Jimmy Bruce Edwards v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: October 30, 2003
• Docket: 07-03-00221-CR
• Status: Published

Opinion

NO. 07-03-0221-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL A

OCTOBER 30, 2003

______________________________

JIMMY BRUCE EDWARDS, APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

_________________________________

FROM THE 252ND CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT OF JEFFERSON COUNTY;

NO. 87636; HONORABLE LAYNE WALKER, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before JOHNSON, C.J., and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ.

ORDER

Pursuant to a plea of not guilty, appellant Jimmy Bruce Edwards was convicted by a jury of robbery as a habitual offender and punishment was assessed at 25 years confinement. Appellant timely perfected this appeal and the clerk's record was filed on May 23, 2003. Jami Anderson, Official Court Reporter for the 252nd Criminal District Court filed two requests for extensions of time in which to file the reporter's record citing as an explanation a capital murder appeal she was transcribing. Both requests were granted extending the deadline to August 22, 2003. A third request for extension of time was filed on August 27, 2003, requesting 90 additional days. The request was denied; however, Ms. Anderson was granted until October 17, 2003, with admonitions, in which to file the reporter's record. The record was not filed, and on October 29, 2003, Ms. Anderson filed a fourth request for an additional 60 days in which to prepare the record. The request is denied and Ms. Anderson has until December 1, 2003, in which to file the record.

Accordingly, we order Jami Anderson, Official Court Reporter for the252nd Criminal District Court of Jefferson County, to transcribe and file with the Clerk of this Court a reporter's record as required by the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure encompassing cause number 87636. The record shall include all argument, evidence, and exhibits presented to the court during trial, as well as any pretrial and post-trial hearings conducted in said cause. We further order Ms. Anderson to file the reporter's record in a manner by which it will be received by the Clerk of this Court on or before 5:00 p.m. on Monday, December 1, 2003. No further motions for extension of time will be considered.

Failure to file the reporter's record as directed by this Court's order will result in one or more of the following:

(1) a hearing requiring Jami Anderson to show cause why she should not be held in contempt;

(2) a complaint to the Court Reporter's Certification Board;

(3) appropriate sanctions; or

(4) abatement to the trial court for appropriate action.

It is so ordered.

Per Curiam

Do not publish.

" Act of May 25, 2001, 77^th Leg., R.S., ch. 1491, §3, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 4995. However, a "money judgment for child support rendered before the effective date of this Act [was to be] governed by the law in effect on the date the judgment was rendered, and the former law [was] continued in effect for that purpose," according to the same body. Id. This amendment caused the dispute now before us. Simply put, the State argues that the change from 12 to six percent did not apply retroactively to reduce the amount of interest which had accrued before January 1, 2002. Silas contends otherwise. Who is right depends upon application of various concepts of statutory construction.

The first such rule of construction obligates us to presume that statutes and amendments thereto operate prospectively "unless expressly made retrospective." Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §311.022 (Vernon 1998); Reames v. Police Officers' Pension Bd., 928 S.W.2d 628, 631 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ). Next, a statute is to be applied retroactively only if it appears by fair implication from language used that it was the intention of the legislature to make it applicable to both past and future transactions. State v. Humble Oil & Refining Co., 141 Tex. 40, 169 S.W.2d 707, 708-09 (1943); Rice v. Louis A. Williams & Assoc., Inc., 86 S.W.3d 329, 335 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2002, pet. denied). Third, we must also presume that the legislature intended to comply with the United States and Texas Constitutions. Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §311.021(1) (Vernon 1998). Consequently, interpretations of an edict which render it constitutionally infirm must be avoided. Barshop v. Medina County Underground Water Conservation Dist., 925 S.W.2d 618, 629 (Tex. 1996). For instance, a statute cannot be read as depriving one of a vested right. Id. at 633. With this said, we turn to the dispute before us.

Application of Authority

In reducing the interest rate to six percent, the legislature did not simply state that the modification became effective on January 1, 2002. It added that the change applied to "unpaid child support that became due before the effective date of this Act and for which a court has not confirmed the amount of arrearages and rendered a money judgment." In other words, the legislature stated that though the Act would become effective on January 1, 2002, the reduction from 12 to six percent nonetheless would apply to arrearages in existence before January 1, 2002, which had yet to be confirmed and reduced to a money judgment. In so reading the proviso and affording the words contained therein their common meaning, see Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §311.011(a) (Vernon 1998) (stating that words and phrases contained in a statute shall be read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage), one cannot but read it as fairly implying that the reduction was to apply to both past and future arrearages as long as they had yet to be confirmed and reduced to an actual money judgment. Simply put, if the change is to affect arrearages that accrued before the Act became effective, then the change must have retrospective affect. ⁽¹⁾

Yet, our analysis is not over for another statutory provision must be taken into consideration. It is found at §157.261(a) of the Family Code and states that a "child support payment not timely made constitutes a final judgment for the amount due and owing, including interest as provided in this chapter." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §157.261(a) (Vernon 2002). Through it, the legislature has categorized the status of the delinquent payment as delinquent and due at the instant it becomes unpaid and memorialized the liability, including interest thereon, in a final judgment. ⁽²⁾

Having categorized the sum due, including interest, as a final judgment, the legislature has also effectively vested the beneficiary of the support payment with the right to receive the amount due, including interest, at the instant it went unpaid. Simply put, if final relief has not been granted to one on the enforcement of a demand before modification of the law upon which it is based, then the right to the demand is not vested. Walls v. First State Bank, 900 S.W.2d 117, 122 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1995, writ denied). However, when the demand has been merged into and recognized by a final judgment, then it becomes a vested right which cannot be divested through retroactive application of a law. Id. So, because the right to delinquent child support payments, including interest thereon, is incorporated into a final judgment through legislative fiat, then, logically, the right to the payment and interest thereon vests at the instant the delinquency arises. And, being vested, the right cannot be denied via our interpretation of another statute.

So, we must avoid construing the amendment to §157.265(a) in a manner that divests a beneficiary of delinquent child support of its vested right to receive the arrearage and interest thereon encompassed by the final judgment arising via §157.261(a). And, to construe the amendment to be retroactive would be to effectively divest the beneficiary of a portion of his entitlement encompassed by the final judgment. This is so because reducing the interest which already 1) had accrued at 12 percent and 2) had been encompassed within a final judgment via §157.261(a) would be to divest the beneficiary of the payment (or judgment creditor) of a portion of his vested right. Consequently, the amendment to §157.265(a) cannot be interpreted as retroactive. ⁽³⁾

Finally, the record at bar discloses that a significant portion of the arrearage due from Silas accrued before the effective date of the amendment to §157.265(a). Additionally, in calculating interest on the entire sum (which had effectively been reduced to a final judgment via §157.261(a) and thereby constituted a vested right) the trial court utilized a rate of six percent. It did not differentiate between unpaid support which accrued before the amendment to §157.265(a) became effective and unpaid support accruing thereafter. Given our construction of the amendment to that statute and our conclusion that its effect is not retrospective, the trial court was obligated to use a rate of 12 percent when calculating the interest accruing upon the pre-January 1, 2002 delinquency. Thus, it erred.

We reverse the April 30, 2002 order approving and adopting the master's report and remand the cause for further proceedings.

Brian Quinn

Justice

1. We note that the court in In re A.J.R., 97 S.W.3d 833 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2003, no pet. h.) held differently. It concluded that "unpaid child support obligations that have not been confirmed and reduced to judgment as of January 1, 2002 are subject to the twelve percent interest rate until January 1, 2002. On that date, however, interest begins accruing on those unpaid obligations at the new six percent rate." Id. at 835. The reason for this was because "[t]here is nothing to suggest that the legislature intended the changed rate to apply retroactively." Id. In reaching that conclusion, the court did not mention the passage in the enabling legislation stating that the change "applies to . . . unpaid child support that became due before the effective date of this Act and for which a court has not confirmed the amount of arrearages and rendered a money judgment." Nor did it explain why that language failed to evince an intent to apply the changes retroactively. Nor did the court attempt to explain what it believed that passage to mean. Instead, it read into the enabling legislation wording that divided unpaid child support into different categories, those categories being unpaid support that accrued before January 1, 2002, and unpaid support that accrued after January 1st. The former would accrue interest at 12 percent and the latter at six, according to the court. Yet, the legislators did not themselves make that distinction; indeed, they expressly rejected it by stating that the new rate applied to both "child support payment[s] that become due on or after the effective date of [the] Act and . . . unpaid support that became due before the effective date . . . ." Act of May 25, 2001, 77^th Leg., R.S., ch. 1491, §3, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 4995. In short, it appears that the court in A.J.R. gave effect to merely that portion of the enabling legislation stating that the change affected "child support . . . that becomes due on or after the effective date of [the] Act." Thus, we choose not to follow the holding and instead conclude that the reduction was intended to apply to support payments becoming delinquent after January 1, 2002, as well as support that became delinquent prior thereto and had yet to be confirmed and incorporated into a monetary judgment.

2.

We realize that other sections of the Family Code provide for actually confirming the amount of arrearage which the legislature has already categorized as a "final judgment" and reducing that "final judgment" into a "cumulative money judgment". Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §157.263(a) (Vernon 2002). Yet, because the legislature expressly decreed that the delinquency constitutes a "final judgment" at the time the payment becomes delinquent, we are bound by its categorization for purposes of this appeal. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §311.011(b) (Vernon 1998) (stating that words and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning shall be construed accordingly). We do not address, however, whether in using the term "final judgment" the legislature sought to perform the inherently judicial function of adjudicating a dispute. It may well be that the lawmakers simply intended to cloak the unpaid child support payment and interest on it with indicia of finality given that the trial court previously ordered that the amounts be paid as they accrue.

3.

So, while we disagree with the reasoning of the court in In re A.J.R., we nonetheless arrive at the same result.