NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 26 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JESUS ALVAREZ-TORRES, No. 19-72277
Petitioner, Agency No. A205-764-388
v. MEMORANDUM*
ROBERT M. WILKINSON, Acting Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted February 8, 2021 San Francisco, California
Before: WARDLAW and BEA, Circuit Judges, and ROSENTHAL,** District Judge.
Jesus Alvarez-Torres, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of
a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision affirming an order by an
immigration judge (IJ) denying his application for withholding of removal. Alvarez-
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Lee H. Rosenthal, Chief United States District Judge for the Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation. 1 Torres had applied for withholding of removal based on past persecution and fear of
future persecution stemming from his service as a police officer in Mexico. He
contends that the IJ erred in denying his application and by taking administrative
notice of “country conditions” without affording him prior notice and an opportunity
to respond. Alvarez-Torres also contends that the IJ’s jurisdiction never vested
because his Notice to Appear (NTA) lacked the time, date, and location of his
removal proceedings. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
When “the BIA agrees with and incorporates specific findings of the IJ while
adding its own reasoning,” as it did here, we review the decisions from both the BIA
and IJ (collectively, the “Agency”). Bhattarai v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 1037, 1042 (9th
Cir. 2016). We review the Agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its denial of
withholding of removal for “substantial evidence.” Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d
901, 908 (9th Cir. 2018). “Substantial evidence review means that we may only
reverse the agency’s determination where the evidence compels a contrary
conclusion from that adopted by the BIA.” Id. at 908–09 (internal citation omitted).
1. Alvarez-Torres bears the burden of proving eligibility for withholding
of removal by demonstrating that he “is unable or unwilling to return to [Mexico]
because of [past] persecution or a well-founded fear of [future] persecution.” Doe
v. Holder, 736 F.3d 871, 877 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal citation omitted). He “must
establish that any persecution was or will be on account of his membership” in a
2 protected social group. Ayala v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1095, 1097 (9th Cir. 2011)
(emphasis in original). “The words ‘on account of’ and ‘because of’ address the
persecutor’s motive for persecuting the victim.” Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d
351, 357 (9th Cir. 2017).
The administrative record does not compel a finding that Alvarez-Torres
suffered past persecution “on account of” his service as a police officer. 1 First, in
1989, Alvarez-Torres was injured in the line of duty while responding to a shootout
with members of the Familia Michoacana cartel. However, a police officer’s “role
in disrupting particular criminal activity” does not constitute persecution. See Ayala,
640 F.3d at 1098 (denying petition because “[petitioner] was only shot at and
threatened because, while an officer, he had arrested a particular drug dealer”); see
also Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010) (denying petition because
“harassment by criminals motivated by theft or random violence by gang members
bears no nexus to a protected ground”).
Next, in 1995, the Familia Michoacana contacted Alvarez-Torres and offered
him money in exchange for information. Three days after he rejected the offer, he
was stabbed. Although the Familia Michoacana initially contacted Alvarez-Torres
because he was a police officer with access to information that they valued, they did
1 We do not reach the issue whether Alvarez-Torres’s claimed social group— police officers—is cognizable. 3 not stab him because he was a police officer. Alvarez-Torres’s own testimony—
that the stabbing “was the result of [him] not having accepted the offer that they had
made to [him]”—links this tragic incident to his refusal to cooperate with the cartel.
Simply put, Alvarez-Torres fears retaliation, not persecution. See Pagayon v.
Holder, 675 F.3d 1182, 1191 (9th Cir. 2011) (denying petition where petitioner
feared retaliation by the National Police for revealing the circumstances of his
father’s murder); see also INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992) (finding
that petitioner’s fear of harm did not constitute fear of persecution “on account of”
political opinion but, rather, fear of retaliation “on account of” his refusal to join the
guerilla organization).
The administrative record also does not compel a finding that Alvarez-Torres
faces a clear probability of future persecution in Mexico “on account of” his service
as a police officer. After the 1995 stabbing, Alvarez-Torres served as a police officer
for about six years and a security guard for about another year—all without incident.
Although his ability to live safely in Mexico is not dispositive, it certainly
undermines his contention that he will more likely than not be persecuted if he were
to return. See Kaiser v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 653, 660 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that
petitioners failed to establish clear probability of persecution where they lived in
Pakistan without harm for ten years after being placed on “hit list”); Lim v. INS, 224
F.3d 929, 938 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that petitioner failed to establish clear
4 probability of persecution where he “retired from the police force and lived in the
Philippines for six years without harm”). Indeed, Alvarez-Torres’s own rationale
for leaving Mexico—that “things in Michoacan were getting worse and worse and
[he] didn’t want to live there anymore”—demonstrates that his fear “is based on
general conditions of criminal violence and civil unrest,” not an individualized risk
of persecution because he was a police officer. And to the extent that past
experiences are indicative of any future harm that Alvarez-Torres might experience,
that harm would stem from retaliation for his prior refusal to cooperate with the
Familia Michoacana. Because Alvarez-Torres fails to establish past persecution or
a clear probability of future persecution, substantial evidence supports the Agency’s
decision to deny Alvarez-Torres’s application.
2. “[D]ue process requires both notice to the applicant that administrative
notice will be taken and an opportunity to rebut the extra-record facts or to show
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 26 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JESUS ALVAREZ-TORRES, No. 19-72277
Petitioner, Agency No. A205-764-388
v. MEMORANDUM*
ROBERT M. WILKINSON, Acting Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted February 8, 2021 San Francisco, California
Before: WARDLAW and BEA, Circuit Judges, and ROSENTHAL,** District Judge.
Jesus Alvarez-Torres, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of
a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision affirming an order by an
immigration judge (IJ) denying his application for withholding of removal. Alvarez-
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Lee H. Rosenthal, Chief United States District Judge for the Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation. 1 Torres had applied for withholding of removal based on past persecution and fear of
future persecution stemming from his service as a police officer in Mexico. He
contends that the IJ erred in denying his application and by taking administrative
notice of “country conditions” without affording him prior notice and an opportunity
to respond. Alvarez-Torres also contends that the IJ’s jurisdiction never vested
because his Notice to Appear (NTA) lacked the time, date, and location of his
removal proceedings. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
When “the BIA agrees with and incorporates specific findings of the IJ while
adding its own reasoning,” as it did here, we review the decisions from both the BIA
and IJ (collectively, the “Agency”). Bhattarai v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 1037, 1042 (9th
Cir. 2016). We review the Agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its denial of
withholding of removal for “substantial evidence.” Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d
901, 908 (9th Cir. 2018). “Substantial evidence review means that we may only
reverse the agency’s determination where the evidence compels a contrary
conclusion from that adopted by the BIA.” Id. at 908–09 (internal citation omitted).
1. Alvarez-Torres bears the burden of proving eligibility for withholding
of removal by demonstrating that he “is unable or unwilling to return to [Mexico]
because of [past] persecution or a well-founded fear of [future] persecution.” Doe
v. Holder, 736 F.3d 871, 877 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal citation omitted). He “must
establish that any persecution was or will be on account of his membership” in a
2 protected social group. Ayala v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1095, 1097 (9th Cir. 2011)
(emphasis in original). “The words ‘on account of’ and ‘because of’ address the
persecutor’s motive for persecuting the victim.” Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d
351, 357 (9th Cir. 2017).
The administrative record does not compel a finding that Alvarez-Torres
suffered past persecution “on account of” his service as a police officer. 1 First, in
1989, Alvarez-Torres was injured in the line of duty while responding to a shootout
with members of the Familia Michoacana cartel. However, a police officer’s “role
in disrupting particular criminal activity” does not constitute persecution. See Ayala,
640 F.3d at 1098 (denying petition because “[petitioner] was only shot at and
threatened because, while an officer, he had arrested a particular drug dealer”); see
also Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010) (denying petition because
“harassment by criminals motivated by theft or random violence by gang members
bears no nexus to a protected ground”).
Next, in 1995, the Familia Michoacana contacted Alvarez-Torres and offered
him money in exchange for information. Three days after he rejected the offer, he
was stabbed. Although the Familia Michoacana initially contacted Alvarez-Torres
because he was a police officer with access to information that they valued, they did
1 We do not reach the issue whether Alvarez-Torres’s claimed social group— police officers—is cognizable. 3 not stab him because he was a police officer. Alvarez-Torres’s own testimony—
that the stabbing “was the result of [him] not having accepted the offer that they had
made to [him]”—links this tragic incident to his refusal to cooperate with the cartel.
Simply put, Alvarez-Torres fears retaliation, not persecution. See Pagayon v.
Holder, 675 F.3d 1182, 1191 (9th Cir. 2011) (denying petition where petitioner
feared retaliation by the National Police for revealing the circumstances of his
father’s murder); see also INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992) (finding
that petitioner’s fear of harm did not constitute fear of persecution “on account of”
political opinion but, rather, fear of retaliation “on account of” his refusal to join the
guerilla organization).
The administrative record also does not compel a finding that Alvarez-Torres
faces a clear probability of future persecution in Mexico “on account of” his service
as a police officer. After the 1995 stabbing, Alvarez-Torres served as a police officer
for about six years and a security guard for about another year—all without incident.
Although his ability to live safely in Mexico is not dispositive, it certainly
undermines his contention that he will more likely than not be persecuted if he were
to return. See Kaiser v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 653, 660 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that
petitioners failed to establish clear probability of persecution where they lived in
Pakistan without harm for ten years after being placed on “hit list”); Lim v. INS, 224
F.3d 929, 938 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that petitioner failed to establish clear
4 probability of persecution where he “retired from the police force and lived in the
Philippines for six years without harm”). Indeed, Alvarez-Torres’s own rationale
for leaving Mexico—that “things in Michoacan were getting worse and worse and
[he] didn’t want to live there anymore”—demonstrates that his fear “is based on
general conditions of criminal violence and civil unrest,” not an individualized risk
of persecution because he was a police officer. And to the extent that past
experiences are indicative of any future harm that Alvarez-Torres might experience,
that harm would stem from retaliation for his prior refusal to cooperate with the
Familia Michoacana. Because Alvarez-Torres fails to establish past persecution or
a clear probability of future persecution, substantial evidence supports the Agency’s
decision to deny Alvarez-Torres’s application.
2. “[D]ue process requires both notice to the applicant that administrative
notice will be taken and an opportunity to rebut the extra-record facts or to show
cause why administrative notice should not be taken of those facts.” Circu v.
Gonzales, 450 F.3d 990, 991–92 (9th Cir. 2006) (emphasis in original) (internal
citation omitted). To prevail, the petitioner “must show error and substantial
prejudice,” which amounts to error that “affected the outcome of the proceedings.”
Lata v. INS, 204 F.3d 1241, 1246 (9th Cir. 2000). “[T]he results of a proceeding
should not be overturned if the outcome would have been the same even without the
violation.” Gomez-Velazco v. Sessions, 879 F.3d 989, 993 (9th Cir. 2018).
5 Alvarez-Torres argues that the IJ violated due process when she unexpectedly
took administrative notice that the “Familia Michoacana has been usurped by the
Knights Templar” and thus “no longer exists.” But even if the IJ erred, Alvarez-
Torres fails to establish that he was prejudiced by the putative error. As
demonstrated above, notwithstanding the noticed fact, substantial evidence supports
the Agency’s decision to deny Alvarez-Torres’s application for withholding of
removal. The noticed fact was only one of many facts on which the IJ relied, merely
constituting an additional reason to support the decision. Because the putative error
did not affect the outcome of the proceedings, Alvarez-Torres’s challenge fails.2
3. Alvarez-Torres requests that we terminate his removal proceedings
because jurisdiction never vested with the IJ. He argues that the NTA with which
he was served lacked several elements required under 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.14(a) and
1003.15(b)(6): the time, date, and location of his removal proceedings. Relying on
the Supreme Court’s decision in Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018),
Alvarez-Torres contends that the subsequently received Notice of Hearing, which
contained this information, failed to cure the defective NTA.
However, we already considered—and rejected—this argument in Aguilar
2 This conclusion is consistent with the BIA’s holding that it “need not address whether the [IJ] correctly took administrative notice of country conditions in Mexico, inasmuch as those conditions are not germane to the outcome of these proceedings.” 6 Fermin v. Barr, 958 F.3d 887 (9th Cir. 2020). As here, Aguilar’s NTA lacked the
time, date, and location of her removal proceedings. Also as here, Aguilar relied on
Pereira and argued that the defective NTA rendered the IJ without jurisdiction.3 We
declined to extend Pereira, however, and held that “the lack of time, date, and place
in the NTA sent to Aguilar did not deprive the immigration court of jurisdiction.”
Id. at 893–95. Indeed, “an omission of some of the information required by §
1003.14(a) and § 1003.15(b)(6) can be cured and is not fatal.” Id. at 895. To cure
and vest jurisdiction, we noted that DHS need only “provid[e] the alien and the
government with the complete notice at a later time.” Id.
Aguilar Fermin forecloses the relief that Alvarez-Torres seeks. Although his
NTA lacked the time, date, and location of his removal proceedings, Alvarez-Torres
received a Notice of Hearing four days later. That Notice of Hearing contained the
missing information, thereby curing the defective NTA and vesting jurisdiction with
the IJ. Accordingly, Alvarez-Torres’s argument fails.
The petition for review is DENIED.
3 Nonpermanent residents who are subject to removal proceedings and who have accrued ten years of continuous physical presence in the United States may be eligible for cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). Under the “stop- time rule,” however, the period of “continuous physical presence” is “deemed to end . . . when the alien is served a [NTA] under section 1229(a).” Id. § 1229b(d)(1)(A). In Pereira, the Supreme Court held that a NTA “that does not inform a noncitizen when and where to appear for removal proceedings is not a ‘[NTA] under section 1229(a)’ and therefore does not trigger the stop-time rule.” 138 S. Ct. at 2110. The stop-time rule is not at issue in this case. 7