1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JEZIGN LICENSING, LLC, Case No.: 20-CV-1064 JLS (AGS) a New York company 12 ORDER (1) GRANTING Plaintiff, 13 DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO v. TRANSFER VENUE AND 14 (2) TRANSFERRING CASE TO BEBE STORES, INC., a California 15 UNITED STATES DISTRICT corporation; and ZIGI USA LLC, a COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF 16 Florida limited liability company, MARYLAND 17 Defendants. (ECF No. 13) 18 19
20 Presently before the Court is Defendants Zigi USA LLC (“Zigi”) and bebe stores, 21 inc.’s (“bebe”) (collectively, “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss or Transfer Under 22 § 1404(a) (“Mot.,” ECF No. 13). Plaintiff Jezign Licensing, LLC (“Plaintiff”) filed an 23 Opposition to Defendants’ Motion (“Opp’n,” ECF No. 16), and Defendants filed a Reply 24 in Support of the Motion (“Reply,” ECF No. 18). The Court took this matter under 25 submission without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). See ECF No. 26 17. Having reviewed the Parties’ arguments and the law, the Court finds that transfer under 27 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) is appropriate. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ 28 Motion. 1 BACKGROUND 2 This present action concerns two of Defendants’ sneaker models—the Sport Krysten 3 and the Sport Keene. See generally ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”). Plaintiff designs light-up 4 footwear. See id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff holds a design patent on a particular type of light-up shoes, 5 which differs from other light-up shoes in the design and placement of the shoe’s 6 illumination system. Id. Plaintiff owns a patent covering the design, U.S. Design Patent 7 No. D554,848 (the “’848 patent”). Id. ¶ 12.1 8 Plaintiff brought this complaint alleging that Defendants willfully infringed upon 9 Plaintiff’s design patent by selling and marketing the Sport Krysten and the Sport Keene. 10 Id. ¶ 1. Plaintiff contends that “the ordinary observer would be deceived in believing that 11 the design of [Defendants’] shoes is the design claimed in the patent-in-suit.” Id. ¶ 15. 12 Plaintiff claims Defendants sell, distribute, and market these infringing shoes. Id. ¶ 18. 13 This is not the Parties’ first legal run-in, however. In 2016, Plaintiff filed a patent 14 infringement suit against bebe in the United States District Court for the District of 15 Maryland. Mot. at 2; see Jezign Licensing, LLC v. Bebe Stores, Inc., No. 8:16-cv-01191 16 (D. Md. Apr. 21, 2016). In the Maryland action, Plaintiff alleged bebe infringed another 17 of Plaintiff’s patents, U.S. Patent No. 6,837,590 (the “’590 patent”). Mot. at 2.2 Zigi 18 assumed responsibility for bebe’s defense pursuant to a purchase agreement between 19 Defendants. Id. The parties ultimately entered into a settlement agreement (the 20 “Agreement”), whereby Plaintiff agreed to release Defendants from all claims related to 21 the ’848 and ’590 patents and granted Zigi an exclusive license to use the ’848 and ’590 22 patents. See ECF No. 15-1 (filed under seal). The Agreement contains two provisions 23 important to the determination of the present Motion. The first is a forum-selection clause, 24 in which the parties agree that any dispute related to the Agreement will be decided in the 25
26 1 The ’848 patent was issued on November 15, 2004. Compl. ¶ 2. 27
28 2 Plaintiff filed two other complaints in the District of Maryland around this time alleging infringement of 1 federal and state courts of Maryland. Id. The second is a termination clause, which 2 provides that the Agreement will terminate if either the ’848 patent or the ’590 patent are 3 determined to be invalid. Id. 4 In May of 2018, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) invalidated the ’590 5 patent. Opp’n at 2. Plaintiff contends that this event terminated the Agreement; however, 6 Defendants continued to sell the shoes allegedly covered by the ’848 patent after this 7 supposed termination. Id. Accordingly, Plaintiff brought this suit seeking damages and to 8 enjoin Defendants from continuing to infringe upon the ’848 patent. See generally Compl. 9 Defendants in turn filed the instant Motion seeking dismissal of the action or transfer to 10 the District of Maryland under § 1404(a). See Mot. at 3. 11 LEGAL STANDARD 12 “For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district 13 court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been 14 brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). “Section 1404(a) is merely a codification of the doctrine 15 of forum non conveniens for the subset of cases in which the transferee forum is within the 16 federal court system; in such cases, Congress has replaced the traditional remedy of 17 outright dismissal with transfer.” Atl. Marine Constr. Co. Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the W. 18 Dist. of Texas, 571 U.S. 49, 60 (2013). 19 A section 1404(a) motion is the proper mechanism to enforce a forum-selection 20 clause when the plaintiff’s chosen venue is otherwise proper. Id. at 59. “When the parties 21 have agreed to a valid forum-selection clause, a district court should ordinarily transfer the 22 case to the forum specified in that clause. Only under extraordinary circumstances 23 unrelated to the convenience of the parties should a § 1404(a) motion be denied.” Id. at 24 62. “When parties have contracted in advance to litigate disputes in a particular forum, 25 courts should not unnecessarily disrupt the parties’ settled expectations. . . . In all but the 26 most unusual cases, therefore, ‘the interest of justice’ is served by holding parties to their 27 bargain.” Id. at 66. 28 /// 1 “A motion to transfer under § 1404(a) thus calls on the district court to weigh in the 2 balance a number of case-specific factors. The presence of a forum-selection clause . . . 3 will be a significant factor that figures centrally in the district court’s calculus.” Stewart 4 Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988). When the parties have agreed to a valid 5 forum-selection clause, the court must adjust the ordinary section 1404(a) analysis so that 6 (1) no weight is given to the plaintiff’s choice of forum, (2) all private interest factors are 7 deemed to weigh entirely in favor of the preselected forum, and (3) the original venue’s 8 choice-of-law rules will not carry to the new venue upon transfer. Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. 9 at 63–64. 10 “[I]n order to defeat transfer, [a p]laintiff must show that the forum-selection clause 11 is not valid and enforceable or does not apply to his claims, or that § 1404(a) ‘public- 12 interest factors overwhelmingly disfavor a transfer.’” Dolin v. Facebook, Inc., 289 F. 13 Supp. 3d 1153, 1158 (D. Haw. 2018) (quoting Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 67). The public 14 interest factors include “the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; the 15 local interest in having localized controversies decided at home; [and] the interest in having 16 the trial of a diversity case in a forum that is at home with the law.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. 17 at 62 n.6 (quoting Piper Aircraft v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 241 n.6 (1981)) (alteration in 18 original). The party resisting the enforcement of a forum-selection clause has the burden 19 of showing that these factors “overwhelmingly disfavor a transfer.” Id. at 67. 20 DISCUSSION 21 Defendants move to dismiss this action, or in the alternative, transfer it, based on the 22 forum-selection clause contained in the Agreement. Mot. at 2. Defendants contend that 23 the language of the forum-selection clause renders the Southern District of California an 24 improper venue, as this action should have been brought in Maryland. Id. at 3. The 25 language of the forum-selection clause, found in Section 9.10 of the Agreement, provides: 26 This agreement shall be construed, and the relationship between the Parties determined, in accordance with the laws of Maryland, 27 notwithstanding any choice-of-law principle that might dictate a 28 different governing law. Each Party irrevocably agrees, consents 1 and submits to jurisdiction and venue in the federal and state courts located within Maryland, with respect to any dispute 2 arising out of or relating in any way to this Agreement. 3 4 Id. The Agreement also contains a termination clause. See ECF No. 15-1. The termination 5 clause, found in Section 5.2, reads: “This Agreement may only be terminated by mutual 6 written agreement of the Parties; provided, however, that this Agreement shall terminate if 7 a final non-appealable judgement is entered holding either patent which make up the Jezign 8 IP to be invalid.” Id. Plaintiff argues that when the ’590 patent was invalidated by the 9 PTAB, the termination clause was triggered. Opp’n at 2. Therefore, Plaintiff contends the 10 Court should apply the general rules for transfer of venue. Id. at 2–3 (citing Rubio v. 11 Monsanto Co., 181 F. Supp. 3d 746, 759 (C.D. Cal. 2016)). 12 Alternatively, Plaintiff argues that, even if the Agreement had not been terminated, 13 bebe lacks standing to enforce the forum-selection clause. Opp’n at 4. The Court addresses 14 these Arguments in turn. 15 I. The Validity of the Forum-Selection Clause 16 The Parties dispute whether the Agreement terminated when the PTAB invalidated 17 the ’590 patent. The termination clause of the Agreement provides that, should a final 18 judgment be entered that declares either patent making up the Jezign IP to be invalid, the 19 Agreement is terminated. Opp’n at 2. “Jezign IP” is defined in the Agreement as the 20 technology described in the ’848 and ’590 patents. See ECF No. 15-1. Indeed, in May 21 2018, the PTAB issued a final written decision invalidating the ’590 patent. Nike, Inc. v. 22 Jezign Licensing, LLC, No. IPR2017-00246 (P.T.A.B. May 29, 2018) (“Ex. A,” ECF No. 23 16-1). However, Defendant argues that Plaintiff gave “no notice whatsoever” to the 24 Defendants of the PTAB decision, and Plaintiff continued to conduct itself as though the 25 Agreement was still in effect by accepting royalty payments from Zigi. Reply at 3 26 (emphasis omitted). The Court agrees with Defendants that the enforceability of the 27 Agreement is “a substantive matter under contention,” id., and a decision on the merits of 28 this claim is premature at this stage in the litigation. Therefore, the Court declines to decide 1 whether the Agreement was terminated or breached. However, even assuming, arguendo, 2 that the Agreement terminated with the PTAB decision, the Court finds that the forum- 3 selection clause survives the termination of the Agreement. 4 “Dispute resolution provisions presumptively survive the termination of a contract.” 5 Marcotte v. Micros Sys., Inc., No. C 14-01372 LB, 2014 WL 4477349, at *9 (N.D. Cal. 6 Sept. 11, 2014). However, this presumption is rebuttable. Saleemi v. Gosh Enters., Inc., 7 467 F. App’x 744, 744 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Litton Fin. Printing Div. v. NLRB, 501 U.S. 8 190, 204 (1991); 13 Corbin on Contracts § 67.2 (rev. ed. 2003 & Supp. 2011)). Such a 9 rebuttal may be evidenced through “the express and unambiguous words of the contract.” 10 Kelley v. Colonial Penn Life Ins. Co., No. CV 20-3348 MWF-E, 2020 WL 6150922, at *4 11 (C.D. Cal. July 13, 2020). Moreover, “[w]here the language is clear and not absurd, it will 12 be followed.” Id. at 5 (quoting Estate of Wemyss, 49 Cal. App. 3d 53, 59 (1975)). Still, 13 the contract must “explicitly indicate[]” that a forum-selection clause is designed to 14 terminate with the rest of the agreement; otherwise, the “forum selection clause survives 15 termination of the contract.” Zaitzeff v. Peregrine Fin. Grp., Inc., No. CV 08-02874 MMM 16 (JWJx), 2008 WL 11408422, at *9 (C.D. Cal. June 23, 2008) (quoting Claber, S.p.A. v. 17 Lowe’s Cos., Inc., C 98-4760, 1999 WL 166974, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 23, 1999)). 18 Thus, the question is whether the language of the Agreement “expressly indicates” 19 that the forum-selection clause3 is designed to terminate with the rest of the Agreement. 20 Zaitzeff, 2008 WL 11408422, at *9 (quoting Claber, 1999 WL 166974, at *3). The Court 21 finds that it does not. Nothing in the Agreement expressly indicates that the Parties 22 intended for the forum-selection clause to terminate with the rest of the Agreement. See 23 generally ECF No. 15-1. Without clear language to the contrary, the forum-selection 24 clause survives even if the contract was terminated or breached. See, e.g., Zaitzeff, 2008 25 WL 11408422, at *9 (holding a forum-selection clause survived because nothing in the 26
27 3 The Court notes that the forum-selection clause at issue is indeed a dispute resolution provision. See, 28 e.g., Marcotte, 2014 WL 4477349, at *9 (recognizing that a forum-selection clause is a dispute resolution 1 contract, “express or implied,” indicated the parties intended the forum-selection clause to 2 terminate); VBConversons, LLC v. Buildertrend Solutions, Inc., No. 2:17-cv-02266- 3 CAS(JEMx), 2017 WL 2469969, at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 5, 2017) (holding a forum-selection 4 clause survived termination because “nothing in the [contract]” suggested the parties 5 intended for it to terminate); Tanious v. Landstar Sys., Inc., No. CV 19-1067 DSF (SHKx), 6 2020 WL 3166610, at *5 n.5 (C.D. Cal. June 15, 2020) (finding no evidence the parties 7 intended the forum-selection clause to terminate with the rest of their contract); see also 8 Kelley, 2020 WL 6150922, at *4 (finding a forum-selection clause terminated with the rest 9 of the agreement based off the language “[t]his rider . . . terminates concurrently with the 10 certificate to which it is attached” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, this Court finds that 11 the forum-selection clause survives even if the Agreement was terminated. 12 Therefore, the Court now considers whether the forum-selection clause is valid and 13 enforceable.4 In order to show a forum-selection clause is not valid or enforceable, a 14 plaintiff must make a strong showing that: 15 (1) the clause is invalid due to fraud or overreaching, (2) enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of the 16 forum in which the suit is brought, whether declared by statute 17 or judicial decision, or (3) trial in the contractual forum would be so gravely difficult and inconvenient that [the litigant] will for all 18 practical reasons be deprived of his day in court. 19 20 Sun v. Advanced China Healthcare, Inc., 901 F.3d 1081, 1088 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting M/S 21 Breman, 407 U.S. at 15, 18) (internal quotation marks omitted).5 22 23
24 4 Plaintiff’s argument is premised on the forum-selection clause terminating with the rest of the 25 Agreement. In fact, Plaintiff even concedes “that the forum selection clause would be enforceable if the Agreement was still valid.” Opp’n at 3. 26 5 The Sun court noted that while Atlantic Marine stated that a forum-selection clause is valid except for 27 “extraordinary circumstances,” courts received little guidance on what constituted extraordinary 28 circumstances. 901 F.3d at 1088. Therefore, the Sun court turned to the Supreme Court’s prior decision 1 Plaintiff does not contend fraud or overreaching should invalidate the forum- 2 selection clause. See generally Opp’n. Defendants point out both Parties “are sophisticated 3 commercial actors who negotiated the . . . Agreement at arms’ length and with full 4 knowledge of all material facts as they existed at the time.” Mot. at 5. The Court finds no 5 evidence of fraud or overreaching. See Peterson v. Boeing Co., 715 F.3d 276, 280 (9th 6 Cir. 2013) (holding that a plaintiff must show fraud or coercion led to the clause being 7 included in the contract). 8 Plaintiff also does not argue enforcement of the forum-selection clause would 9 contravene any public policy. See generally Opp’n. In order to show that it would, Plaintiff 10 must “point to a statute or judicial decision that clearly states such a strong policy.” Sun, 11 901 F.3d at 1090. Plaintiff has not done so. See generally Opp’n. 12 Finally, Plaintiff does not claim litigating in Maryland would deprive it of its day in 13 court. See generally Opp’n. The Supreme Court’s decision in Atlantic Marine suggests 14 this factor is difficult to satisfy. See Sun, 901 F.3d at 1091. “[C]ourts must enforce a 15 forum-selection clause unless the contractually selected forum affords the plaintiff[] no 16 remedies whatsoever.” Id. at 1092 (citing Weber v. PACT XPP Techs., AG, 811 F.3d 758, 17 774 (5th Cir. 2016)). Plaintiff maintains its principal place of business in Maryland. 18 Compl. ¶ 3. Thus, there is no indication it would be monumentally difficult for Plaintiff
19 to litigate this matter there. Nor would Plaintiff be deprived of any remedy, since federal 20 courts in Maryland routinely hear patent cases. See, e.g., In re CTP Innovations, LLC, 21 Patent Litig., No. 14-MD-2581, 2015 WL 317149 (D. Md. Jan. 23, 2015); C.R. Daniels, 22 Inc. v. Naztec Intern. Grp., LLC, No. ELH-11-01624, 2012 WL 1268623 (D. Md. Apr. 13, 23 2012). In short, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not demonstrated the forum-selection 24 clause is invalid or unenforceable. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the forum- 25 selection clause remains valid and enforceable despite the alleged termination of the 26 Agreement. 27 /// 28 /// 1 II. Public Interest Factors 2 Because the forum-selection clause is valid and enforceable, Plaintiff must show the 3 clause “does not apply to [its] claims, or that § 1404(a) ‘public-interest factors 4 overwhelmingly disfavor a transfer.’” Dolin v. Facebook, Inc., 289 F. Supp. 3d 1153, 1158 5 (D. Haw. 2018) (quoting Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 67).6 Generally, courts will transfer a 6 case to the forum designated by the contract unless the plaintiff can show “extraordinary 7 factors unrelated to the convenience of the parties.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 52. Since 8 this bar is exceedingly high, “the practical result is that forum selection clauses should 9 control except in unusual cases.” Id. at 64. 10 The Court first considers whether the forum-selection clause applies to Plaintiff’s 11 claims. The forum-selection clause provides that both Parties submit to jurisdiction and 12 venue in the courts of Maryland “with respect to any dispute arising out of or relating in 13 any way to this Agreement.” Mot. at 3 (emphasis added). The Agreement pertains to the 14 ’590 and ’848 patents. See ECF No. 15-1. The current dispute revolves around the ’848 15 patent. See Mot. at 3. Thus, the Court concludes that the forum-selection clause 16 encompasses Plaintiff’s claims. See Sun, 901 F.3d at 1086 (“[F]orum-selection clauses 17 covering disputes ‘relating to’ a particular agreement apply to any disputes that reference 18 the agreement or have some ‘logical or causal connection’ to the agreement.” (quoting John 19 Wyeth & Bro. Ltd. v. CIGNA Int’l Corp., 119 F.3d 1070, 1074 (3d Cir. 1997))). 20 Thus, the forum-selection clause will govern unless Plaintiff can show that 21 “public-interest factors overwhelmingly disfavor a transfer.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 67. 22 Atlantic Marine enumerated some factors for courts to consider: “the administrative 23 24 25 6 The Court also notes that where the forum-selection clause points to a state or foreign forum, the proper way to enforce it is through the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 60. However, 26 where the forum-selection clause chooses a federal forum, section 1404(a) is the proper mechanism. Id. Here, the forum-selection clause points to “the federal and state courts located within Maryland.” Mot. at 27 3. Additionally, this is a patent infringement case. See id. at 2. Patent law is a matter of exclusive federal 28 jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a). Therefore, the only court that could hear this matter is the District 1 difficulties flowing from court congestion; the local interest in having localized 2 controversies decided at home; [and] the interest in having the trial of a diversity case in a 3 forum that is at home with the law.” Id. at 62 n.6 (quoting Piper Aircraft v. Reyno, 454 4 U.S. 235, 241 n.6 (1981)) (alteration in original). Some courts within the Ninth Circuit 5 also consider “the imposition of jury duty on the people of a community that has no relation 6 to the litigation” and “the avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflicts of laws.” 7 Edwards v. C4 Planning Solutions, No. 3:18-cv-02144-BEN-AGS, 2019 WL 1746573, at 8 *5 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2019) (quoting Loya v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, 583 9 F.3d 656, 664 (9th Cir. 2009)).7 The Court considers each factor in turn. 10 A. Court Congestion 11 Plaintiff does not suggest any administrative difficulties flowing from court 12 congestion exist here. See generally Opp’n. The Court is not aware of any, either. 13 Accordingly, the Court finds this factor to be neutral. See Goldman v. U.S. Transp. & 14 Logistics, LLC, No. 17-cv-00691-BAS-NLS, 2017 WL 6541250, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 15 2017) (holding that the plaintiff had not shown public interest factors favored dismissal, in 16 part because the plaintiff did not demonstrate any administrative difficulties flowing from 17 court congestion); Tech. Credit, 307 F. Supp. 3d at 1009 (finding this factor neutral because 18 neither side made any showing on court congestion). 19 B. Local Interest 20 This factor asks whether “there is an identifiable local interest in the controversy, 21 not whether another forum also has an interest.” Tech. Credit, 307 F. Supp 3d at 1009 22 (quoting Bos. Telecomms. Grp., 588 F.3d at 1211). Plaintiff alleges, and Defendants do 23 not dispute, that Defendants conduct business in California. See Compl. ¶ 7. Courts have 24 recognized that where a defendant intentionally reaches into a forum, there is a localized 25 26 7 The factors enumerated by the Court in Atlantic Marine are a non-exhaustive list courts may consider. See 571 U.S. at 62 n.6. Thus, Courts within the Ninth Circuit will occasionally consider additional factors. 27 See Edwards, 2019 WL 1746573; see also Tech. Credit Corp. v. N.J. Christian Acad. Inc., 307 F. Supp. 28 3d 993, 1008–09 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (considering “the costs of resolving a dispute unrelated to a particular 1 interest in the controversy. See Edwards, 2019 WL 1746573, at *5. However, the Court 2 has no information on the record that Defendants “reached” into the Southern District. See 3 generally Compl. Even assuming, arguendo, that California has some interest in regulating 4 the conduct of businesses within its borders, courts have found that this “limited interest” 5 is not enough to deny a defendant’s motion. See Tanious, 2020 WL 3166610, at *6.8 The 6 Court thus finds this factor does not weigh against transfer. 7 C. Familiarity with the Law 8 Generally speaking, courts do not find that this factor weighs against transfer. See, 9 e.g., id. at *6; Goldman, 2017 WL 6541250, at *7. Indeed, “federal judges routinely apply 10 the law of a State other than the State in which they sit.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 67. 11 However, patent law is a matter of exclusive federal jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a). 12 And federal courts in both Maryland and this District routinely hear patent cases. See, e.g., 13 Talavera Hair Prods., Inc. v. Taizhou Yunsung Elec. Appliance Co., No. 18-CV-823 JLS 14 (JLB), 2021 WL 824768 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2021) (Sammartino, J.); Orthopedic Hospital 15 v. DJO Global, Inc., No. 19-CV-970 JLS (WVG), 2020 WL 7129347 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 4, 16 2020) (Sammartino, J.); In re CTP Innovations, 2015 WL 317149 (patent litigation heard 17 in the District of Maryland); C.R. Daniels, 2012 WL 1268623 (same). Thus, there is no 18 reason to believe a District Judge in Maryland would be any less familiar with patent law 19 than this Court. Plaintiff identifies no “‘exceptionally arcane features’ of [patent] law ‘that 20 are likely to defy comprehension by a federal judge sitting in [Maryland].’” Tanious, 2020 21 WL 3166610, at *6 (quoting Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 68). The Court therefore finds this 22 factor does not weigh against transfer. 23 D. Imposition of Jury Duty 24 Neither side has made any showing that jury duty would be imposed on people 25 having no relation to this litigation. This alone would be enough to render this factor 26 27 28 8 The plaintiff in Tanious also raised this argument in its opposition brief. 2020 WL 3166610, at *6. 1 neutral. See Tech. Credit, 307 F. Supp. 3d at 1009 (finding this factor neutral where neither 2 side made any showing that jury duty would be imposed on people with no relation to the 3 litigation). The Court also notes that where a party has at least some connection to a 4 contractually selected forum, courts have found this factor does not weigh against transfer. 5 See Edwards, 2019 WL 1746573, at *5 (“[Defendant] has at least some connection to 6 Burke County, and thus, the Court rejects [plaintiff’s] argument to the contrary.”). Here, 7 the Parties previously litigated the infringement of the ’590 patent in the District of 8 Maryland. See Mot. at 2. Thus, the Court finds that the factor does not weigh against 9 transfer. 10 E. Conflicts of Laws 11 Finally, Plaintiff does not contend there would be any unnecessary problems with 12 conflicts of law. See generally Opp’n. Because patent law is a matter of exclusive federal 13 jurisdiction, the same law will be applied whether this action is litigated in the Southern 14 District of California or the District of Maryland. See 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a). The Court 15 therefore finds this factor does not weigh against transfer. 16 In sum, the Court finds that no public interest factors weigh against transfer. 17 Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to show that these factors “overwhelmingly disfavor a 18 transfer.” Atl. Marine, 571 U.S. at 67. 19 III. bebe’s Standing 20 Alternatively, Plaintiff argues that if the forum-selection clause is enforceable, bebe 21 lacks standing to invoke it. Opp’n at 4. Defendants counter that bebe is a third-party 22 beneficiary of the Agreement and is therefore bound by the forum-selection clause. Reply 23 at 4. 24 As a threshold matter, a non-party can be bound by a forum-selection clause in two 25 ways: “when the non-party is a third-party beneficiary of the contract[,] and [when] the 26 non-party and the conduct at issue are ‘closely related’ to the parties to the contract with 27 the forum selection clause.” McNally v. Kingdom Tr. Co., No. SA CV 20-00830-DOC- 28 MRW, 2020 WL 7786539, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 13, 2020) (citing White Knight Yacht LLC 1 v. Certain Lloyd’s of London, 407 F. Supp. 3d 931, 947 (S.D. Cal. 2019)). Additionally, 2 regardless of whether the third party is a plaintiff or a defendant, it can be bound, either as 3 a third-party beneficiary or because of closely related conduct. See Emp’t Solutions Mgmt., 4 Inc. v. Partners Personnel—Cent. Valley, Corp., No. 8:17-cv-1044-JLS-JCGX, 2017 WL 5 7370971, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2017); AMA Multimedia, LLC v. Sagan Ltd., 807 Fed. 6 App’x 677, 679 (9th Cir. 2020). Here, the Court finds the forum-selection clause applies 7 to bebe for both reasons. 8 First, a third party can be bound to a forum-selection clause as a third-party 9 beneficiary where they “knowingly exploit[] the benefits of [an] agreement and receive[] 10 benefits flowing directly from the agreement.” White Knight, 407 F. Supp. 3d at 947 11 (quoting Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 763 F.3d 1171, 1179 (9th Cir. 2014)). In White 12 Knight, the court found a non-signatory bound by a forum-selection clause because it 13 knowingly sought to exploit the benefits of the contract by tendering a claim under the 14 contract. Id. Here, too, bebe has knowingly exploited the benefits of the Agreement by 15 allegedly manufacturing and selling shoes covered by the ’590 patent. See Compl. ¶ 16. 16 The court in White Knight also found the non-signatory benefitted from the contract, as 17 claims were payable to them. 407 F. Supp. 3d at 947. Similarly, bebe has received benefits 18 flowing from the Agreement because, although Plaintiff held the ’590 patent, bebe had 19 allegedly contracted to sell the infringing shoes. See Compl. ¶ 16. Thus, the Court finds 20 bebe bound by the forum-selection clause as a third-party beneficiary of the Agreement.9 21 22 9 Plaintiff cites Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 763 F.3d 1171 (9th Cir. 2014), in support of its argument that bebe is not bound as a third-party beneficiary. Opp’n at 5. However, Plaintiff’s reliance on Nguyen 23 is misplaced. The main dispute in Nguyen revolved around whether the plaintiff was a primary party to a 24 Terms of Use agreement. 763 F.3d at 1180. The court briefly addressed whether the plaintiff could be bound as a third-party beneficiary but concluded the plaintiff did not benefit from the agreement between 25 two primary parties. Id. at 1179. As mentioned supra, bebe benefitted from the Agreement. More importantly, however, Plaintiff quotes Nguyen for the assertion that a “third party must show that ‘reliance 26 on a contract’s choice of law provision in itself constitutes a direct benefit.’” Opp’n at 5 (quoting Nguyen, 763 F.3d at 1180). But the full quote from the Ninth Circuit in Nguyen is “we are unable to find any case 27 law holding that reliance on a contract’s choice of law provision in itself constitutes a ‘direct benefit.’” 28 763 F.3d at 1180 (emphasis added). This language undercuts Plaintiff’s argument. Accordingly, 1 A third party can also be bound by a forum-selection clause where its conduct is 2 closely related to the contract.!° “[W]here the alleged conduct of the nonparties is closely 3 ||related to the contractual relationship, a range of transaction participants, parties and 4 ||nonparties, should benefit from and be subject to [the] forum selection clause.” McNally, 5 2020 WL 7786539, at *2 (quoting Holland Am. Line Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 6 456 (9th Cir. 2007)). In several situations, courts within the Ninth Circuit have found 7 || third parties to be closely related to a contract and thus bound by a forum-selection clause 8 ||contained therein. See Vistage Worldwide v. Knudsen, No. 19-cv-01351-W (JLB), 2020 9 || WL 71140, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2020) (collecting cases). For example, in White Knight, 10 || the court found a non-signatory to a contract bound by the contract’s forum-selection clause 11 because the party was “part of the larger contractual relationship.” 407 F. Supp. 3d at 947 12 || (quoting Holland Am. Line, 485 F.3d at 456). Here, too, bebe is part of a larger contractual 13 |/relationship. bebe has sold and marketed the allegedly infringing shoes based on the 14 |] Agreement. See Compl. § 16; Reply at 2. Thus, the Court finds that bebe is also bound by 15 || the forum-selection clause because its conduct is closely related to the Agreement. 16 CONCLUSION 17 For the above reasons, Defendants’ Motion for Transfer to the District of Maryland 18 |funder § 1404(a) (ECF No. 13) is GRANTED. The Clerk of the Court SHALL 19 || TRANSFER this matter to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 ||Dated: July 19, 2021 . tt f Ht 22 on. Janis L. Sammartino 3 United States District Judge 24 25 26) ‘0 Importantly, courts must analyze whether the third party’s conduct is closely related to the contractual 27 || relationship, not whether the party itself is closely related to the contractual relationship. See AMA 7g || Multimedia, 807 Fed. App’x at 679.