IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-0139 Filed March 5, 2025
JOANNE C. JONES, Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
MERCY HOSPITAL, MERCY MEDICAL CENTER, CEDAR RAPIDS IOWA, and JORDAN C. IMOEHL, Defendants-Appellees. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Jason D. Besler, Judge.
The plaintiff appeals the dismissal of her civil suit against a doctor and
medical center for failure to file a certificate of merit pursuant to Iowa Code
section 147.140 (2023). AFFIRMED.
John G. Daufeldt of John C. Wagner Law Offices, P.C., Amana, for
appellant.
Dawn M. Gibson, Christine L. Conover, and Carrie L. Thompson of
Simmons Perrine Moyer Bergman PLC, Cedar Rapids, and Jennifer E. Rinden,
Vincent S. Geis, and Eric P. Martin of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, PLC, Cedar Rapids,
for appellees.
Heard by Greer, P.J., and Langholz and Sandy, JJ. 2
GREER, Presiding Judge.
After falling in her home, Joanne Jones was taken by ambulance to Mercy
Medical Center, where she was treated by Dr. Jordan Imoehl. Jones later brought
a lawsuit against the medical center and doctor (collectively, Mercy), claiming
professional negligence, infliction of emotional distress, breach of contract, and res
ipsa loquitur—all based on the theory that she was not timely diagnosed and
treated for a stroke she suffered. After the time to file a certificate of merit passed,1
Mercy moved to dismiss Jones’s suit in its entirety. The district court concluded
that expert testimony was necessary to establish each of Jones’s four claims, so
her failure to file a timely certificate of merit was fatal to her suit. It granted Mercy’s
motion to dismiss, which Jones challenges in part on appeal.2
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
According to Jones’s pleadings, she fell in her bathroom on the morning of
March 28, 2021. She was unable to get to her feet, so she crawled to her living
room, where she accessed a phone. After contacting her son, Vic, an ambulance
was dispatched to Jones’s home. Ambulance personnel conducted neurological
testing on Jones before transporting her to Mercy Medical Center at approximately
10:00 a.m. Jones was seen and treated by Dr. Imoehl and other medical staff
employed by Mercy Medical Center while a patient at the medical center. During
1 A certificate of merit “is ‘an affidavit signed by an expert witness stating the appropriate standard of care and its alleged breach.’” Est. of Butterfield v. Chautauqua Guest Home, Inc., 987 N.W.2d 834, 837 (Iowa 2023) (citation omitted). 2 Jones concedes the dismissal of her professional-negligence claim was proper.
She limits her challenge on appeal to the court’s dismissal of her other three claims. 3
this time, Jones’s left leg was “not working correctly” and her left arm was
“noticeably limp and unresponsive”; an x-ray confirmed that Jones fractured her
tibia. Another of Jones’s sons, Steve, was present at the medical center, and he
conveyed to nursing staff and Jones’s treating physician his concerns that Jones
“was or had suffered a stroke.” A CT scan was completed, and the results were
negative for a stroke.
Vic visited Jones at the medical center the next morning around 6:30 a.m.
“Vic could visibly ascertain that [Jones] had symptoms of someone who had a
stroke,” and he reported his concerns to nursing staff. Later in the morning, a
physical therapist attended Jones and “[c]onfirmed . . . concerns and stated
[Jones] had suffered a stroke, which was confirmed by [Jones’s] left side of her
face being unresponsive to the therapist’s request that she smile.” Based on the
physical therapist’s report, Jones was taken for MRI testing around 11:00 a.m.
“Later in the day . . . MRI testing confirmed [Jones] had suffered a stroke; and at
approximately 6:00 p.m. she was then transferred to the stroke ward for associated
stroke care.” Vic was later told by Jones’s treating doctor that she had suffered a
very severe stroke.
Jones filed a lawsuit in March 2023, claiming professional negligence
(count I),3 infliction of emotional distress (count II), breach of contract (count III),
and res ipsa loquitur (count IV).
3 Jones used the term “medical malpractice.” We understand “professional negligence” to be a synonym of “medical malpractice” in this context and use it instead to be consistent with recent case law discussing section 147.140. 4
For her professional-negligence claim, Jones asserted she was injured by
“want of appropriate consultations, treatments, diagnoses, procedures,
prescription of medications, surgery and operative care, and other medical care.”
She claimed Mercy held itself out as having the specialized knowledge and skills
to diagnose and treat stroke-related symptoms; she relied on Mercy to have the
specialized knowledge and skills to diagnose and treat stroke-related symptoms;
and during the more than two weeks she was a patient of Mercy, she employed
Mercy “to provide medical care consistent with successfully and healthfully
diagnosing and treating” her stroke symptoms. Jones maintained Mercy breached
its duty of care in four ways:
(a) In failing to timely and properly diagnosis [her] with having suffered a major stroke event; (b) In failing to timely and properly initiate its own known stroke care protocols which would have mitigated some or all of the major stroke event’s impact on [her]; (c) In failing to render timely stroke care to [her] on March 28, 2021, despite her family’s concerns to Mercy Medical staff that [she] was or had suffered a stroke; (d) In failing to exercise a degree of care and skill ordinarily exercised under the conditions and circumstances then and there existing.
Jones included the same assertions and allegations—almost verbatim—under
count II, infliction of emotional distress and count IV, res ipsa loquitur.
In count II, infliction of emotional distress, Jones asserted Mercy caused her
“emotional distress, including but not limited to the effect of a significant and
profound change in lifestyle and quality of life,” and characterized the “cause” of
Jones’s emotional distress as the same four theories:
(a) In failing to timely and properly diagnosis [her] with having suffered a major stroke event; 5
(b) In failing to timely and properly initiate its own known stroke care protocols which would have mitigated some or all of the major stroke event’s impact on [her]; (c) In failing to render timely stroke care to [her] on March 28, 2021, despite her family’s concerns to Mercy Medical staff that [she] was or had suffered a stroke; (d) In failing to exercise a degree of care and skill ordinarily exercised under the conditions and circumstances then and there existing.
Under count III, breach of contract, Jones claimed Mercy provided her
medical care and treatment for more than two weeks and, while she “fulfilled her
obligations as a patient under the care of [Mercy], . . . its actions or inactions, as
previously set forth herein, constitute a breach of contract.” (Emphasis added.)
The petition did not identify if the contract was oral or written.
Dr. Imoehl answered on June 26, and Mercy Medical Center answered on
June 30—starting the respective sixty-day windows for Jones to serve a certificate
of merit affidavit on the defendants. See Iowa Code § 147.140(1)(a) (2023).
Before the time windows expired, Jones alerted the court that the parties agreed
to extend the deadline approximately one month until September 24 and asked for
the deadline to be extended accordingly. See id. § 147.140(4). The district court
granted the motion.
On September 27, Mercy filed a joint motion to dismiss with prejudice for
lack of certificate of merit. Jones resisted in part; she “concede[d] she has not and
cannot provide a [c]ertificate of [m]erit pursuant to section 147.140” for her
professional-negligence claim. She stated she would file a voluntary dismissal
with prejudice for count I. But she resisted dismissal of the other claims, arguing
section 147.140 did not provide for dismissal of claims regarding “ordinary 6
negligence” or res ipsa loquitar. Mercy replied, explicitly asking the court to
dismiss all four claims. Mercy argued:
[The] additional claims are nothing more than legal gymnastics to try to get around the statutory requirements of [section] 147.140, which [Jones] clearly contemplated given her earlier request for an extension of time to try to obtain the required certificates of merit. All of [Jones] remaining claims are based on [her] claim of [professional negligence] and also require expert testimony and certificates of merit pursuant to [section] 147.140.
The district court granted Mercy’s motion to dismiss without a hearing. In
its written ruling, the court noted that section 147.140(6) required “dismissal with
prejudice of each cause of action as to which expert witness testimony is
necessary to establish a prima facie case.” After considering Jones’s claims, the
court concluded an expert was necessary to prove each one so the lack of
certificate of merit was fatal to each count. The court dismissed all four of Jones’s
claims with prejudice.4
Jones appeals.
II. Standard and Scope of Review.
“We review a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for the correction
of errors at law.” Struck v. Mercy Health Servs.-Iowa Corp., 973 N.W.2d 533, 538
(Iowa 2022) (citation omitted). “For purposes of reviewing a ruling on a motion to
dismiss, we accept as true the petition’s well-pleaded factual allegations, but not
its legal conclusions.” Id. (citation omitted). “We construe the petition in its most
4 While Jones’s October 13, 2023 response to Mercy’s motion to dismiss stated,
“[Jones] will file a Voluntary Dismissal with Prejudice regarding Count I,” no dismissal followed. So, recognizing all four claims were still at issue at the time of its written ruling on the motion to dismiss, the district court considered and granted Mercy’s motion to dismiss as it related to count I as well as the other three counts. 7
favorable light, resolving all doubts and ambiguities in the plaintiff’s favor.” Id.
(cleaned up).
III. Discussion.
While Jones concedes the dismissal of her professional-negligence claim
was proper, she contends the dismissal of the other three claims was in error,
arguing (1) the district court held her to an improper, heightened pleading standard
when ruling on the motion to dismiss as to those claims; (2) application of
section 147.140 is confined to professional-negligence claims; and (3) the
authorities relied on by the district court do not support dismissal, as her claims
can be established without expert testimony. We consider each of her arguments
in turn.
Jones recognizes that Mercy’s motion to dismiss for failure to comply with
section 147.140 was filed at an appropriate time and that the district court’s
decision to dismiss count I was proper. And she is right about that. “[T]he
legislature enacted section 147.140 to provide a mechanism for early dismissal
with prejudice of professional liability claims against healthcare providers when
supporting expert testimony is lacking.” Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 539. The statute’s
“reasonable objective is to give the defending health care professional a chance
to arrest a baseless action early in the process if a qualified expert does not certify
that the defendant breached the standard of care.” Miller v. Cath. Health
Initiatives-Iowa Corp., 7 N.W.3d 367, 374 (Iowa 2024) (cleaned up). Which is
exactly what happened here—with all parties’ agreement, Jones was given
additional time to retain an expert and get their opinion on her case. The expert,
though engaged and retained, “was unable to provide a certificate merit certifying 8
in his opinion professional negligence had occurred, which [Jones] conceded in
her Resistance to the Motion to Dismiss” (according to Jones’s brief on appeal).
But she suggests the district court threw the baby out with the bathwater
when it disposed of counts II, III, and IV while dismissing her professional-
negligence claim for lack of certificate of merit. She argues that, because Iowa
allows notice pleading, it was too soon for the court to dispose of the other claims.
See Benskin v. West Bank, 952 N.W.2d 292, 296 (Iowa 2020) (“Motions to dismiss
are disfavored. . . . Lawyers should exercise ‘professional patience’ and challenge
vulnerable cases by summary judgment or at trial instead of through ‘premature
attacks on litigation by motions to dismiss.’” (citation omitted)); Rees v. City of
Shenandoah, 682 N.W.2d 77, 79 (Iowa 2004) (“Under notice pleading, nearly
every case will survive a motion to dismiss. The petition need not allege ultimate
facts that support each element of the cause of action.” (internal citation omitted)).
But, to allow the defendant to adequately respond to the petition, it “must contain
factual allegations that give the defendant ‘fair notice’ of the claim asserted.” Rees,
682 N.W.2d at 79. And we will construe the petition in “its most favorable light,
resolving all doubts and ambiguities in [the plaintiff’s] favor.” Benskin, 952 N.W.2d
at 298 (alteration in original) (citation omitted).
In other words, while conceding it was the proper time to evaluate her
professional-negligence claim to determine if expert testimony was necessary,
Jones attempts to exclude her other three claims from the same treatment. She
argues the application of section 147.140 is limited to only “professional
negligence” claims. But our supreme court has already rejected that position: 9
Section 147.140 does not use the term “professional negligence” but talks in terms of “alleged negligence in the practice of that profession or occupation or in patient care”—a broader concept. Iowa Code § 147.140(1). So any claim for negligence in patient care requires the certificate of merit, as long as expert testimony is required to prove up the claim.
Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 540 n.6 (emphasis added). With that in mind, we agree with
the district court’s approach to ruling on the motion to dismiss—evaluating each of
Jones’s claims to determine whether, in substance, it is a claim of negligent patient
care that required expert testimony to prove it. Cf. id. at 542 (“We decline to allow
plaintiffs to evade the statutory requirement on appeal by relabeling a professional
negligence claim as one of ordinary negligence.”). If the claim is, then Jones’s lack
of timely certificate of merit is fatal and granting the motion to dismiss was proper.
See Iowa Code § 147.140(6). This analysis requires more than looking at the
heading of each count; it involves an examination of the specific allegations made.
We evaluate these claims through the motion-to-dismiss lens, meaning that
while Jones “need not allege ultimate facts that support each element of the cause
of action,” the petition must “inform[] [Mercy] of the incident giving rise to the claim
and of the claim’s general nature.” Rees, 682 N.W.2d at 79. Jones argues the
district court applied a heightened pleading standard by holding her to the
allegations included in her petition when deciding the motion to dismiss, but she
“is bound by the allegations actually [pled] within the four corners of her petition.”
Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 541. If she had other, additional allegations to support her
claims, “she should have alleged them in her petition or moved for leave to amend
to add them, neither of which she did.” Id. If each claim—whatever the title—boils
down to a claim for negligence in patient care that requires expert testimony, then 10
Jones will have “effectively [pled] herself out of court” due to her lack of certificate
of merit. Id.
We consider each of Jones’s claims in dispute: infliction of emotional
distress, breach of contract, and res ipsa loquitur. In doing so, we use the
framework set out by our supreme court in Struck:
[A] certificate of merit is required when a plaintiff pleads (1) an “action for personal injury or wrongful death,” (2) “against a health care provider,” (3) which is “based upon the alleged negligence in the practice of that profession or occupation or in patient care,” and (4) “includes a cause of action for which expert testimony is necessary to establish a prima facie case.”
Id. at 540 (quoting Iowa Code § 147.140(1)(a)).
Infliction of Emotional Distress. Jones contends this claim should have
survived dismissal because it involves the exercise of ordinary care by Mercy
rather than involving its professional standard of care. She points to Oswald v.
LeGrand and frames the standard as “Mercy owed a duty to [Jones] to exercise
ordinary care to avoid causing emotional harm.” See 453 N.W.2d 634, 639 (Iowa
1990). Even when the concepts of Oswald have been applied to other
circumstances, our supreme court has said, “Not all negligence is very likely to
cause severe emotional distress, and a duty of care to protect against emotional
harm does not arise unless negligence is very likely to cause severe emotional
distress.” Miranda v. Said, 836 N.W.2d 8, 30 (Iowa 2013). Still, we return to the
pleadings and decision of the district court for our review and consider that Jones
confirmed during oral argument that this count II involved the intentional infliction
of emotional distress. And that is how the district court addressed it. Pointing to
how Jones’s pled this count, Mercy contends that “infliction of emotional distress” 11
relates only to an element of damage and is not a cognizable claim—such as the
claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. As the record stands, the district
court considered this issue under the umbrella of an intentional-infliction-of-
emotional-distress claim and none of the parties asked the court to reconsider its
determination.
As pled, Jones’s claim is “based upon the alleged negligence in the practice
of that profession or occupation or in patient care.” Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 540.
She alleged Mercy’s actions or inactions caused her emotional distress, which
included:
(a) In failing to timely and properly diagnosis [her] with having suffered a major stroke event; (b) In failing to timely and properly initiate its own known stroke care protocols which would have mitigated some or all of the major stroke event’s impact on [her]; (c) In failing to render timely stroke care to [her] on March 28, 2021, despite her family’s concerns to Mercy Medical staff that [she] was or had suffered a stroke; (d) In failing to exercise a degree of care and skill ordinarily exercised under the conditions and circumstances then and there existing.
All of the elements address the degree of care and skill of Mercy. And, clearly the
first three elements all support a finding that a certificate of merit was necessary
for this claim, as they go to medical interventions requiring expert testimony. Thus,
as to those three theories, the certificate of merit was required, as the district court
correctly determined. See id. at 543 (holding pleadings of professional negligence
claims and breach of duties of professional care required a certificate of merit).
To consider the last allegation that Mercy failed to exercise a degree of care
and skill ordinarily exercised, if we examine the claim under the intentional-
infliction-of-emotional distress theory, as Jones advocated at oral argument, Jones 12
had to prove: (1) Mercy “engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct”; (2) Mercy
“intentionally caused, or recklessly disregarded the likelihood of causing, severe
or extreme emotional distress” to Jones; (3) Jones “in fact suffered severe or
extreme emotional distress”; and (4) Mercy’s “extreme and outrageous conduct
was the actual and proximate cause of the severe or extreme emotional distress.”
White v. Harkrider, 990 N.W.2d 647, 652 (Iowa 2023). This determination is a
legal question requiring proof that the tortious conduct was “so extreme in degree,
as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious,
and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (citation omitted). And as in
White, a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress can be resolved at the
motion to dismiss stage by reviewing the allegations contained in the petition to
see if they meet this high standard of “legally outrageous conduct.” Id. at 653.
Here, they do not. As the fourth allegation noted, Mercy “failed to exercise a
degree of care and skill,” relating back to the professional care Jones received.
And more importantly, the petition contained no allegations of extreme or
outrageous conduct by Mercy, thus, dismissal of this count was appropriate.
We affirm the dismissal of count II.
Breach of Contract. Jones alleged breach of contract against Mercy,
asserting that while she fulfilled her obligations as a patient, Mercy’s “actions or
inactions, as previously set forth herein, constitute[d] a breach of contract.”
(Emphasis added.) And other than referring back to the claimed professional
negligence breaches of duty as the basis for the contractual breach, no other detail
was provided. Yet, Jones asserts that section 147.140 does not specifically apply
to a breach-of-contract claim. 13
At first glance, a claim for breach of contract and a claim of negligence seem
to be a birds of a different feather. Compare Iowa Arboretum, Inc. v. Iowa 4-H
Found., 886 N.W.2d 695, 706 (Iowa 2016) (“Generally, to establish a claim for a
breach of contract, the [plaintiff] must show (1) the existence of a contract; (2) the
terms and conditions of the contract; (3) that it has performed all the terms and
conditions required under the contract; (4) the defendant’s breach of the contract
in some particular way; and (5) that plaintiff has suffered damages as a result of
the breach.” (citation omitted)), with Kolbe v. State, 625 N.W.2d 721, 725 (Iowa
2001) (“To prove their negligence claim, the [plaintiff] must establish (1) the
[defendant] owed them a duty; (2) the [defendant] breached or violated that duty;
(3) this breach or violation was a proximate cause of their injuries; and
(4) damages.”).
We return to how this allegation was pled. With that in mind, we think this
case is similar to Kostoglanis v. Yates, 956 N.W.2d 157, 158, 160 (Iowa 2021),
where our supreme court applied the medical-malpractice statute of limitations to
a claim “styled as” breach of contract. While considering the appropriate statute
of limitations, the court “look[ed] to ‘[t]he actual nature of the action.’” Kostoglanis,
956 N.W.2d at 159 (citation omitted). “The question ‘turn[ed] on the nature of the
right sued upon and not on the elements of relief sought for the claim.’” Id. (citation
omitted). It recognized the plaintiff was “the master of her pleadings,” but reiterated
the “widely-accepted [provision] that a plaintiff cannot through artful pleading
evade the statute of limitations governing medical malpractice actions.” Id. at 160,
161. The ultimate question posed in Kostoglanis is different than the question we
must answer, but we apply the same general principles. Fact-wise, Jones’s claim 14
for professional negligence and her breach-of-contract claim are based on the
same alleged deficiencies in the medical care and treatment she received. And,
at its heart, the breach-of-contract claim is just a repackaged assertion that Jones
suffered damages due to alleged negligence in the medical care and treatment
provided by Mercy.
“[L]ook[ing] to the substance and not the form of the causes of action,” id.
at 161–62, we find no difference between the properly dismissed professional-
negligence claim and Jones’s breach-of-contract claim. So, because she required
an expert to establish her claim for professional negligence, she would also need
an expert to prove Mercy breached the implied contract. Without an expert,
dismissal of count III for lack of certificate of merit was appropriate.
Yet to further develop the contract claim, Jones brings us back to Oswald
and argues in her appellate brief that although the “Oswald opinion did not explicitly
state it, the court there impliedly premised its holding in part on the existence of a
contract between parties for medical services.” See Oswald, 453 N.W.2d at 639
(noting that claims involving emotional distress damages “have been recognized
in the negligent performance of contractual services that carry with them deeply
emotional responses in the event of breach”); see also Miranda, 836 N.W.2d at 23
(reviewing cases recognizing “emotional distress damages in a case alleging
tortious breach of a contract for delivery of medical services surrounding negligent
delivery of a child” and suggesting that “certain legal malpractice actions might
support a claim for emotional distress damages”). But even if we would extend
this claim to what was found in Oswald, the contract for services in that case was
still premised on the violation of the medical standard of care owed to the plaintiffs, 15
it was just that there, the breach of the standard of care was within the common
knowledge of a layperson. See 453 N.W.2d at 640. Jones advances that same
theory, arguing that “because of the widespread availability of layperson-oriented
information on stroke diagnosis and the fact that [Jones’s] sons recognized that
[she] was in fact having a stroke, [Mercy’s] failure to diagnose [Jones’s] stroke is
not outside the layperson’s knowledge.”
Jones relies on Oswald to support her argument that if her lawsuit is allowed
to go forward, she could prove without expert testimony that Mercy breached the
duty to avoid causing emotional harm. In Oswald, the plaintiff-parents raised
claims involving the professional care and treatment provided to the delivering
mother, professional care and treatment provided to the child being delivered, and
the emotional impact of the first two on the mother and father. Id. at 638. Our
supreme court affirmed the dismissal of the claims involving the medical
professionals’ care and treatment of the mother and child due to the parents’ lack
of expert to establish the standard of care and breach. Id. But it reversed the
dismissal of the claims involving the emotional impact to the parents, which were
based not on the medical treatment itself but rather on the apparently callous way
the professionals undertook their medical duties.5 See id. at 638–40. Finding the
5 As the court later summarized the facts of Oswald:
In that case, the parents of a spontaneously aborted fetus sued the treating doctors and hospital. Susan Oswald, who was pregnant, experienced severe bleeding and cramping well ahead of her expected delivery date. Dr. Clark, one of the defendants, examined her and advised her there was nothing to be done and sent her home. The patient’s husband became upset and demanded that his wife be admitted to the hospital. She was admitted, but her ensuing lack of care at the hospital resulted in this lawsuit. A nurse told her if the fetus miscarried it would not be a baby, only a “big blob of 16
exception to requiring expert testimony applied, the court concluded no expert was
needed for the parents’ emotional-distress claims because they “raise[d]
commonly understood issues of professional courtesy in communication regarding
a patient’s care and treatment. No expert testimony is needed to elaborate on
whether the statements by [medical professionals] were rude and uncaring.” Id.
at 639. The court continued: “[A] lay fact finder could easily evaluate the
statements in light of the surrounding circumstances to determine whether the
language used or message conveyed breached the standard of care expected of
medical professionals, and determine the harm, if any, resulting to the plaintiffs.”
Id. Finally, warning that its decision was “closely limited to [the] facts,” the court
cautioned that “for liability to attach there must appear a combination of the two
factors existing here: extremely rude behavior or crass insensitivity coupled with
an unusual vulnerability on the part of the person receiving professional services.”
Id. at 639–40.
blood.” One of her treating doctors said, within her hearing, that he did not want to treat her. At one point, the mother screamed in pain and yelled that she was in labor. The doctor did not do a pelvic exam. He suspected, but did not inform the parents, that the mother had a uterine infection. The doctor told the father to calm down his wife, and approximately one-half hour before the doctor’s shift ended, he left for vacation. The baby soon began to be born, without medical attention, until the father kicked on a door and got the attention of the medical staff. A one-pound baby girl was delivered, but a nurse announced she was stillborn. One of the doctors examined her for gender but made no further examination. The father called family members to tell them of their loss and, on returning to the room, discovered the baby grasped his finger. The baby, who had been kept on a surgical tray for half an hour, was rushed to a neonatal unit but died twelve hours later. Campbell v. Delbridge, 670 N.W.2d 108, 110–11 (Iowa 2003) 17
Here, the district court dismissed Jones’s claim, reasoning, “[W]hen a
separate cause of action from the medical negligence claim requires proving
medical negligence as well, so that [Jones] must prove a ‘case within a case,’
dismissal is required under Iowa Code section 147.140(6) without a certificate of
merit from an expert witness.” (Quoting Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 544.) Holding
Jones to her petition, the allegations here involve the timing of the family member’s
reports of stroke symptoms and Mercy’s course of treatment related to those
reports; they are easily distinguished from the “extremely rude” conduct and “crass
insensitivity” displayed in Oswald.
The question, then, as framed in Oswald, is whether Jones could establish
a breach of that duty without expert testimony. See Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 539
(recognizing “evidence of the applicable standard of care—and its breach—must
[generally] be furnished by an expert” when making a claim of negligence against
a health care professional (citation omitted)); Oswald, 753 N.W.2d at 635–36
(considering exceptions to the general need for expert testimony). Because if
Jones’s claim could be proved without expert testimony, then a certificate of merit
was not necessary, and it should have survived the motion to dismiss. See
Butterfield, 987 N.W.2d at 841 (“[I]t is reasonable to conclude there is no need for
a certificate of merit about the standard of care and breach when an expert is
needed for neither of those elements.”).
Even if Jones had an “unusual vulnerability,” that alone does not meet the
standard. Because her allegations required proof of professional negligence to
show when the timing of any report was important or proper care for a stroke, we 18
conclude Jones could not establish her contract claim to damages without expert
testimony, so the lack of certificate of merit was fatal to this claim.
We affirm the dismissal of count III.
Res Ipsa Loquitur. “Res ipsa loquitur is Latin for ‘the thing speaks for
itself.’” Banks v. Beckwith, 762 N.W.2d 149, 151 (Iowa 2009) (citation omitted).
“In 1940, Iowa became one of the first jurisdictions to hold the doctrine of res ipsa
loquitur applicable in medical malpractice cases.” Id. at 152. But the doctrine is
“a rule of evidence, not one of pleading or substantive law.” Id.
“Under Iowa law, res ipsa loquitur applies when ‘(1) the injury is caused by
an instrumentality under the exclusive control of the defendant, and (2) the
occurrence is such as in the ordinary course of things would not happen if
reasonable care had been used.’” Brewster v. United States, 542 N.W.2d 524,
529 (Iowa 1996) (citation omitted). For example, “the rule of res ipsa loquitur
applies . . . where a sponge, gauze, an instrument, or [a] needle has been left in
the body.” Butterfield, 987 N.W.2d at 841 (citation omitted). When res ipsa loquitur
applies, expert testimony about the standard of care and breach is not necessary
because the professional breach is so blatant and obvious that the average
layperson understands the breach occurred without the specialized testimony.
See id.
Here, Jones’s “claim” of res ipsa loquitur was properly dismissed for several
reasons. Again, at its core, the claim is just another reiteration of her professional-
negligence claim; the underlying facts and incident are the same in both. And, as
previously stated, she cannot bypass dismissal through artful pleading. See
Kostoglanis, 956 N.W.2d at 160. Second, res ipsa loquitur is not a substantive 19
claim that stands on its own. See Banks, 762 N.W.2d at 152 (“We consider the
doctrine to be a rule of evidence, not one of pleading or substantive law.”). It is a
rule of circumstantial evidence that permits the jury to make an inference that the
defendant was negligent if the plaintiff provides substantial evidence of certain
things. See Singh v. McDermott, 2 N.W.3d 422, 427 (Iowa 2024). In what reads
as a professional-negligence claim, Jones repeated in this count the same alleged
breaches of duty from the professional negligence count and brought specific focus
to the “special knowledge, training, and skill in the examination, diagnosis, and
treatment, and in providing a high degree of skill, care, and knowledge in
performing such care and treatment as those associated with stroke related
symptoms and care.” Here, because Jones links back to the professional duties
of Mercy to support this claim, the res ipsa loquitor rule is not an avenue for
recovery.
Finally, although expert testimony is not required when the doctrine of res
ipsa loquitur applies, asserting res ipsa applies to your claim is not enough to make
it true. See Banks, 762 N.W.2d at 152 (“To submit a case on the theory of res ipsa
loquitur, the plaintiff must introduce substantial evidence that: (1) the injury was
caused by an instrumentality under the exclusive control and management of the
defendant, and (2) that the occurrence causing the injury is of such a type that in
the ordinary course of things would not have happened if reasonable care had
been used.”). Jones cannot use this doctrine to do an end run around the failure
to present a certificate of merit in her professional negligence claim.
For all of these reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of count IV. 20
IV. Conclusion.
Because expert testimony is necessary to establish each of Jones’s claims
against Mercy, we affirm the dismissal of her lawsuit for failure to file a certificate
of merit.
AFFIRMED.