Joan Growe v. Steve Simon, Minnesota Secretary of State

• Court: Supreme Court of Minnesota
• Decided: February 7, 2024
• Docket: A231354
• Status: Published

Opinion

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN SUPREME COURT

A23-1354

Original Jurisdiction Per Curiam Took no part, Chutich, Procaccini, JJ. Joan Growe, et al.,

Petitioners,

vs. Filed: February 7, 2024 Office of Appellate Courts Steve Simon, Minnesota Secretary of State,

Respondent.

________________________

Charles N. Nauen, David J. Zoll, Kristen G. Marttila, Rachel A. Kitze Collins, Lockridge Grindal Nauen P.L.L.P., Minneapolis, Minnesota; and

Ronald Fein, Amira Mattar, Courtney Hostetler, John Bonifaz, Ben Clements, Free Speech for People, Newton, Massachusetts, for petitioners.

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, Nathan J. Hartshorn, Allen Cook Barr, Assistant Attorneys General, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for respondent Steve Simon, Minnesota Secretary of State.

R. Reid LeBeau II, Jacobson, Magnuson, Anderson & Halloran, P.C., Saint Paul, Minnesota, for intervenor-respondent Republican Party of Minnesota.

Nicholas J. Nelson, Samuel W. Diehl, CrossCastle PLLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota;

David A. Warrington, Dhillon Law Group, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia; and

Mark P. Meuser, Christopher M. Halbohn, Dhillon Law Group, Inc., San Francisco, California, for Donald J. Trump and amicus curiae Donald J. Trump for President 2024, Inc.

1 Douglas G. Wardlow, Chaska, Minnesota, for amicus curiae The American Center for Law and Justice.

Sara K. Van Norman, Van Norman Law, PLLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amicus curiae Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington.

Katherine M. Swenson, Emily M. McAdam, Greene Espel PLLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amicus curiae Constitutional Accountability Center.

Daniel E. Gustafson, Karla M. Gluek, Gustafson Gluek PLLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amicus curiae Gerard N. Magliocca.

Charles R. Shreffler, Dakota Law PLLC, Lakeville, Minnesota, for amicus curiae Professor Derek T. Muller.

Patrick N. Strawbridge, Consovoy McCarthy PLLC, Boston, Massachusetts;

Gilbert C. Dickey, Jeffrey S. Hetzel, Consovoy McCarthy PLLC, Arlington, Virginia; and

Gregory M. Erickson, Mohrman, Kaardal & Erickson, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amici curiae Republican National Committee, National Republican Senatorial Committee, and National Republican Congressional Committee.

SYLLABUS

1. Petitioners have standing to file a petition asserting that it would be error for

the Secretary of State to place former President Donald J. Trump’s name on the 2024

presidential ballots. But only their claim regarding the 2024 Republican Party presidential

nomination primary ballot—not their claim regarding the 2024 general election ballot—is

ripe and about to occur or has already occurred under Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(a) (2022) and

is thus justiciable at this time.

2. It is not an error under Minn. Stat. § 204B.44 (2022), for the Secretary of

State to place former President Donald J. Trump’s name on the 2024 Republican Party

2 presidential nomination primary ballot because the Legislature established the presidential

nomination primary as an internal party election to serve an internal party purpose of

selecting delegates to the party’s national convention.

Petition dismissed with prejudice as it relates to the placement of former President

Donald J. Trump’s name on the presidential nomination primary ballot. Petition dismissed

without prejudice as it relates to the placement of former President Donald J. Trump’s

name on the general election ballot.

OPINION

PER CURIAM.

On September 12, 2023, multiple Minnesota voters filed a “Petition Pursuant to

Minn. Stat § 204B.44 to Challenge Placement of Donald J. Trump on the 2024 Primary

and General Election Ballots” (the Petition). 1 Each petitioner intends to vote in both the

presidential nomination primary and general election in 2024, including at least one

petitioner who intends to vote in the Republican Party presidential nomination primary. 2

The Petition invokes Minn. Stat. § 204B.44 (2022) as the vehicle for seeking an order

prohibiting Secretary of State Steve Simon from including former President Donald J.

Trump as a candidate on the 2024 Republican Party presidential nomination primary ballot

and the general election ballot due to the events of January 6, 2021, at the United States

1 The petitioners are Joan Growe, Paul Anderson, Thomas Beer, David Fisher, Vernae Hasbargen, David Thul, Thomas Welna, and Ellen Young. 2 The presidential nomination primary is established and governed by Minn. Stat. ch. 207A (2022).

3 Capitol. Petitioners’ legal theory is rooted exclusively in the claim that Section 3 of the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution renders former President Trump

ineligible to hold office.

On November 8, 2023, we issued an order concluding that petitioners have standing

and that their claim was ripe as to the issue of whether former President Trump’s name

should be excluded from the 2024 Republican Party presidential nomination primary ballot

but holding that their claim as to the 2024 general election ballot was neither ripe nor “about

to occur” as section 204B.44(a) requires. We further concluded, with respect to the only

ripe issue before us, that under section 204B.44, there was no error to correct as to the

presidential nomination primary election if former President Trump’s name was included

on the presidential nomination primary ballot, notwithstanding petitioners’ claim that

former President Trump is disqualified from holding office under Section 3 of the

Fourteenth Amendment. Our opinion here explains the reasons for our decision.

FACTS

Petitioners claim that, under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United

States Constitution, former President Trump cannot hold the office of President of the

United States. They claim that former President Trump, in conduct related to the events of

January 6, 2021, at the United States Capitol, “engaged in insurrection or rebellion” against

the United States or gave “aid or comfort to the enemies thereof,” within the meaning of

4 Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides

in full:

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 3.

Petitioners further assert that an organization, Free Speech For People, sent a letter

to the Secretary of State on August 23, 2023, requesting that the Secretary of State exclude

former President Trump from the 2024 presidential nomination primary and general

election ballots. According to petitioners, the Secretary of State responded by letter, stating

that he did not have the authority to investigate a candidate’s ineligibility but that Minn.

Stat. § 204B.44 allows one or more people to challenge in court the eligibility of a

candidate to appear on a ballot. See Minn. Stat. § 204B.44 (providing procedures to

petition this court to correct certain ballot errors). On September 7, 2023, the Secretary of

State issued a public statement repeating his claim that his office “does not have the legal

authority to investigate a candidate’s eligibility for office” and that “Minnesota law (Minn.

Stat. § 204B.44) allows one or more people to challenge in court the eligibility of a

candidate to appear on a ballot.”

Later that month, petitioners filed the Petition against the Secretary of State. In an

order filed on September 20, 2023, we granted the motion of the Republican Party of

5 Minnesota to intervene as a respondent in this action. We further directed petitioners, the

Secretary of State, and the Republican Party of Minnesota to file briefs on threshold legal

issues of justiciability and the legal construction of Section 3 of the Fourteenth

Amendment. In addition, we invited former President Trump to file a response to the

Petition and a responsive brief addressing the same legal issues. After briefs were filed,

we held oral argument on November 2, 2023.

On November 8, 2023, we issued an order dismissing the Petition. Growe v. Simon,

997 N.W.2d 81 (Minn. 2023) (order). After concluding that petitioners had standing to file

a petition under section 204B.44 and their claim regarding the presidential nomination

primary ballot was justiciable, we held that it would not be an error for the Secretary of

State to include former President Trump’s name on the presidential nomination primary

ballot. 997 N.W.2d at 82. We stated:

The Legislature enacted the presidential nomination primary process to allow major political parties to select delegates to the national conventions of those parties; at those conventions the selected delegates will cast votes along with delegates from all of the other states and territories and choose a presidential candidate who will subsequently appear on general election ballots. See Minn. Stat. § 207A.11(d) (2022) (explaining that the presidential nomination primary “only applies to a major political party that selects delegates at the presidential nomination primary to send to a national convention”). This is “a process that allows political parties to obtain voter input in advance of a nomination decision made at a national convention.” De La Fuente v. Simon, 940 N.W.2d 477, 492 (Minn. 2020). Thus, although the Secretary of State and other election officials administer the mechanics of the election, this is an internal party election to serve internal party purposes, and winning the presidential nomination primary does not place the person on the general election ballot as a candidate for President of the United States. As we explained in De La Fuente, in upholding the constitutionality of this statutory scheme for the presidential nomination primary, “[t]he road for any candidate’s access to the ballot for Minnesota’s presidential nomination primary runs only through the participating political parties, who alone

6 determine which candidates will be on the party’s ballot.” 940 N.W.2d at 494–95. And there is no state statute that prohibits a major political party from placing on the presidential nomination primary ballot, or sending delegates to the national convention supporting, a candidate who is ineligible to hold office.

Id. at 82–83 (alteration in original).

We also concluded that petitioners’ claim that it would be an error under

section 204B.44 for the Secretary of State to include former President Trump’s name on

the 2024 general election ballot was not ripe and so not justiciable. Growe, 997 N.W.2d at

82. Therefore, we dismissed the Petition as it related to the 2024 general election ballot

without prejudice as to petitioners bringing a new petition raising their claim as to the

general election. Id. at 83. This opinion sets forth in more detail our reasoning as

summarized in our order dated November 8, 2023.

ANALYSIS

As described above, petitioners claim that Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment

bars former President Trump from holding the office of President of the United States.

Petitioners further assert that because former President Trump is ineligible to hold the

office of President of the United States, his name cannot appear on the 2024 Republican

Party presidential nomination primary ballot or on the 2024 general election ballot as a

candidate for president.

Minnesota Statutes section 204B.44 provides the statutory framework for

individuals to seek a court order directing an election official like the Secretary of State to

correct an error or omission that has occurred or is about to occur in the conduct of an

election. One of the errors that we may order the Secretary of State to correct is the

7 improper placement of a candidate’s name on an official ballot. Minn. Stat.

§ 204B.44(a)(1).

To properly assess petitioners’ claims that it would be an error for the Secretary of

State to place former President Trump’s name on the Republican Party presidential

nomination primary ballot and on the general election ballot, it is important to understand

the statutory processes that the Legislature adopted for placing the names of the party

candidates for president and vice president on the ballots and for choosing presidential

electors and alternate electors. We focus particularly on the process that applies to major

political parties, like the Republican Party, which select delegates “to send to a national

convention.” Minn. Stat. § 207A.11(d) (2022); see Minn. Stat. § 204B.07, subd. 2 (2022)

(providing that the general nominating petition process “does not apply to candidates for

presidential elector or alternate nominated by major political parties” because “[m]ajor

party candidates for presidential elector or alternate are certified under section 208.03”).

Presidential Nomination Primary Ballot

In 2016, the Minnesota Legislature established, in a separate statutory chapter, a

presidential nomination primary process. Act of May 22, 2016, ch. 162, §§ 9–15, 2016

Minn. Laws 605, 609–12 (codified as amended at Minn. Stat. ch. 207A (2022)). The

purpose of the chapter is to establish the process for selecting delegates to a major political

party’s national convention at which the party’s nominee for president will be chosen;

“[t]he results of the presidential nomination primary must bind the election of delegates in

each party.” Minn. Stat. § 207A.12(d); see De La Fuente v. Simon, 940 N.W.2d 477, 488–

89 (Minn. 2020) (stating that “[p]olitical parties that use a national convention to nominate

8 a candidate for president may also use state presidential primaries to gather voter input for

the decision to be made at the national convention: the national party’s candidate for a

general-election ballot”).

Consistent with that purpose, the Legislature created a presidential nomination

primary structure to facilitate the internal process of major parties for selecting their

candidates, a structure in which the Secretary of State’s role is limited and closely

prescribed. The Legislature directed that “[e]ach party participating in the presidential

nomination primary must determine which candidates are to be placed on the presidential

nomination primary ballot for that party.” Minn. Stat. § 207A.13, subd. 2(a). The

Legislature stated that “[o]nce submitted, changes must not be made to the candidates that

will appear on the ballot.” Id. The chair of each political party also must designate “the

names of write-in candidates, if any, to be counted for that party” in determining who the

Minnesota delegation will support at the national convention. Minn. Stat. § 207A.13,

subd. 2(b).

Each person wishing to vote in the presidential nomination primary must request a

ballot for a specific party after confirming to the election judge that the person is “in general

agreement with the principles of the party for whose candidate I intend to vote.” Minn.

Stat. § 204C.10(b) (2022) (requiring that the “general agreement” language appear on the

polling place roster); Minn. R. 8215.0300, subp. 2 (2023) (requiring primary voters to read

the roster language). “A voter who refuses to indicate a major political party must not be

allowed to sign the polling place roster or cast a ballot.” Minn. R. 8215.0300, subp. 3

(2023). Further, Minnesota Rule 8215.0300 states:

9 The polling place roster must include a place for the voter to indicate the voter’s party choice. The election judge or voter must record in the polling place roster or electronic roster the name of the major political party whose ballot the voter requested. After the voter’s major political party choice has been recorded, the election judge shall instruct the voter to sign the polling place roster. The county auditor must include the major political party choice recorded on the roster when posting voting history for every person who voted in the presidential nomination primary in the statewide registration system.

Minn. R. 8215.0300, subp. 2.

Moreover, the Legislature mandated that the Secretary of State “consult with the

party chairs” when making rules for the presidential nomination primary, “including

seeking advice about possible rules before issuing a notice of intent to adopt rules,

consultation before the notice of comment is published, consultation on the statement of

need and reasonableness, consultation in drafting and revising the rules, and consultation

regarding any modifications to the rule being considered.” Minn. Stat. § 207A.11(c). In

short, the presidential nomination primary is an internal party election designed to serve

internal party purposes; the Secretary of State merely implements the party election. 3 As

3 We explained the history of Minnesota’s presidential nomination primary process in De La Fuente: “Before 2020, Minnesota last held a presidential nominating primary in 1992. At that time, a candidate’s name was listed ‘on the appropriate major political party presidential ballot’ if the person (1) filed an affidavit of candidacy and paid a filing fee, or (2) was nominated by a petition. Minn. Stat. § 207A.02, subd. 1 (1992). In other years, Minnesota voters indicated ‘their preference for the offices of president of the United States’ at statewide caucuses. Minn. Stat. § 202A.18, subd. 2a (2000); see also Minn. Stat. § 202A.14, subd. 1 (2018) (requiring ‘a party caucus’ to be held in ‘every state general election year’). When a caucus was held in presidential election years, candidates for president and vice-president did not ‘file an affidavit of candidacy for office.’ Minn. Stat. § 204B.06, subd. 4 (2018).” 940 N.W.2d at 482.

10 we explained in De La Fuente, where we upheld the constitutionality of this statutory

scheme for the presidential nomination primary, “[t]he road for any candidate’s access to

the ballot for Minnesota’s presidential nomination primary runs only through the

participating political parties, who alone determine which candidates will be on the party’s

ballot.” 940 N.W.2d at 494–95.

General Election Ballot

The process for placing a major political party candidate for president (as a stand-in

for the Minnesota electors and alternate electors who will actually vote for president 4) on

the general election ballot also differs from the process for placing other candidates on the

general election ballot. That process is set forth in a separate chapter of the Minnesota

Statutes, Minn. Stat. ch. 208 (2022). Following national conventions at which the major

political parties select their nominees for president, the major political party chairs certify

to the Secretary of State the names of the persons nominated as the presidential electors

and alternate presidential electors, as well as the names of the party candidates for president

and vice president. Minn. Stat. § 208.03. The person the major party places on the general

election ballot for president is not necessarily the same person that prevailed in the

Minnesota presidential nomination primary. 5 In the general election, “a vote cast for the

4 Under the United States Constitution, the people do not directly elect the president or vice president. Rather, each state chooses electors to cast votes in what has come to be known as the electoral college. See U.S. Const. art. II, § 1; id. amend. XII. 5 This process contrasts with the more typical primary election process set forth in Minnesota Statutes chapter 204B (2022), for other offices in which major political party candidates for partisan office and candidates for nonpartisan office apply for a place on the primary ballot by filing an affidavit of candidacy. Minn. Stat. § 204B.03 (“Candidates of

11 party candidates for president and vice president shall be deemed a vote for that party’s

electors and alternates as filed with the secretary of state.” Minn. Stat. § 208.04. The

electors for the prevailing party candidates meet after the election to cast electoral votes

for the offices of president and vice president. Minn. Stat. §§ 208.05, 208.46.

I.

Petitioners request that we direct the Secretary of State to exclude former President

Trump’s name from the Republican Party presidential nomination primary ballot and from

the general election ballot for the November 2024 election. We first address whether

a major political party for any partisan office except presidential elector and all candidates for nonpartisan office shall apply for a place on the primary ballot by filing an affidavit of candidacy . . . .”). See generally Minn. Stat. § 204B.06 (addressing affidavits of candidacy). A candidate becomes a major political party’s general election candidate for a partisan office by winning the highest number of votes at the primary among that party’s candidates for that office. Minn. Stat. § 204D.10, subd. 1 (2022); see also Minn. Stat. § 204D.03, subd. 3(a) (2022) (“If no more than one candidate files for nomination by a major political party for a partisan office, the candidate who filed must be declared the nominee upon the close of filing.”). For nonpartisan offices, “[t]he candidates . . . receiving the highest and the next highest number of votes shall be the nominees for that office” in the general election unless more than one individual is to be elected to the same nonpartisan office in which case “the number of nominees shall be equal to twice the number of individuals to be elected, and that number of candidates receiving the highest number of votes shall be the nominees for that office.” Minn. Stat. § 204D.10, subd. 3 (2022). In other words, unlike the presidential nomination primary at issue here, in a typical primary, there is a direct connection between the candidates who appear on the primary ballot and the candidates who are placed on the general election ballot. Finally, “[c]andidates for any partisan office who do not seek the nomination of a major political party shall be nominated by nominating petition as provided in sections 204B.07 and 204B.08.” Minn. Stat. § 204B.03. The names of these candidates “shall not be placed on any state primary ballot,” Minn. Stat. § 204D.07, subd. 2 (2022), but instead go directly to the general election, Minn. Stat. § 204D.12(2) (2022).

12 petitioners have standing to assert those claims and whether a justiciable controversy exists

as to those claims.

To have standing, a party must have “a sufficient stake in a justiciable controversy

to seek relief from a court.” State by Humphrey v. Philip Morris Inc., 551 N.W.2d 490,

493 (Minn. 1996). A party can obtain standing in two ways: (1) if it has “suffered some

injury in fact,” or (2) if it is the beneficiary of “some legislative enactment granting

standing.” Id. 6 Petitioners contend that section 204B.44 grants them standing. We agree.

Minnesota Statutes section 204B.44(a) provides that “[a]ny individual may file a

petition in the manner provided in this section for the correction of any of the following

errors, omissions, or wrongful acts” regarding the conduct of an election. Accordingly,

section 204B.44 gives authority to “[a]ny individual” to file a petition, and we have broadly

construed the legislative grant of standing in section 204B.44 controversies. See League

of Women Voters Minn. v. Ritchie, 819 N.W.2d 636, 645 n.7 (Minn. 2012) (concluding that

nonprofit organizations, along with individual petitioners, had standing under

section 204B.44). Here, petitioners allege that they are registered voters in Minnesota who

intend to vote. In Clifford v. Hoppe, 357 N.W.2d 98, 100 n.1 (Minn. 1984), we concluded

that a registered voter had a “sufficient interest” in the election to bring a claim under

6 Our court is not bound by the standing constraints of Article III of the United States Constitution. Snyder’s Drug Stores, Inc. v. Minn. State Bd. of Pharmacy, 221 N.W.2d 162, 165 (Minn. 1974); see N.Y. State Club Ass’n v. City of New York, 487 U.S. 1, 8 n.2 (1988) (“[T]he special limitations that Article III of the Constitution imposes on the jurisdiction of the federal courts are not binding on the state courts.”); ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 617 (1989) (“[S]tate courts are not bound to adhere to federal standing requirements . . . .”). Article VI of the Minnesota Constitution does not have the same limiting language as Article III of the United States Constitution.

13 section 204B.44. The Petition further represents that petitioners intend to vote in the

general election and at least one of the petitioners specifically intends to vote in the

Republican Party presidential nomination primary. Accordingly, we hold that petitioners

have standing under section 204B.44.

We now turn to the question of ripeness. We cannot exercise jurisdiction over

petitioners’ claim unless a justiciable controversy exists. See Onvoy, Inc. v. ALLETE, Inc.,

736 N.W.2d 611, 617 (Minn. 2007). A justiciable controversy does not exist unless the

claim “is capable of specific resolution by judgment rather than presenting hypothetical

facts that would form an advisory opinion.” Id. at 618. We decide present problems, not

hypothetical ones: “Issues which have no existence other than in the realm of future

possibility are purely hypothetical and are not justiciable.” Lee v. Delmont, 36 N.W.2d

530, 537 (Minn. 1949). Such issues are not ripe for adjudication and so are not justiciable.

See Bailey v. Noot, 324 N.W.2d 164, 167–68 (Minn. 1982) (refusing to hear a

constitutional claim because the person asserting the claim “cannot know at this time”

whether a constitutional right will be violated).

Further, section 204B.44(a) provides that a person may seek to correct errors,

omissions, or wrongful acts “which have occurred or are about to occur.” Minn. Stat.

§ 204B.44(a). If an act has not already occurred or is not about to occur, a person cannot

bring a claim under the statute.

We conclude that, as of our order dated November 8, 2023, one of petitioners’

claimed errors—that the Secretary of State will place former President Trump’s name on

the Republican Party presidential nomination primary ballot—was ripe and “about to

14 occur” under section 204B.44(a). The 2024 presidential nomination primary will occur on

March 5, 2024. Major political parties in Minnesota wishing to participate in the

presidential nomination primary were required to submit the names of the candidates that

will appear on their respective presidential nomination primary ballots no later than

January 2, 2024. Minn. Stat. §§ 207A.11(b), 207A.13, subd. 2(a). According to the

Secretary of State, due to deadlines in state and federal law, Minnesota election officials

had to provide printed ballots and programmed assistive voting equipment to voters no

later than January 19, 2024. The Secretary of State also informed us that to meet this

deadline, election officials were required to have the final list of candidates for the

presidential nomination primary ballot no later than the close of business on January 5,

2024. No party has disputed these facts.

Further, in our November 2023 order in this matter, we noted that although it was

not an absolute certainty that the Republican Party of Minnesota would submit former

President Trump’s name to appear on the Republican Party presidential nomination

primary ballot for 2024, it was nearly certain. We now know that former President Trump

is a candidate on the Republican Party presidential nomination primary ballot for 2024.

Republican Party of Minn., Hann Announces Presidential Primary Candidates

(Dec. 13, 2023), https://www.mngop.org/2023/12/13/hann-announces-presidential-primary-

candidates/. In light of these facts, we hold that the alleged error of placing former President

Trump’s name on the 2024 Republican Party presidential primary ballot is justiciable and

was “about to occur” at the time of our order and how now “occurred” under section

204B.44(a).

15 We reach a different conclusion regarding petitioners’ claim that it would be error

for the Secretary of State to place former President Trump’s name on the 2024 general

election ballot. That claim is neither ripe nor “about to occur” under section 204B.44(a).

The Republican National Convention, at which the candidate for the Republican Party will

be chosen, will not occur until July 15–18, 2024. Republican Nat’l Comm., RNC

Announces Dates of 2024 Convention in Milwaukee (Dec. 21, 2022), https://gop.com/press-

release/rnc-announces-dates-of-2024-convention-in-milwaukee/. At the time we issued

our order in November 2023, multiple candidates were seeking the Republican nomination

for president in 2024. Martín González Gómez & Maggie Astor, Who’s Running for

President in 2024?, NY Times, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/us/politics/presidential-

candidates-2024.html (last visited Jan. 24, 2024). Indeed, in December, the Republican

Party of Minnesota designated five candidates to appear on its presidential nomination

primary ballot in 2024: former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, Florida Governor Ron

DeSantis, former South Carolina Governor and former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley,

Vivek Ramaswamy, and former President Trump. 7 Republican Party of Minn., supra. The

Republican Party also did request that the ballot include a blank line for write-in candidates.

Dana Ferguson, DFL, GOP set Minnesota presidential primary ballots with multiple choices

on each, MPR News (Dec. 13, 2023), https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/12/13/dfl-gop-

7 Since December 2023, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, and Vivek Ramaswamy have suspended their presidential campaigns. Lisa Lerer, Jazmine Ulloa & Michael C. Bender, Haley Gets a Trump Matchup, but Now Faces the Trump Machine, NY Times (Jan. 22, 2024), https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/us/politics/nikki-haley-new-hampshire--primary. html.

16 set-minnesota-presidential-primary-ballots-with-multiple-choices-on-each. Between now

and July 15, 2024, when the Republican National Convention begins, all the states and

territories of the United States must choose the delegates who will represent them at the

national convention. The national convention must be held. Following the convention, the

major party chairs have until August 26, 2024—71 days before the November 5, 2024,

general election—to “certify to the secretary of state the names of the persons nominated

as presidential electors, the names of persons nominated as alternate presidential electors,

and the names of the party candidates for president and vice president.” Minn. Stat.

§ 208.03. History tells us that a lot may happen in this election between now and the

national conventions.

The dispute over whether former President Trump should be excluded from the

2024 general election ballot is too remote and hypothetical to be a ripe, justiciable

controversy at this time. Likewise, petitioners’ claim that the Secretary of State will

commit an error by placing former President Trump’s name on the 2024 general election

ballot is not “about to occur” under section 204B.44(a). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction

to consider petitioners’ claim that it would be error for the Secretary of State to place former

President Trump’s name on the 2024 general election ballot.

The Secretary of State asks us to exercise our discretionary power to hear the unripe

claim related to the general election ballot because the argument is functionally justiciable.

Functional justiciability is a doctrine that we apply to hear certain claims that are moot. In

the context of moot claims, we have said that “[w]e may exercise discretion to hear an issue

that is functionally justiciable when the issue presents an important question of statewide

17 significance that should be decided immediately.” Snell v. Walz, 985 N.W.2d 277, 284

(Minn. 2023) (quoting Dean v. City of Winona, 868 N.W.2d 1, 6 (Minn. 2015)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). We have applied this doctrine narrowly. Id. And we have never

applied this doctrine to resolve claims that we otherwise would not have jurisdiction to

decide because the claims are not ripe.

The Secretary of State proposes that we extend application of the functional

justiciability doctrine beyond moot claims to claims that are not ripe. 8 It is true, as the

Secretary of State posits, that mootness and ripeness are both questions of justiciability.

Generally speaking, mootness considers whether subsequent events have rendered a once

justiciable dispute no longer justiciable because “ ‘a decision on the merits is no longer

necessary or an award of effective relief is no longer possible.’ ” Quinn v. LMC NE

Minneapolis Holdings, LLC, 985 N.W.2d 571, 573 (Minn. 2023) (order) (quoting Dean,

868 N.W.2d at 5). In contrast, ripeness considers whether a dispute is brought too early.

State ex rel. Ford v. Schnell, 933 N.W.2d 393, 402 (Minn. 2019). Nonetheless, we decline

the Secretary of State’s invitation to apply the functional justiciability doctrine to exercise

jurisdiction over an unripe claim in this case.

8 Like the other parties here, the Secretary of State makes no distinction in his argument between the justiciability of petitioners’ claim regarding the presidential nomination primary ballot and the justiciability of petitioners’ claim regarding the general election ballot for the November 2024 election. When appropriate, we have analyzed independently the justiciability of different claims within a particular case. See, e.g., Snell, 985 N.W.2d at 286–87 (concluding that we would exercise our discretion to hear one technically moot claim but would not decide other moot claims). We conclude it is appropriate to do so here.

18 The case before us is functionally justiciable as we have understood that concept in

the mootness context. “A case is functionally justiciable if the record contains the raw

material (including effective presentation of both sides of the issues raised) traditionally

associated with effective judicial [decision-making].” Dean, 868 N.W.2d at 6 (alteration

in original) (quoting State v. Rud, 359 N.W.2d 573, 576 (Minn. 1984)) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Even if the claim is functionally justiciable, we also consider whether we

should exercise our discretion and hear the nonjusticiable claim immediately. Quinn,

985 N.W.2d at 573 (refusing to hear a moot but functionally justiciable claim because it

did not present “a matter of urgent statewide significance”). We are not convinced we

should exercise our discretion to hear immediately the otherwise unripe claim that the name

of former President Trump should be removed from the general election ballot.

The question of whether former President Trump should be barred from running for

president and holding the office of president is obviously important and has garnered

substantial public interest and scholarly attention. But this is similar to the type of

nonjusticiable claims that we have previously declined to consider. It is a case that requires

us to address “fundamental constitutional questions about the relative powers of” different

branches of our government as well as significant issues of federalism. Limmer v.

Swanson, 806 N.W.2d 838, 838–39 (Minn. 2011) (order) (declining to exercise our

discretion to resolve a functionally justiciable but technically moot case over the authority

of a district court to authorize expenditures by executive branch agencies after the

Legislature failed to pass appropriation bills for those agencies before the constitutional

deadline).

19 Finally, section 204B.44(a) itself only authorizes a petition to correct errors,

omissions, or wrongful acts that “have occurred or are about to occur.” The placement of

former President Trump’s name on the 2024 general election ballot is not “about to occur.”

This statutory limitation also prevents us from hearing the general election ballot claim—

even if it is functionally justiciable.

Consequently, we decline to extend our functional justiciability doctrine to the

circumstances of this case and hear petitioners’ unripe claim that we should order the

Secretary of State to keep former President Trump’s name off the 2024 general election

ballot. 9

II.

We now turn to the question of whether we can direct the Secretary of State to

exclude former President Trump’s name from the Republican Party presidential

nomination primary ballot. Petitioners argue that we can do so under section 204B.44(a).

That provision states:

Any individual may file a petition in the manner provided in this section for the correction of any of the following errors, omissions, or wrongful acts which have occurred or are about to occur:

(1) an error or omission in the placement or printing of the name or description of any candidate or any question on any official ballot, including the placement of a candidate on the official ballot who is not eligible to hold the office for which the candidate has filed;

9 Because petitioners’ claim that it would be error for the Secretary of State to place former President Trump’s name on the November 2024 general election ballot is not about to occur and because the claim is not ripe, we do not reach the merits of that claim. Our decision today does not foreclose petitioners from bringing such a claim at a later date, and we express no opinion on the merits of such a claim.

20 (2) any other error in preparing or printing any official ballot;

(3) failure of the chair or secretary of the proper committee of a major political party to execute or file a certificate of nomination;

(4) any wrongful act, omission, or error of any election judge, municipal clerk, county auditor, canvassing board or any of its members, the secretary of state, or any other individual charged with any duty concerning an election.

Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(a).

As we discussed earlier in the opinion, the winner of the presidential nomination

primary will not necessarily continue on as the candidate in the general election. See supra

note 6. To the extent that section 204B.44(a)(1) permits an individual to challenge the

“placement of a candidate on the official ballot who is not eligible to hold the office for

which the candidate has filed,” that specific provision does not apply to presidential

nomination primary candidates. See Minn. Stat. § 204B.06, subd. 4 (“Candidates for

president or vice president of the United States are not required to file an affidavit of

candidacy for office.”). We do not decide today whether the inclusion of an ineligible or

disqualified presidential candidate on the general election ballot would fall within the

broader catchall categories under section 204B.44(a) of an “error of . . . the secretary of

state” or an “error . . . in the placement or printing of the name . . . of any candidate . . . on

any official ballot” for which an individual may petition this court for correction. 10 Our

10 We have considered section 204B.44 petitions alleging that election statutes violated constitutional provisions. See, e.g., De La Fuente, 940 N.W.2d at 490, 492, 496–97 (holding that the procedure established by Minn. Stat. § 207A.13 (2020), which allows a major political party to determine which candidates’ names will be on the presidential nomination primary ballot, did not violate the Minnesota Constitution’s prohibition against special privileges, the Presidential Eligibility Clause of the United

21 holding today is limited. We simply hold that it is not an error under section 204B.44 if

former President Trump’s name is included on the presidential nomination primary ballot,

based on the unique features of the process the Legislature enacted in chapter 207A and

the express limitations on the authority of the Secretary of State to interfere with that

process.

As discussed above, the Legislature established the presidential nomination primary

process to allow major political parties to select delegates to the party’s national

convention; delegates at that national convention will cast votes along with delegates from

all of the other states and territories for the purpose of choosing a presidential candidate

for the party. As we noted in De La Fuente, the statutory scheme for the presidential

nomination primary, which “directs political parties to determine which names will be on

the ballot as the party’s candidate(s), and then submit those names to the secretary of state

as the candidates ‘for that party,’ ” is simply “a process that allows political parties to

obtain voter input in advance of a nomination decision made at a national convention.”

940 N.W.2d at 492 (quoting Minn. Stat. § 207A.13, subd. 2(a)). Although the Secretary

States Constitution, or the petitioners’ rights of free association under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution); In re Candidacy of Indep. Party Candidates v. Kiffmeyer, 688 N.W.2d 854, 860–61 (Minn. 2004) (holding that a statute that imposed a threshold vote percentage in the primary election for a major political party’s nominees to appear on the general election ballot violated the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of those candidates and their supporters); Erlandson v. Kiffmeyer, 659 N.W.2d 724, 732–34 (Minn. 2003) (holding that a statute prohibiting the mailing of a replacement ballot for the general election to certain absentee voters after the death of a candidate violated constitutional rights to equal protection). Petitioners do not challenge the constitutionality of chapter 207A or any other election statute. Our ruling here does not call into question our general ability to consider such claims in a section 204B.44 petition.

22 of State and other election officials administer the mechanics of the election, the

presidential nomination primary is an internal party election to serve internal party

purposes. The winners of the major political party’s presidential nomination primaries do

no not automatically advance to the general election ballot as candidates for President of

the United States in Minnesota or anywhere else in the United States. 11

Further, the decision of which candidates to place on the presidential nomination

primary ballot rests with the party; the Legislature expressly directed that “[o]nce

submitted, changes must not be made to the candidates that will appear on the ballot.”

Minn. Stat. § 207A.13, subd. 2(a) (emphasis added). As a matter of state law, the Secretary

of State has no authority to interfere with that process in the context of a presidential

nomination primary. 12 More critically, there is no Minnesota statute that prohibits a major

11 Indeed, the winner of Minnesota’s delegates to a major party national convention does not always prevail at the national convention. In 2016, under the previous presidential preference vote system, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders prevailed over former New York Senator and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Minnesota, and Florida Senator Marco Rubio and Texas Senator Ted Cruz outpolled Donald Trump. Wilson Andrews, Matthew Bloch, Jeremy Bowers & Tom Giratikanon, Minnesota Caucus Results, N.Y. Times (Sept. 29, 2016), www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/primaries/minnesota. 12 Our decision in De La Fuente confirms this same principle as applied to the current presidential nomination primary statutory scheme. As we observed in that case, “a political party could (in theory) submit the names of every announced candidate for president, and because ‘changes must not be made’ once the party does so, the secretary of state would be required to use a ballot that includes every submitted name.” De La Fuente, 940 N.W.2d at 495 (citation omitted). Indeed, there, the Secretary of State conceded that under these statutes, the Secretary of State has no authority to inquire into a party’s candidate decisions for the presidential nomination primary ballot. Id. The Secretary of State has effectively maintained that same position here. And we do not see anything in section 204B.44 or the statutes governing the presidential nomination primary process which permits us to intrude where the Legislature has determined that the Secretary of State may not.

23 political party from including an ineligible candidate on the presidential nomination

primary ballot or sending delegates to the national convention to support an ineligible

candidate; this is different from the Colorado primary statutory scheme that requires

candidates to be “qualified.” 13 There is no error to correct here as to the presidential

nomination primary ballot. 14

13 The Colorado Supreme Court recently concluded that former President Trump is “disqualified from holding the office of President” under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment and that “certifying an unqualified candidate to the presidential primary ballot constitutes a ‘wrongful act’ that runs afoul of” Colorado law. Anderson v. Griswold, ___ P.3d ___, 2023 CO 63, 2023 WL 8770111, at *3, 13 (Colo. Dec. 19, 2023). Colorado has a statutory scheme regarding presidential primary elections that is distinct from Minnesota’s. Presidential primary elections in Colorado are limited by statute to “qualified” candidates. Colo. Stat. § 1-4-1203(2)(a). Minnesota’s statutes on the presidential nomination primary process do not contain a comparable provision. 14 We also observe that the Republican Party has First Amendment associational rights to gather for the purpose of advancing shared beliefs including strong associational rights in delegate selection. See Democratic Party of the U.S. v. Wis. ex rel. La Follette, 450 U.S. 107, 121 (1981). As we noted in De La Fuente, “the right to vote in a state primary on a presidential nominee is not integral to our republican form of government,” where “[t]he U.S. Constitution mentions neither political parties, nor the presidential nominating process.” De La Fuente, 940 N.W.2d at 495 n.19 (emphasis added). And to the extent that the presidential nomination primary is directed towards the party selecting its candidate, “the associational rights of political parties to choose a candidate are well-established,” including “a First Amendment right ‘to choose a candidate-selection process that will in its view produce the nominee who best represents its political platform.’ ” Id. at 496 (quoting N.Y. State Bd. of Elections v. López Torres, 552 U.S. 196, 202 (2008)). At the same time, it is true that the State has “a legitimate interest in regulating ‘parties, elections, and ballots to reduce election and campaign-related disorder.’ ” Id. at 493–94 (quoting Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351, 358 (1997)). Here, the Legislature has granted to major political parties discretion over the selection of candidates who will appear on the presidential nomination primary ballots and expressly barred the Secretary from changing that selection. Minn. Stat. § 207A.13, subd. 2(a). The presidential nomination primary process is limited to selecting delegates to the party’s national convention; it does not implicate the State’s strong interest that we have recognized in ensuring the integrity of the ballot for the general election in which presidential electors will be selected. The presidential nomination primary is an internal party election; it is only tangentially

24 CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we dismiss the Petition with prejudice as it relates to the placement of

former President Trump’s name on the presidential nomination primary ballot. We dismiss

the Petition without prejudice as it relates to the placement of former President Trump’s

CHUTICH, PROCACCINI, JJ., took no part in the consideration or decision of this

case.

connected to the general election process. And the Legislature has not prohibited major political parties from selecting delegates to the national convention who will support an arguably ineligible candidate.

25 ABOUT 

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HANN ANNOUNCES PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY CANDIDATES

MINNEAPOLIS, MN – The Republican Party of Minnesota is excited to announce that its 2024 Republican presidential primary ballot is finalized. Just this morning, Chairman David Hann submitted the following five candidates to Secretary Simon per Statute 207A.13:

Former Governor Chris Christie Governor Ron DeSantis Former Governor and UN Ambassador Nikki Haley Vivek Ramaswamy Former President Donald J. Trump

The presidential primary will be held on Tuesday, March 5 th , 2024, with absentee voting beginning on January 19 th . Chairman Hann encourages every Minnesotan to find their polling place at https://pollfinder.sos.state.mn.us/ (https://pollfinder.sos.state.mn.us/) and vote!

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PRESS RELEASE

RNC ANNOUNCES DATES OF 2024 CONVENTION IN MILWAUKEE DEC 21, 2022

WASHINGTON – Today, the Republican National Committee (RNC) announced that the 2024 Republican National Convention in Milwaukee, WI, will be held from July 15-18, 2024.

RNC Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel, Milwaukee 2024 Host Committee Chair Reince Priebus, and Milwaukee Mayor Cavalier Johnson issued the following statements:

RNC Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel: "We are excited to announce July 15-18, 2024 as the week Republicans will select our nominee to be the next president of the United States. We look forward to our continued work with the beautiful city of Milwaukee to make this convention week a success. Republicans will stand united in Milwaukee in 2024 to share our message of freedom and opportunity with the world."

Milwaukee 2024 Host Committee Chair Reince Priebus: "I could not be more proud of the leadership of those who are making the 2024 RNC Convention in Milwaukee possible. The location is set, the dates are booked, and now the work of pulling off the biggest event in politics is underway. With partners like the RNC and the city of Milwaukee, we are confident the RNC Convention will be the gold standard for decades to come."

Milwaukee Mayor Cavalier Johnson: "We are thrilled to welcome the 2024 Republican National Convention to Milwaukee. Our city is ready to show the world we are open for business, conventions, and tourism. The presidential nomination convention is a historical opportunity to present what a phenomenal place Milwaukee truly is."

There will be a ceremony celebrating the convention in January in Dana Point, CA during the RNC Winter Meeting.

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Paid for by the Republican National Committee. Not Authorized By Any Candidate Or Candidate's Committee. www.gop.com Who’s Running for President in 2024? Updated Jan. 21, 2024

Democrats Republicans

Biden Williamson Phillips Trump Haley Binkley

Independent and third-party

Kennedy West Stein

Dropped out

Burgum Christie DeSantis Elder Hurd Hutchinson

Johnson Pence Ramaswamy Scott Suarez

Not running Chris Sununu (R), Larry Hogan (R), Mike Pompeo (R)

By Martín González Gómez and Maggie Astor

Though there was no shortage of people running for president in 2024, most of them labored under the shadow of the same two men who faced off in 2020: President Biden and former President Donald J. Trump.

Updated Jan. 21

Latest update Gov. Ron DeSantis of Florida suspended his presidential campaign just before the New Hampshire primary, leaving a two-person race between Donald J. Trump and Nikki Haley.

Most of Mr. Trump’s Republican challengers ended their campaigns before a single vote was cast, and he overwhelmingly won the first-in-the-nation Iowa caucuses over the remaining field — partly because voters did not coalesce around a single alternative, but also because of the tight hold he still exerts on the party's base. On the Democratic side, Mr. Biden is similarly dominating the field.

Campaigns 2016 to 2024: When Candidates Entered and Exited Their Races In the past two presidential election cycles, most announced their bids by summer the year before Election Day and dropped out by Super Tuesday. 2024 candidates Past candidates

Campaign Last day of announced campaign

Today Super Tuesdays 276 days before election 2016 & 2020 Clinton Biden

Trump (2016) ((2016 2016)) Trump (2020) ((2020 2020))

Trump Trump Sanders Warren Length of campaign 1 year

Harris Biden

6 months

Bloomberg

700 days 600 500 400 300 200 100 Election Day before election March June Oct. Jan. April July Nov.

Source: New York Times reporting and Ballotpedia • Note: John Delaney and Andrew Yang, both Democrats, are omitted from the chart. Each announced his candidacy more than 1,000 days before Election Day in 2020.

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More about the candidates

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Democrats

Joseph R. Biden Jr. Marianne Williamson Current president Self-help author 82 years old on Inauguration Day 72 years old on Inauguration Day President Biden has cast himself as a protector of Marianne Williamson, a self-help author and democracy and a stabilizing force after the former spiritual adviser to Oprah Winfrey, is upheaval of the Trump administration. running for a second time. Read more › Read more

› Dean Phillips Representative from Minnesota 56 years old on Inauguration Day

Dean Phillips, a moderate Democrat elected to the House in 2018, has few major policy disagreements with President Biden and has supported his agenda in Congress, but argues that Mr. Biden’s age and low approval ratings mean the party should nominate someone else. Read more ›

Republicans Read more: Candidates on the issues ›

Donald J. Trump Nikki Haley Former president and businessman Former governor and U.N. ambassador 78 years old on Inauguration Day 53 years old on Inauguration Day

Former President Donald J. Trump is running to Nikki Haley, a former governor of South Carolina retake the office he lost in 2020, then denied and United Nations ambassador under Mr. losing to the point of inciting a mob of his Trump, has presented herself as a member of “a supporters to attack the United States Capitol. new generation of leadership” and emphasized Read more her life experience as a daughter of Indian ›

immigrants. Read more › Ryan Binkley Businessman and pastor 57 years old on Inauguration Day

Ryan Binkley is the president of a mergers and acquisitions firm and the pastor of a Texas church. He has never held or run for elected office before. Read more ›

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Cornel West Anti-vaccine activist Professor and progressive activist 71 years old on Inauguration Day 72 years old on Inauguration Day

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a nephew of former Cornel West has taught at Yale, Princeton and President John F. Kennedy, is a prominent anti- Harvard and is currently a professor of vaccine activist. He initially ran for the philosophy at Union Theological Seminary. He is Democratic nomination before announcing in known for his progressive activism, including his October that he would run as an independent sharp criticism of former President Barack instead. Obama. Read more Read more ›

›

Jill Stein Doctor and activist 74 years old on Inauguration Day

Jill Stein, a physician who ran for president on the Green Party ticket in 2012 and 2016, is seeking the party’s nomination for a third time. In a video announcing her campaign, she called for an “economic bill of rights” that would include a guaranteed right to employment, health care, housing, food and education, and also highlighted support for combating climate change and protecting abortion and transgender rights. Read more ›

Photo production by Jessica White and Amanda Cordero. Election 2024

DFL, GOP set Minnesota presidential primary ballots with multiple choices on each Dana Ferguson December 13, 2023 2:44 PM

DFL voters will consider nine candidates, including President Joe Biden, Minnesota U.S. Rep. Dean Phillips and repeat candidate Marianne Williamson.

There are also “uncommitted” and write-in lines, although write-in votes are counted for specific candidates only if a party chair requests it.

According to a party spokesperson, the Minnesota GOP advanced five candidates: former President Donald Trump, current and former Govs. Chris Christie, Ron DeSantis and Nikki Haley and businessman Vivek Ramaswamy. The party also intends to allow for write-ins. In this file photo, voters cast their ballots at Temple Israel polling station on Nov. 7 in Minneapolis. Kerem Yücel | MPR News Minnesota revived its presidential primary four years ago Minnesota’s DFL and Republican parties on Wednesday after a hiatus. About 685,000 of the state’s nearly 3.4 submitted names of candidates for the state’s presidential million registered voters participated. primary ballots. Trump was the only name on the Republican ballot oppose a Both parties include frontrunners along with lesser known write-in line; he got about 98 percent of the vote. candidates. Party leaders had to submit names to the Secretary of State’s Office to be included on presidential Biden won a crowded race on the Democratic side with primary ballot. nearly 39 percent of the vote on the higher turnout side of the ballot. Minnesota voters will weigh in on March 5 in the primary Minnesota doesn’t have party registration, but the primary contests but early voting starts on Jan. 19 — four days after the nominating season kicks off with the Iowa caucus. does require voters to swear an oath declaring themselves in “general agreement with the principles of the party” whose The names on the party lists might not reflect the ballot they pick. The parties will receive lists of voters in candidates still in the running by the time Minnesota’s votes their primary, which can pay dividends later when they are counted on Super Tuesday. work to gin up turnout in other state, local and federal elections.

Phillips looks past South Carolina on rocky presidential Grow the Future of Public Media race path Why Nevada has both a primary election and Republican MPR News is supported by Members. Gifts from individuals power everything you find here. Make a gift of any amount today caucus next week to become a Member! Trump will meet with the Teamsters in Washington as he tries to cut into Biden's union support Donate Today © 2024 Minnesota Public Radio. All rights reserved. Haley Gets a Trump Matchup, but Now Faces the Trump Machine As Nikki Haley celebrated Ron DeSantis’s departure from the Republican primary, Donald J. Trump turned his firepower toward his final rival.

By Lisa Lerer, Jazmine Ulloa and Michael C. Bender Published Jan. 22, 2024 Updated Jan. 24, 2024

Sign up for the On Politics newsletter. Your guide to the 2024 elections. Get it sent to your inbox.

With only about 48 hours left to campaign in the New Hampshire primary, Nikki Haley finally got the two- person race she wanted.

It might not live up to her expectations.

For months, it has been an article of faith among Ms. Haley’s supporters and a coalition of anti-Trump Republicans that the only way to defeat Donald J. Trump was to winnow the field to a one-on-one contest and consolidate support among his opponents.

That wishcasting became reality on Sunday afternoon, when Gov. Ron DeSantis of Florida ended his White House bid.

And yet, as the race reached the final day, there was little sign that Mr. DeSantis’s departure would transform Ms. Haley’s chances of winning.

Ms. Haley quickly learned that the role of last woman standing against Mr. Trump meant serving as the last target for a party racing to line up behind the former president.

Two former rivals in the race — Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina, and Mr. DeSantis — both endorsed the former president. The head of the party’s Senate campaign arm proclaimed Mr. Trump to be the “presumptive nominee.” And Mr. Trump’s campaign strategists vowed that she would be “absolutely embarrassed and demolished” in her home state of South Carolina, the next big prize on the calendar.

Campaigning across New Hampshire on Sunday, Ms. Haley and her supporters celebrated the DeSantis campaign’s demise.

“Can you hear that sound?” she asked more than 1,000 gathered in a high school gymnasium in Exeter, N.H., her best-attended event in the state. “That’s the sound of a two-person race.”

Thirty-five miles north, in Rochester, N.H., Mr. Trump told his crowd to expect a victory so decisive it would effectively end the primary. “That should wrap it up,” he said. Mr. Trump during a campaign rally at the Rochester Opera House on Sunday in New Hampshire. Doug Mills/The New York Times

Ms. Haley’s supporters in the state said they were feeling that pressure. Some worried aloud that she had pulled punches with Mr. Trump for so long that her aggressiveness in the primary’s final weekend would be inadequate to persuade flinty New Hampshire voters that she had enough fight in her to win against the brawling former president.

One Republican activist backing Ms. Haley said he kept his lawn sign in his garage because Mr. Trump’s victory felt inevitable. Another Haley backer, Fergus Cullen, a former chairman of the New Hampshire Republican Party, described his support for the former governor as unenthusiastic. He said he could not bring himself to defend Ms. Haley on social media or lean on friends and family to vote for her.

“Too little, too late,” Mr. Cullen said about Ms. Haley’s prospects. “She had to inspire and engage unaffiliated voters, and I just haven’t seen her doing what she needs to do to reach that audience and turn them out in the numbers that she needs.”

Most polls during the past week showed Mr. Trump up by a dozen points or more. A Suffolk University/Boston Globe/NBC10 Boston daily tracking poll of New Hampshire voters showed Mr. Trump steadily adding to his lead over Ms. Haley, with a margin of 53 percent to 36 percent on Saturday.

Ms. Haley’s performance on Tuesday is likely to determine the future of her campaign — and possibly her political career. Anything short of a victory or narrow defeat would put pressure on her to drop out rather than face three weeks of punishing ads from the Trump campaign in her home state, where she is already behind. Her best shot at survival is high turnout from New Hampshire’s independent voters, who make up 40 percent of the state’s electorate, while Republicans account for about 30 percent.

The New Hampshire secretary of state has been predicting record high turnout on Tuesday, a scenario that both campaigns were claiming would bolster their chances of success.

Ms. Haley’s team believes a turnout surge would mean more participation from independent and moderate voters who are more likely to support her. They looked to Senator John McCain’s 2008 presidential campaign as a model. Mr. McCain won the state’s primary by dominating independent voters and battling to a draw among Republicans, according to exit polls.

Ms. Haley, however, appears to be trailing by a large margin among Republicans, according to public polls. In the tracking poll, Ms. Haley led independents, 49 percent to 41, but was nearly 20 points behind Mr. Trump overall largely owing to his wide margin from Republicans, 65 percent to 25 percent.

Ms. Haley on Sunday with supporters in Derry, N.H. Ruth Fremson/The New York Times

Ms. Haley’s donors and allies argued Mr. DeSantis’s departure could reel in more donations and help her sharpen the contrast between herself and the former president. Both Ms. Haley and Mr. DeSantis struggled to find ways to criticize Mr. Trump without turning off Republicans who may be open to alternatives, but are still fond of him. But some longtime political operatives in the state suggested there might not be enough anti-Trump Republicans and moderate independents to make the numbers work.

“Haley has consolidated the non-Trump vote, but overtaking him is the Rubik’s Cube no one has been able to figure out yet,” said Matt Mowers, a former Republican House candidate from New Hampshire who was endorsed by both Mr. Trump and Ms. Haley.

As she delivered her stump speech on Saturday with new urgency, Ms. Haley’s attacks on Mr. Trump were sometimes softened by including Mr. Biden in the critique.

“What are Joe Biden and Donald Trump both talking about?” Ms. Haley asked, at her rally in Exeter. “The investigations that they are in, the distractions they have, the people they’re mad at, their hurt feelings, and they have not shown us one ounce of vision for the future — not one.”

Jane Freeman, 55, a retired flight attendant and undeclared voter in Exeter, scrunched her forehead and let out a sigh when asked about Mr. DeSantis’s endorsement of Mr. Trump.

“Trump is a tricky thing,” said Ms. Freeman, who voted for the former president in 2016 and in 2020 but now supports Ms. Haley. “I really wish he would have waited,” she said of Mr. DeSantis. Still, she said Ms. Haley had the right momentum and was continuing to win voters. “I am nervous, but truly, truly hopeful,” she said. Anjali Huynh and Michael Gold contributed reporting.

Lisa Lerer is a national political reporter for The Times, based in New York. She has covered American politics for nearly two decades. More about Lisa Lerer

Jazmine Ulloa is a national politics reporter for The Times, covering the 2024 presidential campaign. She is based in Washington. More about Jazmine Ulloa

Michael C. Bender is a Times political correspondent covering Donald J. Trump, the Make America Great Again movement and other federal and state elections. More about Michael C. Bender

A version of this article appears in print on , Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Machine Supporting Ex-President Has One Target Left ELECTION 2016

President Senate House Primary Results

President Senate House

Minnesota Caucus Results March 1 SEPT. 29, 2016, 10:37 AM ET

President REPUBLICANS DEMOCRATS

Marco Rubio 36.5% Bernie Sanders 61.6%

Ted Cruz 29.0 Hillary Clinton 38.4

Donald J. Trump 21.3 Rocky De La Fuente 0.0 96% reporting 90% reporting Winner called by A.P. Winner called by A.P.

Republican Results Republican Caucuses Marco Rubio won Minnesota, according to A.P. CANDIDATES VOTE PCT. DELEGATES

Marco Rubio 41,126 36.5% 17

Ted Cruz 32,684 29.0 13

Donald J. Trump 24,018 21.3 8

Ben Carson 8,233 7.3 —

John Kasich 6,488 5.8 —

Write-In 206 0.2 —

112,755 votes, 96% reporting (3,944 of 4,109 precincts) Winner called by A.P.

LEADER Rubio Cruz

Democratic Results Democratic Caucuses Bernie Sanders won Minnesota, according to A.P. CANDIDATES VOTE PCT. DELEGATES

Bernie Sanders 118,135 61.6% 46

Hillary Clinton 73,510 38.4 31

Rocky De La Fuente 1 0.0 —

Martin O'Malley 0 0.0 —

Uncommitted 1 0.0 —

Other 0 0.0 —

191,647 votes, 90% reporting (3,691 of 4,109 precincts) Winner called by A.P.

LEADER Sanders

Duluth

Minneapolis

Rochester

LEADER Rubio Cruz Duluth

Live Results Model The Upshot’s estimates of election results include the parts of a state that have not yet reported their votes.

We think Marco Rubio is up by around 8 points. MORE » Updated at 3:03 AM ET with 92% of precincts reporting

We think Bernie Sanders is up by around 21 points. MORE » Updated at 3:03 AM ET with 92% of precincts reporting

How Republicans Voted Size of lead LEADER Rubio Cruz

Circle size is proportional to the size of a candidate's lead.

Rubio Cruz

RUBIO’S VOTE SHARE CRUZ’S VOTE SHARE

15 25 35 45% 15 25 35 45%

How Democrats Voted Size of lead LEADER Sanders

Circle size is proportional to the size of a candidate's lead.

Sanders Clinton

SANDERS’S VOTE SHARE CLINTON’S VOTE SHARE

15 30 45 60% 15 30 45 60%

Republicans Live model

38 delegates

Past Winners Rick Santorum 2012 Mitt Romney 2008 George W. Bush 2000

Democrats Live model

93 delegates

Past Winners Barack Obama 2008 John Kerry 2004 Al Gore 2000

Source: Election results from The Associated Press

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CANDIDATES ON THE ISSUES What they’re saying about 2016’s biggest issues.

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