By the Court.
Mullin, J.
The first alleged error presented by the record in this case is the admission of Stagg as a witness for the plaintiff, he being, as it is claimed, a person for whose immediate benefit the action is prosecuted, having signed the undertaking required by the Code to be given in proceedings for the claim and delivery of property.
Stagg could derive no benefit whatever from the suit, except by being released from his undertaking. He had an interest which, under the former practice, would have excluded him from being a witness, until another undertaking had been substituted. Interest is no longer a ground for exclusion. Stagg had no power, as surety in the undertaking, to control the suit, nor to appropriate to his own use any part of its proceeds. The action was not prosecuted for his benefit, directly or indirectly If a person can neither control the action nor appropriate its proceeds, it is difficult to understand how it can be said to be prosecuted for his benefit. The defendant’s counsel seems to think that Stagg was to be treated as if he had indemnified some person for the taking of the property. By section 309 of the Code, the undertaking is for the prosecution of the action, the return of the property, upon the payment to the defendant of such stim as may be recovered against the plaintiff. The sureties are to be approved by the sheriff, and he is liable to [453]*453the defendants for the sufficiency of the sureties, until the objection to them is waived, or they have justified, or new sureties be substituted and been justified. The action not being against the sheriff, indemnity to him could not convert the surety into a person for whose immediate benefit the suit was prosecuted. And indemnity to the defendants in the action, could not work out any greater change in the relations of the witness to the action. The case of Howland v. Willett, 9 JV. T. 170, has no application to the case. In that case the defendant was sued as sheriff, for unlawfully taking the plaintiff’s property, and Edward Dwight was offered as a witness on the part of the defendant, and it appearing that he was a partner in the firm by which the judgment was recovered, on which, the property in question was seized, and that the judgment bad been assigned to said Dwight, and that he claimed the property and had indemnified the sheriff, it was held that he was a person for whose immediate benefit the action was prosecuted, and that he was, therefore, incompetent. There is no resemblance in the cases. The witness Stagg had not indemnified any person to the litigation, unless it was the defendant, and such indemnity does not affect the question of the competency of the indemnitor as a witness.
When the person offered as a witness is legally or equitably the owner of the property and entitled to its proceeds, or was entitled himself to the benefits of litigation by indemnity given to another, he is a person for whose benefit the action is prosecuted or defended. If he is a mere surety to enable another to prosecute or defend an action he is not a person for whose benefit the action is prosecuted or defended, and is not rendered. incompetent as a witness under section 299 of the Code.
The counsel for the defendants Hiller and Ferguson, on the close of the plaintiff’s case, moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the goods in question 'were sold upon the credit of Johnson, Cammel & Co., and not of White, and that no demand was made on either of the assignees until after suit [454]*454commenced. The motion was denied, and the defendant’s counsel excepted.
The witness Stagg had testified, before the plaintiffs rested, that he was one of the plaintiff’s agents, and as such negotiated the sale to White; and that White offered to him, as indorsers of his paper for the steel he might purchase, the firm o Johnson, Cammel & Co., and that he told White he would accept them as indorsers, and it was upon the condition that they should become such that the sale of the steel was made. It is a very grave mistake, therefore, to say that the sale was made on the credit of White alone, and not on that of Johnson, Cammel & Co., also.
If the steel was held on a condition that was not complied with, the title never passed from the' plaintiffs, and White acquired no title thereto, nor could he convey any to the assignees. Acker v. Campbell, 23 Wend. 372; Leven v. Smith, 1 Den. 571; Haggerty v. Palmer, 6 Johns. Ch. 437; The same v. Duane, 1 Paige, 321; Cary v. Hotailing, 1 Hill, 311; Smith v. Lynes, 5 N. Y. 41; Olmstead v. Hotailing, 1 Hill, 317.*
In order to maintain an action against White, no demand was necessary. His act was tortious, and he was liable in trespass for the unlawful taking. Farrington v. Payne, 15 Johns. 431.
But as the assignees acquired possession of the property innocently, without notice of any defect of title in White, an action could not be maintained against them until after, demand and refusal. Hall v. Robinson, 2 N. Y. 293.
The assignees not being partners, a demand must be made upon each, in order to maintain a joint action. Mitchell v. Williams, 4 Hill, 13. It is not pretended that any demand was made of Ferguson, and hence the action as against him was not sustained. There was evidence sufficient to carry the case to the jury on the question whether a demand was made of the property of Miller, and whether there was a refusal Vj him; and the jury must have found -such demand and refusal, as without it, there was no evidence of detention by the assignees, referred to by the judge in his charge to the jury.
[455]*455I do not understand the respondent’s counsel to contend that there was not a demand and refusal by Miller; but the objection is that it was after suit brought; the papers in suit having been delivered to the sheriff at 11 A. M., and the demand not being made till 1 p. m. of the same. day.
A demand and refusal do not constitute a conversion of property. They are but evidence of a conversion, and the- conversion of which they are the evidence is prior to the demand and refusal. 2 Phil, on Ev. 226; Cow. & Hill’s edition. The learned authors say: “ The refusal of the defendant may be evidence of a conversion at an antecedent period; as when deeds were in the possession of the defendant prior to Michaelmas term, and the demand and refusal were proved to have been made on the day after that time, the court held it to be evidence of a conversion before the time.” Milton v. Endlestom, 5 Barn. & Aid. 87, was trover for certain deeds that were shown to have been in the defendant’s hands before the Michaelmas term. The bill was entitled generally of that term, the memorandum showed it was filed on November 28, but it was not in fact filed until December 24. The demand was made on November 29. The evidence of the actual time of filing was objected to as contradicting the record. But the court held it admissible; and they say a demand and refusal is evidence of a prior conversion; and as the deeds were in the defendants’ hands prior to Michaelmas term, there was evidence for the jury of a converion before that period.
In Morris v. Pugh, 3 Burr.
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By the Court.
Mullin, J.
The first alleged error presented by the record in this case is the admission of Stagg as a witness for the plaintiff, he being, as it is claimed, a person for whose immediate benefit the action is prosecuted, having signed the undertaking required by the Code to be given in proceedings for the claim and delivery of property.
Stagg could derive no benefit whatever from the suit, except by being released from his undertaking. He had an interest which, under the former practice, would have excluded him from being a witness, until another undertaking had been substituted. Interest is no longer a ground for exclusion. Stagg had no power, as surety in the undertaking, to control the suit, nor to appropriate to his own use any part of its proceeds. The action was not prosecuted for his benefit, directly or indirectly If a person can neither control the action nor appropriate its proceeds, it is difficult to understand how it can be said to be prosecuted for his benefit. The defendant’s counsel seems to think that Stagg was to be treated as if he had indemnified some person for the taking of the property. By section 309 of the Code, the undertaking is for the prosecution of the action, the return of the property, upon the payment to the defendant of such stim as may be recovered against the plaintiff. The sureties are to be approved by the sheriff, and he is liable to [453]*453the defendants for the sufficiency of the sureties, until the objection to them is waived, or they have justified, or new sureties be substituted and been justified. The action not being against the sheriff, indemnity to him could not convert the surety into a person for whose immediate benefit the suit was prosecuted. And indemnity to the defendants in the action, could not work out any greater change in the relations of the witness to the action. The case of Howland v. Willett, 9 JV. T. 170, has no application to the case. In that case the defendant was sued as sheriff, for unlawfully taking the plaintiff’s property, and Edward Dwight was offered as a witness on the part of the defendant, and it appearing that he was a partner in the firm by which the judgment was recovered, on which, the property in question was seized, and that the judgment bad been assigned to said Dwight, and that he claimed the property and had indemnified the sheriff, it was held that he was a person for whose immediate benefit the action was prosecuted, and that he was, therefore, incompetent. There is no resemblance in the cases. The witness Stagg had not indemnified any person to the litigation, unless it was the defendant, and such indemnity does not affect the question of the competency of the indemnitor as a witness.
When the person offered as a witness is legally or equitably the owner of the property and entitled to its proceeds, or was entitled himself to the benefits of litigation by indemnity given to another, he is a person for whose benefit the action is prosecuted or defended. If he is a mere surety to enable another to prosecute or defend an action he is not a person for whose benefit the action is prosecuted or defended, and is not rendered. incompetent as a witness under section 299 of the Code.
The counsel for the defendants Hiller and Ferguson, on the close of the plaintiff’s case, moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the goods in question 'were sold upon the credit of Johnson, Cammel & Co., and not of White, and that no demand was made on either of the assignees until after suit [454]*454commenced. The motion was denied, and the defendant’s counsel excepted.
The witness Stagg had testified, before the plaintiffs rested, that he was one of the plaintiff’s agents, and as such negotiated the sale to White; and that White offered to him, as indorsers of his paper for the steel he might purchase, the firm o Johnson, Cammel & Co., and that he told White he would accept them as indorsers, and it was upon the condition that they should become such that the sale of the steel was made. It is a very grave mistake, therefore, to say that the sale was made on the credit of White alone, and not on that of Johnson, Cammel & Co., also.
If the steel was held on a condition that was not complied with, the title never passed from the' plaintiffs, and White acquired no title thereto, nor could he convey any to the assignees. Acker v. Campbell, 23 Wend. 372; Leven v. Smith, 1 Den. 571; Haggerty v. Palmer, 6 Johns. Ch. 437; The same v. Duane, 1 Paige, 321; Cary v. Hotailing, 1 Hill, 311; Smith v. Lynes, 5 N. Y. 41; Olmstead v. Hotailing, 1 Hill, 317.*
In order to maintain an action against White, no demand was necessary. His act was tortious, and he was liable in trespass for the unlawful taking. Farrington v. Payne, 15 Johns. 431.
But as the assignees acquired possession of the property innocently, without notice of any defect of title in White, an action could not be maintained against them until after, demand and refusal. Hall v. Robinson, 2 N. Y. 293.
The assignees not being partners, a demand must be made upon each, in order to maintain a joint action. Mitchell v. Williams, 4 Hill, 13. It is not pretended that any demand was made of Ferguson, and hence the action as against him was not sustained. There was evidence sufficient to carry the case to the jury on the question whether a demand was made of the property of Miller, and whether there was a refusal Vj him; and the jury must have found -such demand and refusal, as without it, there was no evidence of detention by the assignees, referred to by the judge in his charge to the jury.
[455]*455I do not understand the respondent’s counsel to contend that there was not a demand and refusal by Miller; but the objection is that it was after suit brought; the papers in suit having been delivered to the sheriff at 11 A. M., and the demand not being made till 1 p. m. of the same. day.
A demand and refusal do not constitute a conversion of property. They are but evidence of a conversion, and the- conversion of which they are the evidence is prior to the demand and refusal. 2 Phil, on Ev. 226; Cow. & Hill’s edition. The learned authors say: “ The refusal of the defendant may be evidence of a conversion at an antecedent period; as when deeds were in the possession of the defendant prior to Michaelmas term, and the demand and refusal were proved to have been made on the day after that time, the court held it to be evidence of a conversion before the time.” Milton v. Endlestom, 5 Barn. & Aid. 87, was trover for certain deeds that were shown to have been in the defendant’s hands before the Michaelmas term. The bill was entitled generally of that term, the memorandum showed it was filed on November 28, but it was not in fact filed until December 24. The demand was made on November 29. The evidence of the actual time of filing was objected to as contradicting the record. But the court held it admissible; and they say a demand and refusal is evidence of a prior conversion; and as the deeds were in the defendants’ hands prior to Michaelmas term, there was evidence for the jury of a converion before that period.
In Morris v. Pugh, 3 Burr. 1241, the same question arose as to whether the actual time of filing the bill could be shown in opposition to the recital in the record; and it was held that it might. And Lord Mansfield takes occasion to say: “Befusal upon demand is not an actual conversion, but evidence of it. If the refusal on May 2 had really been after the action brought, I ought to have left it to the jury as evidence of a conversion before the bringing of the -action.”
In the case before us it is shown that the assignment was made and delivered on December 8. The action was commenced on or about December 17, and it was on the same day the demand was made. The demand and refusal were, under the cases cited, evidence to go to the jury of a conversion as [456]*456early as December 8; that is to say, refusal to deliver to the true owner on demand, is evidence, in the absence of all explanation, that the party refused it with the intent to set the real owner’s right at defiance. The jury was justified in finding a conversion before" suit brought. Miller is, therefore, liable to the plaintiffs for the value of the property.
It was held in Nicholas v. Michael, 33 N. Y. 364, that the fraudulent vendee of goods, and his assignee thereof for the benefit of creditors, are liable to a joint action by the vendor to recover the possession. White was, therefore, liable jointly with Miller and Ferguson for a conversion of the steel, and as to him no demand was necessary.
The court was requested to charge the jury, that there was no evidence to warrant them in finding that the whole of che steel claimed in this action ever came to the possession, or under the control of, the defendants, Miller & Ferguson. The court declined so to charge. All the steel sold by the plaintiffs to White was received by him and taken to his shop. There is no proof that he sold a pound of it, or that, by the course of business in his shop, a sale of any part of it might be inferred. As between the plaintiffs and White, there could be no doubt but that at the time of the assignment he had in his possession all the steel bought of the plaintiffs. And it seems to'me the inference is equally strong against the assignees. By the assignment they took all personal property, tools, machinery, &c., in the ax factory, and all iron, steel, stock and materials for being manufactured, and all axes and other edged tools, manufactured or in process of being manufactured, and stock partly manufactured, and all manufactured articles in the hands of commission merchants, or other dealers, &c., &c. If none had been sold by White, then all the steel was on hand in bars, manufactured, in process of manufacture, or in ,the hands of dealers. The plaintiffs gave all the evidence as to the possession of the property by the assignees which the nature of the case admitted of, and it was in the power of the defendants to prove beyond all doubt how much of it passed to them under the assignment. And failing to give any proof, I think the jury were justified in presuming that all the property purchased of the plaintiff passed to the assignees. I am of opinion, [457]*457therefore, that the branch of the charge under consideration was right.
The only remaining question is, whether the question put to White, as to whether, when he purchased the steel, he intended to pay for it, was properly excluded. I think it was, for two reasons, viz: 1. The inquiry is only competent when the intention of the witness at the time, and in relation to the subject matter of the inquiry, is material. Seymour v. Wilson, 14 N. Y. 567; Griffin v. Marquardt, 31 Id. 131; Forbes v. Waller, 35 Id. 433. There was no fraud imputed to White in making the sale, nor was there any issue in the pleadings as to a fraudulent intent, and hence a case was not made that rendered it either proper or necessary to inquire into White’s intentions when he made the purchase. 3. White denied ever having made any contract with the plaintiffs’ agents for the purchase of the steel. He says he talked with them about purchasing more than one box, but no agreement was made in relation to them, and he did not know that the plaintiffs’ agents contemptated sending forward more than the single box until he was informed by his teamster that ten boxes were at Troy. Then, for the first time, did he assent to take the additional boxes. Whether he had intention not to pay for property forced upon him, as he insists, by the plaintiffs’ agents, could not be material, and the inquiry was properly excluded.
• The result of my examination of this case is, that the order as to Miller and White must be revelsed, and that as to the defendant Ferguson, if should be affirmed, and judgment absolute under the stipulation, in favor of Ferguson against the plaintiffs.
A majority of the judges concurred.
Judgment accordingly, with costs.
This section has since been amended so as to admit parties without reference to interest, except as against executors, &c.