The action below was brought July 28, 1899, by plaintiff in error, Augusta 1ST. Jewett, against Cora B. Eeldheiser, defendant in error, for dower, 'and the disposition of the ease depends upon the application of the proper rule of law to the facts found by the circuit court, which, while somewhat voluminous, may be epitomized as fallows:
Augusta RT. Jewett is the widow of Adams Jewett, deceased, who died January 19, 1899, and who, at the date hereinafter named, was the owner of the land in which dower is claimed. Cora B. Eeldheiser is now the owner and was ait the commencement of the action below, having inherited the same from her father, who purchased it at the judicial sale hereinafter mentioned.
At the July Term, 1875, of the Common Pleas of Mercer, a suit was pending wherein English, Miller & Company were plaintiffs and Adams Jewett, Augusta RT. Jewett, Claypool & Wilson, and Wilkinson & Evans were defendants, the object of which was to foreclose a mortgage held by plaintiffs upon the land in suit, which had been executed by Adams Jewett and Augusta N. Jewett, the latter releasing her dower. Claypool & Wilson and Wilkinson & Evans were the holders of like mortgages. Claypool & Wilson answered, but the other defendants were in default. The court thereupon found the amount of $1,214.18 due the plaintiffs'; that the same was a lien upon the lands described, and thereupon rendered judgment that the “plaintiffs recover of the defendant, [511]*511Adams Jewett, the sum oí $1,214.18, the stun found due as aforesaid, and also their costs taxed!.” A like finding and judgment was bad in favor of Claypool & Wilson, mortgagees. It was further ordered -and adjudged that in case the said defendant failed for ten days to pay the several sums so found due that an order of sale issue to the sheriff “commanding him to cause the lands and tenements in the petition described to be appraised, advertised and -sold according to law, and apply the proceeds of said sale in satisfaction of the sums so found dne with costs.” No further proceedings seem to have been had in the ease, 'and no execution or order of sale was ever issued.
On June 5, 1875, the firm of Menderson & Frohman, creditors of Adams Jewett, having a judgment which was a lien upon his lands, filed in the common pleas a petition to marshal liens, and caused to be made parties defendant Adams Jewett, the husband, and tire present plaintiff in error, his wife; also the said English, Miller & Company, Olaypool & Wilson, and Wilkinson & Evans, mortgagees, and certain others who were judgment creditors. Such further proceedings were had on the petition of the plaintiffs that the real estate was sold by the sheriff September 11, 1875, under to order of sale issued in the case. At this time all the defendants were in default for 'answer. On September 14, 1875, the defendants English, Miller & Company, and Claypool & Wilson filed answers, each pleading the mortgage, but it does not appear that either pleaded the adjudication against Adams Jewett hereinbefore recited. November 8 following, Wilkinson & Evans, mortgagees, answered setting up their mortgage. Neither defendant caused the wife to be made party to the answer and cross-petition, nor did either cause the issue or service of summons upon her, nor bad she any notice of any kind of their answers and cross-petitions unless the service of summons upon her by the plaintiffs, Menderson & Frohman, was such notice. The wife had knowledge that the lands were sold 'and supposed the proceeds were distributed, but bad been advised and believed that her dower interest was not affected by the sale. A decree for English, Miller & 'Company on their mortgage followed, finding the amount due them with costs, and that the same was a lien from February 22, 1875. A like decree was also rendered for Claypool & Wilson on their mortgage, and for Wilkinson & Evans finding the amount due them; that their [512]*512•mortgage became a l-iem March. 26, 1875, anidl rendering a ¡judgment ' in their, favor and against Adams Jewetfc for the sum found. But •no decree was tafeen respecting tire claim of either one against' Augusta hi. Jewett, nor tos she mentioned in either decree.
■No execution or order of sale was ever issued on any of the ¡judgments, orders or decrees, other than on the decree issued to Menderson & Erohnmn, June, 1875, umidier which tire land was sold. Wo payment was made on any of the ¡judgment's since December, 1875,. and at the time the action for drawer was commenced more than twenty-one years had elapsed since the judgments, orders and decrees were entered. Prom the proceeds of the sale the English, Miller & Company mortgage was paid! in full; a small balance remained due to 'Claypool & Wilson and to. Wilkinson & Evans. The mortgages were canceled of record by order of the court of common pleas. Plaintiff did not redeem or attempt to redeem the mortgages.
The answer in the case at bar, ajfter stating the facts, the material portions of which have been given, contains two averments Which deserve special notice because the proper disposition of' the points made will dispose of the case. One is that, in the action of English, Miller & Company against Adams Jewett et al, those .plaintiffs 'and Claypool &■ Wilson -“duly obtained 'by the consideration of said court, an order foreclosing said Adams Jewett’s and plaintiff’s equity of redemption in and to said lands in the petition descxibedl.” Another is that plaintiff is estopped from claiming dower in the lands; 'and then follows a prayer-that plaintiff’s petition be dismissed and that defendant may be subrogated to all the rights of the 'hemhold'ers' whose claims were paid from the purchase money realized at the sale.
It is true that' in the findings of fact there is a statement that the mortgages mentioned were foreclosed in that action, but the same finding- states that no execution nor order of sale was ever issued in that case, and then is given a copy of what is stated to be the .only entry, judgment, order or decree made, and that entry embraces the facts hereinbefore stated, showing the form of the judgment and that it in no way purports or attempts to adjudicate any right in the land of Augusta N. Jewett. It is contended that, though the word “defendant” 'is used iin the decree, the term necessarily means defendants, which would, include .the wife. The singular will be held to include the plural where 'the sense requires [513]*513it (Section. 23, Revised Statutes), but we think that' construction not admissible here. The judgment m each instance is against Ajdams Jewett alone; “recover of the defendant Adams Jewett” is the language; and then follows the order that in case “the said defendant fail for ten days” to pay, etc., 'an order issue to the sheriff commanding him to cause the lands to be sold according to law.
Whether or not a given proceeding results in foreclosure is,, we presume, a mixed question of law and fact, and if the facts given show that there was no foreclosure, the finding that there was must be treated 'as a mere conclusion of law.
This is admittedly a decree of foreclosure 'as to the husband, but how can it be claimed to be such as to the wife? But if this were otherwise -it could hardly 'aid defendant’s contention. In considering the case at bar we are concerned only with the legal effect of the proceedings in the case instituted by Menclerson & Erolimam. In that suit neither English, Miller & Oo.
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The action below was brought July 28, 1899, by plaintiff in error, Augusta 1ST. Jewett, against Cora B. Eeldheiser, defendant in error, for dower, 'and the disposition of the ease depends upon the application of the proper rule of law to the facts found by the circuit court, which, while somewhat voluminous, may be epitomized as fallows:
Augusta RT. Jewett is the widow of Adams Jewett, deceased, who died January 19, 1899, and who, at the date hereinafter named, was the owner of the land in which dower is claimed. Cora B. Eeldheiser is now the owner and was ait the commencement of the action below, having inherited the same from her father, who purchased it at the judicial sale hereinafter mentioned.
At the July Term, 1875, of the Common Pleas of Mercer, a suit was pending wherein English, Miller & Company were plaintiffs and Adams Jewett, Augusta RT. Jewett, Claypool & Wilson, and Wilkinson & Evans were defendants, the object of which was to foreclose a mortgage held by plaintiffs upon the land in suit, which had been executed by Adams Jewett and Augusta N. Jewett, the latter releasing her dower. Claypool & Wilson and Wilkinson & Evans were the holders of like mortgages. Claypool & Wilson answered, but the other defendants were in default. The court thereupon found the amount of $1,214.18 due the plaintiffs'; that the same was a lien upon the lands described, and thereupon rendered judgment that the “plaintiffs recover of the defendant, [511]*511Adams Jewett, the sum oí $1,214.18, the stun found due as aforesaid, and also their costs taxed!.” A like finding and judgment was bad in favor of Claypool & Wilson, mortgagees. It was further ordered -and adjudged that in case the said defendant failed for ten days to pay the several sums so found due that an order of sale issue to the sheriff “commanding him to cause the lands and tenements in the petition described to be appraised, advertised and -sold according to law, and apply the proceeds of said sale in satisfaction of the sums so found dne with costs.” No further proceedings seem to have been had in the ease, 'and no execution or order of sale was ever issued.
On June 5, 1875, the firm of Menderson & Frohman, creditors of Adams Jewett, having a judgment which was a lien upon his lands, filed in the common pleas a petition to marshal liens, and caused to be made parties defendant Adams Jewett, the husband, and tire present plaintiff in error, his wife; also the said English, Miller & Company, Olaypool & Wilson, and Wilkinson & Evans, mortgagees, and certain others who were judgment creditors. Such further proceedings were had on the petition of the plaintiffs that the real estate was sold by the sheriff September 11, 1875, under to order of sale issued in the case. At this time all the defendants were in default for 'answer. On September 14, 1875, the defendants English, Miller & Company, and Claypool & Wilson filed answers, each pleading the mortgage, but it does not appear that either pleaded the adjudication against Adams Jewett hereinbefore recited. November 8 following, Wilkinson & Evans, mortgagees, answered setting up their mortgage. Neither defendant caused the wife to be made party to the answer and cross-petition, nor did either cause the issue or service of summons upon her, nor bad she any notice of any kind of their answers and cross-petitions unless the service of summons upon her by the plaintiffs, Menderson & Frohman, was such notice. The wife had knowledge that the lands were sold 'and supposed the proceeds were distributed, but bad been advised and believed that her dower interest was not affected by the sale. A decree for English, Miller & 'Company on their mortgage followed, finding the amount due them with costs, and that the same was a lien from February 22, 1875. A like decree was also rendered for Claypool & Wilson on their mortgage, and for Wilkinson & Evans finding the amount due them; that their [512]*512•mortgage became a l-iem March. 26, 1875, anidl rendering a ¡judgment ' in their, favor and against Adams Jewetfc for the sum found. But •no decree was tafeen respecting tire claim of either one against' Augusta hi. Jewett, nor tos she mentioned in either decree.
■No execution or order of sale was ever issued on any of the ¡judgments, orders or decrees, other than on the decree issued to Menderson & Erohnmn, June, 1875, umidier which tire land was sold. Wo payment was made on any of the ¡judgment's since December, 1875,. and at the time the action for drawer was commenced more than twenty-one years had elapsed since the judgments, orders and decrees were entered. Prom the proceeds of the sale the English, Miller & Company mortgage was paid! in full; a small balance remained due to 'Claypool & Wilson and to. Wilkinson & Evans. The mortgages were canceled of record by order of the court of common pleas. Plaintiff did not redeem or attempt to redeem the mortgages.
The answer in the case at bar, ajfter stating the facts, the material portions of which have been given, contains two averments Which deserve special notice because the proper disposition of' the points made will dispose of the case. One is that, in the action of English, Miller & Company against Adams Jewett et al, those .plaintiffs 'and Claypool &■ Wilson -“duly obtained 'by the consideration of said court, an order foreclosing said Adams Jewett’s and plaintiff’s equity of redemption in and to said lands in the petition descxibedl.” Another is that plaintiff is estopped from claiming dower in the lands; 'and then follows a prayer-that plaintiff’s petition be dismissed and that defendant may be subrogated to all the rights of the 'hemhold'ers' whose claims were paid from the purchase money realized at the sale.
It is true that' in the findings of fact there is a statement that the mortgages mentioned were foreclosed in that action, but the same finding- states that no execution nor order of sale was ever issued in that case, and then is given a copy of what is stated to be the .only entry, judgment, order or decree made, and that entry embraces the facts hereinbefore stated, showing the form of the judgment and that it in no way purports or attempts to adjudicate any right in the land of Augusta N. Jewett. It is contended that, though the word “defendant” 'is used iin the decree, the term necessarily means defendants, which would, include .the wife. The singular will be held to include the plural where 'the sense requires [513]*513it (Section. 23, Revised Statutes), but we think that' construction not admissible here. The judgment m each instance is against Ajdams Jewett alone; “recover of the defendant Adams Jewett” is the language; and then follows the order that in case “the said defendant fail for ten days” to pay, etc., 'an order issue to the sheriff commanding him to cause the lands to be sold according to law.
Whether or not a given proceeding results in foreclosure is,, we presume, a mixed question of law and fact, and if the facts given show that there was no foreclosure, the finding that there was must be treated 'as a mere conclusion of law.
This is admittedly a decree of foreclosure 'as to the husband, but how can it be claimed to be such as to the wife? But if this were otherwise -it could hardly 'aid defendant’s contention. In considering the case at bar we are concerned only with the legal effect of the proceedings in the case instituted by Menclerson & Erolimam. In that suit neither English, Miller & Oo. nor Olaypool & Wilson, mortgagees, declared upon their judgments, but the finding as to each is that “they pleaded their mortgage.” The question, therefore, whether or not mortgages, or any of them had been previously foreolosed was not in the ease. Nor is- it of consequence that they might have raised that issue. The question is not what issue the parties might have tendered, but -what issue they did in fact tender. It follows, therefore, that the first allegation of the 'answer is an immaterial averment.
Is the plaintiff estopped by the proceedings in the case of Menderson & Frohman v. Jewett et al? These plaintiffs were judgment creditors only. They 'had no claim of any sort against the wife. The object, of their suit, as the finding declares, was “to marshal Reus.” Mrs. Jewett’s interest was not a lien upon but a right in the land, upon which the plaintiffs’ judgment w-as not a lien. Hence, the plaintiffs having no claim upon her and she no lien to marshal, Mrs. Jewett was not a-necessary party, nor even a proper party to .their petition. Nor does the petition make any claim against her. The only mention of ‘her is that she “is the wife of Adams Jewett and has together, with her said husband executed mortgages to some of said defendants on portions of said real estate,” but to whom, or in what amount, or upon what - portions, or whether -anything remained due, is not averred, nor is -any relief against her sought. It is difficult to see how, upon that petition,. [514]*514the court could; have jurisdiction to foreclose the mortgages on the dower right simply because the mortgagee parties had liens on the premises sought to be sold. Spoors v. Coen, 44 Ohio St., 497. No one but a mortgagee could invoke the aid of the court to foreclose on the dower interest. Lewis v. Smith, 9 N. Y., 502. Manifestly, upon such pleading there could be no valid judgment rendered by the court against the wife affecting her inchoate dower in the land; nor was any such judgment attempted to be rendered. The court proceeds to find the amount due the plaintiffs, Mender-son & Prohman, and that their judgment is a lien on the land. Then follow like findings and judgments in favor of other judgment creditors, and then an ondler that the sheriff proceed to cause the lands to he appraised, advertised, and sold according to law, and bring the proceeds into court to await its further order. A “sale according to law” wouldi seem to he such a sale ‘as the plaintiffs and the other judgment creditor «defendants had the right to demand. That means a sale of the interest their debtor had in the land. How could it mean anything more than that? Had the proceeding stopped there, or with a distribution among those judgment creditors, would any one claim that the interest of the wife in the land -had -been in the least affected? Surely not. It is urged -that, inasmuch as there is no provision of statute for appraising lands subject to any lien or possible incumbrance, but the appraisal is required always to be at its true value in money, that any sale in a proceeding in which the wife is a party must necessarily include her inchoate dower right. This view entirely ignores the settled rule of law that a judgment creditor of the husband only lias no claim upon the wife’s dower interest, and can not, by any process, subject it to -his debt. 1 Scribner on Dower, 553. If this conclusion is correct .and the sale actually made embraced only the husband’s interest in'the land, it follows that the wife had no interest in the proceeds arising from the sale, and had no duty to perform respecting the matter of distribution. Her interest in the land not having been sold why ¡might she not with entire confidence reply on the advice 'given her by counsel and rest in the belief “that her dower interest was not affected by said sale ?” What would have been the effect' upon her interests if the mortgage creditors, who were in default at .the time the sheriff’s sale was made, hadi, upon filing their answers, • mused summons to issue against' her and thus ¡required her to answer 'their claims, 'and especially had they [515]*515demanded a resale including- the dower right, we need not inquire, for no such steps were taken. We think it Tain to- urge that the wife had notice of the claims of the mortgagees, as set forth in their answers and cross-petitions, simply because of the summons issued! by the plaintiff, and that her dower right was necessarily involved and thus foreclosed. At the time the Menderson & Froh-man judgment was taken, and at' the time of the sale, there was no pleading which made any case against her, or which she was required to answer. Furthermore, if she was not a necessary party in the Menderson & Frohman suit, as we have found, or-a real party in interest, upon what principle was she bound to take notice of the demands of other persons who, although they had been made parties, had set up no claim against her? We know of none. Waiving the question whether the answers and cross-petitions embraced “matters in question in the petition,” the fact remains that no judgment or decree was at any time taken affecting the question of dower. Findings and judgments against the husband in the case in which English, Miller & Company were plaintiffs were had on the several mortgages, but none against the wife, or touching her dower right. But if this he not a sufficient answer, the further facts remain that no sale, or attempt at sale, was made upon those judgments. In short she was not barred of her dower right by the decree in favor of the judgment creditors, because they had no claim upon that right; nor by the sale by the sheriff or -bis deed, because he could not sell or convey more than the judgment creditors had to sell; nor by the' judgments in favor of the mortgagees on their answers and cross-petitions, because she was not included in such judgments; and further, because a sale of the land had already been made which did not embrace her inchoate dower. In substance the only matter remaining undisposed of was an order for distribution of the money. And, -as we h'ave already seen, the wife was not interested in that issue because her property had in no manner helped to swell the fund. What might be done with the money was no concern of hers. She could not, therefore, be estopped by reason of anything that she did or failed to do with respect to that matter and her silence could not be construed as a giving' away of her rights. The rule of caveat emptor applied to the purchaser at' the sale. It was for him to see what title he anight acquire by [516]*516the sheriffs deed. Mechanics’ S. & B. L. Ass’n v. O’Conner, 29 Ohio St., 651.
Not was there any duty incumbent upon the plaintiff to redeem the mortgages. The statute of limitations barred them before the beginning of her suit for dower. The same fact's standi in the way of subrogation. There is now no claim existing to which subro-gation can attach. But, in addition to this, the purchaser was in no sense in privity with the mortgages. He bought at a sale upon a decree which did not undertake to affect the mortgages. Barker v. Barker, 17 Mass., 564. Nor does the statute as to subrogation aid the claim. It is provided by Seetien 5410, that:
“If, upon the sale of property on execution, the title of the purchaser is invalid by. a reason of a defect' in the proceedings, the purchaser may be subrogated/’ etc.
Iíére the proceedings are regular. The sheriff’s deed conveyed al-1 the judgment creditors had to sell.
The case at bar is much like Taylor v. Fowler, 18 Ohio, 567, and the principle there decided is directly applicable. That decision is put upon this ground:
“If the defendant had been a purchaser under the decree, of foreclosure, he would so -far have connected himself with the mortgage as to have protection against the dower claim; but, inasmuch as he -was a purchaser under an ordinary judgment, he is in no way connected 'with the mortgage, and can derive no protection from it.” '
The precise situation is not present in any reported case in this state, but our conclusion is consistent not only with the ease above cited, but with, the holding in the following cases, to which attention is here directed, viz.: Carter v. Goodin, 3 Ohio St., 76; Kitzmiller v. Van Rensselaer, 10 Ohio St., 63; McArthur v. Franklin, 15 Ohio St., 485, and McArthur v. Franklin, 16 Ohio St., 193; Parmenter v. Binkley, 28 Ohio St., 32; Ketchum v. Shaw, 28 Ohio St., 503; Mandel v. McGlave, 46 Ohio St., 407.
It follows that the judgment below denying dower to the plaintiff was erroneous. It will be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed.