RENDERED: APRIL 1, 2022; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1615-MR
JEWELL HALL APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE TIMOTHY KALTENBACH, JUDGE ACTION NO. 19-CR-00563
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
CALDWELL, JUDGE: Appellant Jewell Hall appeals the trial court’s order
denying his motion to suppress evidence found in his vehicle following an
encounter with police. Having reviewed the record and the briefs of the parties, we
affirm the trial court. FACTS
On May 10, 2019, Paducah Police Department Officer Justin Canup
(“Canup”) was on patrol. At approximately 6:00 a.m., Canup was dispatched to
respond to a report of a black SUV being stationary in the middle of a street with
the lights on and the engine running. According to a citizen report, the SUV was
impeding traffic flow and had been idling there for at least two hours.
When Canup arrived on the scene, he parked behind a work van
which had parked behind the black SUV, ostensibly because the van could not
proceed down the street due to the SUV blocking the road. Canup, without
activating his emergency lights, parked his cruiser behind the van and got out. He
walked around the rear of the work van and as he did so, the brake lights on the
SUV engaged and the SUV pulled away. The SUV had tinted windows, so Canup
had been unable to determine if anyone was inside prior to it pulling away.
Canup got back in his cruiser and followed the SUV. The SUV pulled
into the parking lot of a nearby apartment complex and Canup pulled up behind the
SUV with his lights now engaged. The Appellant, Jewell Hall (“Hall”), alit from
the driver’s side of the vehicle with his hands above his head. He followed
Canup’s instructions to walk backwards towards Canup, with his arms raised. Hall
complied when he was instructed to lift his t-shirt from his waist so Canup could
ensure he had no weapon tucked in his waistband. When backup arrived, Hall was
-2- handcuffed and officers approached the SUV to ensure no one else was inside.
They then determined that Hall had been alone in the vehicle.
Canup spoke with Hall. Hall admitted that he had been drinking the
evening before and fell asleep, leaving the vehicle running in the street while
waiting for a friend. Canup then conducted field sobriety tests and determined
Hall was impaired. Hall was handcuffed and placed under arrest. The officers
then searched the SUV and a handgun was found by police in the center console.
Hall was charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of
alcohol or drugs, first offense, and possession of a handgun by a convicted felon.
Hall filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the stop of his vehicle
and the search of his person were improper.1 Following a suppression hearing, his
motion was denied. The trial court found that Hall was challenging only the stop
of the vehicle and the seizure of his person and that the stop was supported by
reasonable suspicion that Hall was engaged in criminal activity, to wit, the failure
to have a license plate on the vehicle.2 The court also cited the fact the SUV was
impeding traffic and was reported to have been doing so for a couple of hours, as
well as Hall’s act of pulling away as Canup was approaching the vehicle.
1 The motion to suppress filed in McCracken Circuit Court summarily alleges that “reasonable suspicion to detain him did not exist” and “probable cause to search and arrest him did not exist.” The motion does not allege that the search of the vehicle was illegal. 2 Canup could not see the temporary tag in the rear window at the time he was approaching the vehicle when it was stopped in the middle of the road because of the tinted windows.
-3- The charge of operating a motor while under the influence was later
dismissed. Hall was tried by a jury on the remaining handgun charge and was
found guilty and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of seven (7) years. He
now appeals, arguing that the trial court wrongfully denied his motion to dismiss.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appellate review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress
evidence, the reviewing court will not disturb the trial court’s findings of fact
unless found to be clearly erroneous and will review the application of the law to
those factual findings de novo. “When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion
to suppress, we utilize a clear error standard of review for factual findings and a de
novo standard of review for conclusions of law.” Jackson v. Commonwealth, 187
S.W.3d 300, 305 (Ky. 2006) (citing Welch v. Commonwealth, 149 S.W.3d 407,
409 (Ky. 2004)).
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Hall continues the challenge only to the stop of his vehicle,
arguing that it was improper. Hall argues that as the officer did not activate his
emergency equipment at first approach when he was parked in the middle of the
street with his engine running, he did nothing wrong in pulling away. Therefore,
he argues, his act of pulling away as the officer approached on foot could not be
the basis for the officer following him and activating his lights to effectuate an
-4- actual stop of his vehicle after he pulled away. Hall further argues that the fact the
vehicle he was driving did not have a license plate in the frame, but rather had a
temporary tag in the back window of the vehicle, which was difficult for the officer
to see as the window was tinted, was not a legitimate reason for an encounter with
a citizen. We disagree.
First, we hold that when Canup first approached Hall’s vehicle when
it was parked on the street, he did not “stop” the vehicle. As the parties point out,
“[p]olice officers are free to approach anyone in public areas for any reason.”
Commonwealth v. Banks, 68 S.W.3d 347, 349-50 (Ky. 2001). As the vehicle was
already parked when Canup attempted to approach it before it pulled away, such
was not a “stop.”3
As he walked towards the vehicle, Canup did not see a license plate
on the SUV and the vehicle suddenly drove off as he was walking towards it, so
3 A police officer may approach a person, identify himself as a police officer and ask a few questions without implicating the Fourth Amendment. A “seizure” occurs when the police detain an individual under circumstances where a reasonable person would feel that he or she is not at liberty to leave. Where a seizure has occurred, “if police have a reasonable suspicion grounded in specific and articulable facts, that a person they encounter was involved in or is wanted in connection with a completed felony,” then they may make a Terry [v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)] stop to investigate that suspicion. Evaluation of the legitimacy of an investigative stop involves a two- part analysis. First, whether there is a proper basis for the stop based on the police officer’s awareness of specific and articulable facts giving rise to reasonable suspicion. Second, whether the degree of intrusion was reasonably related in scope to the justification for the stop.
Baltimore v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
RENDERED: APRIL 1, 2022; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1615-MR
JEWELL HALL APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE TIMOTHY KALTENBACH, JUDGE ACTION NO. 19-CR-00563
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
CALDWELL, JUDGE: Appellant Jewell Hall appeals the trial court’s order
denying his motion to suppress evidence found in his vehicle following an
encounter with police. Having reviewed the record and the briefs of the parties, we
affirm the trial court. FACTS
On May 10, 2019, Paducah Police Department Officer Justin Canup
(“Canup”) was on patrol. At approximately 6:00 a.m., Canup was dispatched to
respond to a report of a black SUV being stationary in the middle of a street with
the lights on and the engine running. According to a citizen report, the SUV was
impeding traffic flow and had been idling there for at least two hours.
When Canup arrived on the scene, he parked behind a work van
which had parked behind the black SUV, ostensibly because the van could not
proceed down the street due to the SUV blocking the road. Canup, without
activating his emergency lights, parked his cruiser behind the van and got out. He
walked around the rear of the work van and as he did so, the brake lights on the
SUV engaged and the SUV pulled away. The SUV had tinted windows, so Canup
had been unable to determine if anyone was inside prior to it pulling away.
Canup got back in his cruiser and followed the SUV. The SUV pulled
into the parking lot of a nearby apartment complex and Canup pulled up behind the
SUV with his lights now engaged. The Appellant, Jewell Hall (“Hall”), alit from
the driver’s side of the vehicle with his hands above his head. He followed
Canup’s instructions to walk backwards towards Canup, with his arms raised. Hall
complied when he was instructed to lift his t-shirt from his waist so Canup could
ensure he had no weapon tucked in his waistband. When backup arrived, Hall was
-2- handcuffed and officers approached the SUV to ensure no one else was inside.
They then determined that Hall had been alone in the vehicle.
Canup spoke with Hall. Hall admitted that he had been drinking the
evening before and fell asleep, leaving the vehicle running in the street while
waiting for a friend. Canup then conducted field sobriety tests and determined
Hall was impaired. Hall was handcuffed and placed under arrest. The officers
then searched the SUV and a handgun was found by police in the center console.
Hall was charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of
alcohol or drugs, first offense, and possession of a handgun by a convicted felon.
Hall filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the stop of his vehicle
and the search of his person were improper.1 Following a suppression hearing, his
motion was denied. The trial court found that Hall was challenging only the stop
of the vehicle and the seizure of his person and that the stop was supported by
reasonable suspicion that Hall was engaged in criminal activity, to wit, the failure
to have a license plate on the vehicle.2 The court also cited the fact the SUV was
impeding traffic and was reported to have been doing so for a couple of hours, as
well as Hall’s act of pulling away as Canup was approaching the vehicle.
1 The motion to suppress filed in McCracken Circuit Court summarily alleges that “reasonable suspicion to detain him did not exist” and “probable cause to search and arrest him did not exist.” The motion does not allege that the search of the vehicle was illegal. 2 Canup could not see the temporary tag in the rear window at the time he was approaching the vehicle when it was stopped in the middle of the road because of the tinted windows.
-3- The charge of operating a motor while under the influence was later
dismissed. Hall was tried by a jury on the remaining handgun charge and was
found guilty and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of seven (7) years. He
now appeals, arguing that the trial court wrongfully denied his motion to dismiss.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appellate review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress
evidence, the reviewing court will not disturb the trial court’s findings of fact
unless found to be clearly erroneous and will review the application of the law to
those factual findings de novo. “When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion
to suppress, we utilize a clear error standard of review for factual findings and a de
novo standard of review for conclusions of law.” Jackson v. Commonwealth, 187
S.W.3d 300, 305 (Ky. 2006) (citing Welch v. Commonwealth, 149 S.W.3d 407,
409 (Ky. 2004)).
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Hall continues the challenge only to the stop of his vehicle,
arguing that it was improper. Hall argues that as the officer did not activate his
emergency equipment at first approach when he was parked in the middle of the
street with his engine running, he did nothing wrong in pulling away. Therefore,
he argues, his act of pulling away as the officer approached on foot could not be
the basis for the officer following him and activating his lights to effectuate an
-4- actual stop of his vehicle after he pulled away. Hall further argues that the fact the
vehicle he was driving did not have a license plate in the frame, but rather had a
temporary tag in the back window of the vehicle, which was difficult for the officer
to see as the window was tinted, was not a legitimate reason for an encounter with
a citizen. We disagree.
First, we hold that when Canup first approached Hall’s vehicle when
it was parked on the street, he did not “stop” the vehicle. As the parties point out,
“[p]olice officers are free to approach anyone in public areas for any reason.”
Commonwealth v. Banks, 68 S.W.3d 347, 349-50 (Ky. 2001). As the vehicle was
already parked when Canup attempted to approach it before it pulled away, such
was not a “stop.”3
As he walked towards the vehicle, Canup did not see a license plate
on the SUV and the vehicle suddenly drove off as he was walking towards it, so
3 A police officer may approach a person, identify himself as a police officer and ask a few questions without implicating the Fourth Amendment. A “seizure” occurs when the police detain an individual under circumstances where a reasonable person would feel that he or she is not at liberty to leave. Where a seizure has occurred, “if police have a reasonable suspicion grounded in specific and articulable facts, that a person they encounter was involved in or is wanted in connection with a completed felony,” then they may make a Terry [v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)] stop to investigate that suspicion. Evaluation of the legitimacy of an investigative stop involves a two- part analysis. First, whether there is a proper basis for the stop based on the police officer’s awareness of specific and articulable facts giving rise to reasonable suspicion. Second, whether the degree of intrusion was reasonably related in scope to the justification for the stop.
Baltimore v. Commonwealth, 119 S.W.3d 532, 537-38 (Ky. App. 2003) (citations omitted).
-5- Canup returned to his cruiser and then activated his emergency equipment. We
hold these facts, coupled with the report that the vehicle had been situated blocking
the street for quite a while, formed a reasonable suspicion to support Canup
following the vehicle with lights engaged and then stopping the vehicle.4 After
activating his lights and following the SUV, Canup only then effectuated a stop of
the vehicle. Only then did he note that there was a temporary tag in the rear
window.
We are not holding that Canup did not have sufficient reasonable
suspicion to effectuate a stop on the idling car, as those facts are not before us.
Rather we are holding that when Canup did effectuate a stop, he had reasonable
suspicion5 to do so based upon the factual findings of the trial court, which we find
were supported by substantial evidence.6
4 “One general interest is of course that of effective crime prevention and detection; it is this interest which underlies the recognition that a police officer may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 22, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. 5 “Based on the officer’s testimony, we find that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 364 S.W.3d 65, 68 (Ky. 2011). Canup’s testimony at the suppression hearing was not contested by Hall and formed a solid basis for the trial court’s findings. 6 A “seizure” for Fourth Amendment purposes occurs only when an individual is detained under circumstances that would induce a reasonable person to believe that he or she is not at liberty to leave. Fletcher v. Commonwealth, 182 S.W.3d 556, 559 (Ky. App. 2005) (citing Terry, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868).
-6- Canup was responding to the report of a car idling for a couple of
hours while parked, blocking a city street. During the initial response he observed
that there was no license plate in the rear frame. When added to the citizen pulling
away as the officer approached the vehicle on foot, while not rising to the level of
the criminal offense of fleeing or evading police,7 is sufficient to form reasonable
suspicion to effectuate a stop. The trial court’s findings were not clearly
erroneous, and its order is affirmed.
CONCLUSION
The trial court properly overruled Hall’s motion to suppress. The trial
court properly applied the law to its factual findings, following a suppression
hearing. The factual findings were not clearly erroneous, and the denial of
suppression was proper. We affirm.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Jennifer Wade Daniel Cameron Frankfort, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Mark D. Barry Assistant Attorney General Frankfort, Kentucky
7 KRS 520.095 – fleeing or evading police in the first degree; KRS 520.100 – fleeing or evading police in the second degree.
-7-