admitted by Henley: the
non-violent misdemeanor offenses9 of giving a false name, driving with a suspended
license and the technical violations.10 Therefore, as conceded by the State under this
result, the trial court was not authorized to revoke more than two years of Henley’s
outstanding probation.11 Accordingly, we remand the case for resentencing in accord
with statutory authority.12
Judgment reversed and case remanded for resentencing. Andrews and Boggs,
JJ., concur.
8 Henley does not specifically argue that the indictment’s lack of specificity renders it void, but we note that an indictment’s “description of the offense charged prevails over any Code section cited.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) In re B. C. G., 235 Ga. App. 1, 3 (1) (508 SE2d 239) (1998). 9 See OCGA §§ 16-10-25 (false name); 40-5-121 (a) (suspended license). 10 See OCGA § 16-13-32.2 (b) (possession of drug-related object is a misdemeanor). 11 See OCGA § 42-8-34.1 (c); Bergen v. State, 300 Ga. App. 837, 838-839 (686 SE2d 410) (2009). 12 The date of the revocation order was entered on July 6, 2010. Therefore, it appears that Henley has already served the maximum two-year revocation period.