EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge:
Jerry White was convicted of robbing a grocery store and shooting to death a customer. The murder conviction and the sentence of death were affirmed. White v. State, 446 So.2d 1031 (Fla.1984). White later filed a motion for postconviction relief under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. The motion was denied following an evidentiary hearing. The denial was affirmed. White v. State, 559 So.2d 1097 (Fla.1990).
White then petitioned the Florida Supreme Court for writ of habeas corpus; the court denied White’s petition. White v. Dugger, 565 So.2d 700 (Fla.1990). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, White filed for a writ of habeas corpus in the Middle District of Florida. Without holding an evidentiary hearing, the district court order denied White relief.
I.
White claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt phase and the sentencing phase of his trial. For White to prevail on this claim, he has the burden to establish two components: that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that this performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Strickland held that in evaluating whether a trial counsel’s performance was deficient, the counsel’s performance must be evaluated for “reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. The test has nothing to do with what the best lawyers would have done. Nor is the test even what most good lawyers would have done. We ask only whether some reasonable lawyer at the trial could have acted, in the circumstances, as defense counsel acted at trial. Courts also should at the start presume effectiveness and should always avoid second guessing with the benefit of hindsight. Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. [1221]*1221Strickland, encourages reviewing courts to allow lawyers broad discretion to represent their clients by pursuing their own strategy. We are not interested in grading lawyers’ performances; we are interested in whether the adversarial process at trial, in fact, worked adequately.
A. Guilt Phase
1. Voluntary Intoxication Defense
White asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present the defense of voluntary intoxication because evidence existed that White was drunk at the time of the crime. White insists that many witnesses commented on White’s drunken state and that a blood alcohol level taken at the hospital several hours after the crime was nearly double the legal limit under Florida’s DUI statute. Had such a defense been presented, White claims, the jury might have found that he lacked the intent required for robbery or the premeditation necessary for first-degree murder.1
In Harich v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1464 (11th Cir.1988) (en banc), we previously addressed this kind of issue. In Harich, defendant took the stand and testified that, although he was with the victim the evening of the murder, he was innocent of wrongdoing. Id. at 1470. He also indicated that he was under the influence of drugs and alcohol that evening. Armed with these facts, the defense counsel adopted the defense strategy of asserting chiefly factual innocence. Id. As in the present case, defendant in Harich suggested later that defense counsel should have employed the alternative defenses of voluntary intoxication. The Harich court held, however, that defendant must prove that the approach taken by defense counsel would have been used by no professionally competent counsel and that the approach taken by counsel was one which did not fall “within the objective yardstick that we apply when considering the question of ineffectiveness of counsel.” Id. at 1470-71. The Harich court specifically noted that “[although inconsistent and alternative defenses may be raised, competent trial counsel know that reasonableness is absolutely mandatory if one hopes to achieve credibility with the jury.” Id. at 1470. The Ha-rich court concluded that suggesting to the jury that Harich was so drunk that he could not have intended the consequences of his acts would have totally undermined the position by Harich himself when he testified.2 Id.
In the present case, White’s trial counsel testified at the evidentiary hearing that he rejected intoxication as a defense because it was inconsistent with the deliberateness of White’s actions during the shootings. White had the presence of mind before the robbery to park his car in a direction which accessed a speedy getaway. White brought a gun with him into the store. Once inside the store, White escorted both his victims into the freezer in the back of the store and shot them in the back of their heads. White evidently brought along a set of clothes to change into after the robbery. These acts are hardly consistent with a person so impaired as to be unable to form the intent required for committing the crime charged. Thus, nothing was shown in this case to prove that White’s counsel’s decision not to raise the voluntary intoxication defense was beyond the range of reasonable professional judgment. As we said in Harich, “[a] competent attorney completely informed in the intoxication defense and faced with a defendant advocating his factual innocence could well have taken action identical to counsel in this case.” Id. at 1471.3
2. Counsel’s Alleged Incapacity at the Time of Trial
White claims that his attorney, Emmett Moran, was ineffective because [1222]*1222Moran was under the . influence of drugs and alcohol during the guilt and penalty-phase of White’s trial. The state trial court conducted an extensive hearing on this issue in 1986.
In Meeks v. Singletary, 963 F.2d 316, 319 (11th Cir.1992), we noted that “[i]t is well established that a habeas petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on a claim if he or she alleges facts that, if .proved at the hearing, would entitle petitioner to relief.” The Meeks court stressed, however, that “an evidentiary hearing may not be required if a state court has made findings as to those very facts.” Id. In such an instance, the state court’s factual findings would be entitled to a presumption of correctness as set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
Evidence that Moran-at the time of White's trial in 1982-was intoxicated through the use of alcohol and drugs, was presented at the state court evidentiary hearing. Evidence was also presented to the contrary: .the trial prosecutor specifically testified that Moran had not been intoxicated at the time of the trial; and Moran himself, vehemently denied the allegations. The state court judge who presided over the hearing made a specific finding that attorney Moran “was not under the influence of any intoxicant during the trial” and stated that White failed to present credible evidence to the contrary. The Supreme Court of Florida affirmed the trial court’s determination. White, 559 So.2d at 1099. After reviewing the record, the district court concluded that the state court was justified in finding counsel was under the influence of neither alcohol nor drugs during his representation of White. Because White failed to prove an exception to the presumption of correctness owed by federal courts to state courts, we will not disturb the district court’s finding.
White also contends that Moran suffered serious health problems which affected his ability to render effective assistance of counsel. Although it is undisputed that Moran had health problems, the district court specifically found that none made his legal assistance constitutionally ineffective. See Messer v. Florida, 834 F.2d 890, 897 (11th Cir.1987) (a tired trial attorney is not necessarily an ineffective attorney); King v. Strickland, 714 F.2d 1481, 1489 (11th Cir.1983) (same). Again, we accept the district court’s findings.
3. Counsel’s Handling of Voir Dire
White complains that counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the excu-sal for cause of those jurors who were reluctant to impose the death penalty. White also insists that counsel was continually confused as to the number of peremptory challenges allotted to him and was incompetent when he allowed jurors who had read about the case to become jurors.
The record reflects that the five prospective jurors who were excused for cause due to their views on the death penalty had all stated that they were unalterably opposed to the death penalty and would not impose the death penalty under any circumstances. In Straight v. Wainwright, 772 F.2d 674 (11th Cir.1985), we held that it cannot be assumed that veniremen opposed to the death penalty could have been persuaded to change their positions due to a rehabilitation effort on the part of defense counsel. Because it cannot be assumed that counsel could have changed the strong opinions of these prospective jurors, White’s contention that counsel was ineffective for failure to rehabilitate is merit-less.
White complains that Moran was confused about the number of peremptory challenges he had available. The record indicates that the trial judge erroneously advised White’s counsel that counsel was out of peremptory challenges. White argues that the court’s mistake “confused” defense counsel.4 The court, however, realized the mistake the next day and told counsel that he had one peremptory challenge left. Counsel then used this challenge. No prejudice resulted to White as the trial judge allowed both parties to back-[1223]*1223strike up until the time the jury was sworn. White, therefore, has shown neither deficient performance on this claim nor prejudice. See Strickland, supra.
White next says that counsel should have allowed no jurors to sit who had read about the case. In Bertolotti v. Dugger, 883 F.2d 1503, 1521 (11th Cir.1989), we held that if jurors can lay aside preconceptions and base their verdict on the evidence adduced at trial, they need not be completely unaware of the facts of a given case. The jurors who had read about the White case indicated that they maintained no preconceived opinions about the case. Thus, according to Bertolotti, these jurors did not need to be excused, and thus counsel was not ineffective for failing to excuse them. Once again, therefore, White has not sustained his burden of proof on this claim or showed prejudice. See Strickland, supra.
4. Counsel’s Handling of the Trial
White presents an exhaustive list of what he views as counsel’s errors at trial, stressing that counsel failed to elicit appropriate information from several of the state’s witnesses. What White cites as “errors," however, simply constitute counsel’s trial strategy. At the state court evidentiary hearing, the court concluded that counsel purposely chose a rambling style to confuse witnesses and, in turn, to raise doubt in the minds of the jury. White, 559 So.2d at 1100. The district court agreed with the state court’s conclusion and specifically noted that the “rambling, ‘confused’ approach was employed by trial counsel in an effort to make the state’s evidence appear disjointed and to emphasize any reasonable doubt in the jurors’ mind.”
Apart from the rambling style of defense counsel, White has failed to point out what testimony gleaned from the state’s witnesses would have changed the outcome of the trial. In Aldrich v. Wainwright, 111 F.2d 630 (11th Cir.1985), we held that the prejudice requirement under Strickland is never satisfied where petitioner fails to indicate what information defense counsel should have discovered and what impact such information would have had on impeachment of state witnesses. Once again, therefore, White has failed to satisfy the requirements of Strickland on this claim of ineffective assistance.5
5. Counsel’s Handling of the Suppression Motion
White also contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in his handling of a suppression motion during the trial. White, while at a hospital, gave a statement to the police to the effect that he had entered the store when no one else was there and had been shot by a black man. The issue at the state court suppression hearing was whether White’s statement, which was used only for impeachment, was voluntary. White claims he was given Demoral before making the statement, and insists that counsel should have introduced expert testimony at the state suppression hearing about the effects of Demoral. White also contends that trial counsel’s announcement to the jury that he was moving to suppress the statement, represented deficient conduct. Although the district court addressed the issue of the admissibility of White’s statement and found it to be properly admitted, the district court did not specifically address this claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
White’s medical records introduced into evidence indicated that White was given an injection of Demoral fifteen minutes after the police took his statement. The record contains journal entries which, in sequential order, list the arrival of the detectives, the reading to White of his Miranda rights, and then the administration of De-[1224]*1224moral. No evidence was ever presented that White was given any drug before his interview with the police. Thus, if White's trial counsel had tried to present expert evidence on the effects of Demoral, such evidence would have been disregarded because it was irrelevant.
6. Counsel's Alleged Disloyalty to his Client
White contends that his counsel made a number of racist statements, as well as other comments which could be interpreted as disparaging remarks about him. White claims his representation was thus tainted by his counsel's racist attitudes and flagrant disloyalty.
The district court made extensive findings and flatly rejected White's claim of disloyal counsel. Rather than being disloyal, it appears counsel did much to insure White's acquittal.6 We adopt the district court's findings of fact on this issue as not clearly erroneous and therefore reject White's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on this issue.7
B. Sentencing Phase
White argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel during the sentencing phase of his trial. He contends that his counsel at sentencing was unprepared to put on an effective defense.
1. Counsel's Alleged Failure to Prepare and Present Background Information in Mitigation
White says that trial counsel failed to conduct an adequate investigation into his background and history, resulting in the deprivation of powerful evidence in mitigation which could have been used at the penalty phase of trial. He claims that as a result he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
While "[i]t should be beyond cavil that an attorney who fails altogether to make any preparations for the penalty phase of a capital murder trial deprives his client of reasonably effective assistance of counsel by any objective standard of reasonableness," see Blake v. Kemp, 758 F.2d 523, 533 (11th Cir.1985), it is unclear how detailed an investigation is necessary to provide a defendant with the effective assistance of counsel. Strickland only requires that counsel's actions fall within the wide spectrum of what can be considered reasonable assistance of counsel.
In Gates v. Zant, 863 F.2d 1492, 1498 (11th Cir.1989), we recognized that:
[g]iven the finite resources of time and money that face a defense attorney, it simply is not realistic to expect counsel to investigate substantially all plausible lines of defense. A reasonably competent attorney often must rely on his own experience and judgment, without the benefit of a substantial investigation, when deciding whether or not to forego a particular line of defense without substantial investigation so long as the decision was reasonable under the circumstances.
In the present case, counsel had spoken with family members in preparing for the penalty phase. After concluding his investigation, counsel called five witnesses to testify at the penalty phase, including White's uncle, mother and fiance, They testified to the hardships of White's life: the deaths of White's father and stepfather, being raised by his mother alone, the health problems he had, and his trouble with alcohol. They also testified about White's good character.
[1225]*1225At the state court evidentiary hearing on whether counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate further into White’s background, the same witnesses who had testified at the initial penalty phase proceeding testified again. Much of the identical testimony was presented at this time, only in greater detail.8 We cannot say that every reasonable and fully informed attorney would, in the context of this case, have presented at the penalty phase more testimony on the hardships of the White family. See Bertolotti, 883 F.2d at 1519 (“[B]e-cause the evidence itself has substantial internal weaknesses, we question whether counsel would have presented the evidence to the jury had counsel possessed it.”). Nor can we say that deciding not to dwell on the hardship testimony deprived White of effective assistance of counsel. White’s counsel’s strategy for the penalty phase was to present White in the best possible light and to avoid contradicting White’s trial testimony. Thus, he tailored the evidence presented at the penalty phase to fit his strategy. We cannot say that White’s trial counsel strategy was unreasonable.
White insists, however, that, under the law, his counsel should have investigated further to uncover as much evidence in mitigation as possible. Unlike the case of Cunningham v. Zant, 928 F.2d 1006, 1017 (11th Cir.1991), in which we faulted trial counsel for failing to present any evidence to the jury on defendant’s minimal schooling, on his poverty-stricken socioeconomic background, or on the fact his father died when he was five, in the present case, White’s counsel did bring in evidence of White’s difficult upbringing. In Blanco v. Singletary, 943 F.2d 1477, 1501 (11th Cir. 1991), we held that counsel was ineffective because he failed personally to seek out any witnesses specifically for sentencing. Again, however, the present case can be distinguished because White’s counsel did find and call five witnesses to testify on his behalf at the penalty phase. Although “[a] lawyer can almost always do something more in every case ... the Constitution requires a good deal less than maximum performance.” Atkins v. Singletary, 965 F.2d 952, 960 (11th Cir.1992). In this case, counsel did enough. See id.
White’s counsel in this case investigated White’s background and presented at the penalty phase that evidence which he thought would be most helpful. White, therefore, has failed to show how his counsel’s actions deprived him of effective assistance of counsel. In addition, White failed to show how he was prejudiced by his counsel omitting the additional background information from the penalty phase. See Strickland, supra.
2. Counsel’s Alleged Failure to Present Evidence of Intoxication in Mitigation
White contends that counsel failed to present expert testimony about the effects of White’s intoxication. As discussed above, counsel did present some evidence of White’s intoxication during the sentencing phase of the trial.
Both White’s uncle and mother testified at the sentencing hearing that White “shouldn’t drink” because he suffers from blackouts. White insists, however, that reasonably competent counsel would necessarily have presented expert testimony on White’s history of intoxication and intoxication at the time of the offense.9
[1226]*1226Once again, we are presented with a question of judgment for counsel. It was counsel’s strategy not to dwell on the intoxication issue for principally two reasons: (1) the evidence contradicted the trial testimony that defendant acted in self-defense-such a contradiction might well have antagonized the jurors, and (2) the general disdain which jurors hold for drunkenness as an excuse for violent behavior. Counsel’s rationale is reasonable. Therefore, the first requirement under Strickland has not been met.
3. Counsel’s Alleged Mishandling of his Client’s Prior Convictions
The last issue which White raises with respect to errors at the penalty phase is counsel’s handling of White’s earlier convictions. White contends that the underlying convictions, pursuant to which the trial court found the aggravating circumstance of prior violence under Fla.Stat. § 921.-141(5)(d), were replete with constitutional error.
White does not specify the constitutional errors, but merely states that several guilty pleas' which were used in part to support the prior violent felony aggravating factors were not knowingly and voluntarily entered. The district court correctly held that this claim is procedurally barred and that White has alleged neither cause nor prejudice. Even on the merits, the district court concluded that White failed to allege with specificity the particular error which allegedly inflicted his prior felony convictions.
II.
White claims that his death sentence must be reversed due to an alleged violation of Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S.Ct. 1441, 108 L.Ed.2d 725 (1990). On direct appeal, the Florida Supreme Court struck the “pecuniary gain” aggravating factor as constituting improper “doubling” with another aggravating factor and struck the “cold, calculated and premeditated” aggravating factor as unsupported by the evidence. White v. State, 446 So.2d 1031, 1037 (Fla.1984). The state supreme court held that only two aggravating factors properly applied: that White had a previous felony conviction and that the homicide occurred during the commission of a robbery. Id. White argues that his case should have been remanded for resentencing because the jury’s recommendation was “tainted” by the presentation of improper aggravating factors.
Both on direct appeal and when White presented this claim to the Florida Supreme Court in his 1990 habeas corpus petition, that court noted that “[w]hen there are one or more valid aggravating factors which will support a death sentence, in the absence of any mitigating factor(s) which might override the aggravating factors, death is presumed to be the appropriate penalty.” White, 446 So.2d at 1037; White, 565 So.2d at 702. In White’s case, there were two remaining aggravating factors and no mitigating factors.10 In the 1990 habeas corpus proceeding, the Florida Supreme Court applied the harmless error analysis and concluded that “the trial court’s ruling would have been the same beyond a reasonable doubt even in the absence of the invalid aggravating factors.” White, 565 So.2d at 702 (emphasis added).
In Clemons, the Supreme Court approved of the use by state courts of “harm[1227]*1227less error” analysis to cure a trial court’s erroneous application of aggravating factors in death penalty cases. In a recent case, Sochor v. Florida, — U.S.-, 112 S.Ct. 2114, 119 L.Ed.2d 326 (1992), however, the Supreme Court declined to accept an implied harmless error analysis after a state court had struck an invalid aggravating factor: the Court seemed unconvinced that a harmless error analysis had actually been applied by the state supreme court. See id. (“Since the Supreme Court of Florida did not explain or even ‘declare a belief that’ this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt ‘in that it did not contribute to the [sentence] obtained,’ the error cannot be taken as cured by the State Supreme Court’s consideration of the case.”).
In the present case, when White first contested the faulty aggravating factors, the Florida Supreme Court found that the record supported the finding that defendant was engaged in the commission of a robbery when the murder occurred and found that defendant had never even disputed that he was previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person. White, 446 So.2d at 1037. The Florida Supreme Court then specifically noted that the death penalty was appropriate given the existence of these two aggravating factors and the absence of mitigating factors. Id. When White presented this claim to the Florida Supreme Court in his later 1990 habeas corpus petition, that court wrote this:
White claims that this Court violated Clemons when it affirmed his death sentence after invalidating two of four aggravating factors. In affirming White’s sentence on direct appeal, we stated:
When there are one or more valid aggravating factors which will support a death sentence, in the absence of any mitigating factor(s) which might override the aggravating factors, death is presumed to be the appropriate penalty-
White, 446 So.2d at 1037. Regardless of this language, we are convinced that this Court properly applied a harmless error analysis on direct appeal. To remove any doubt, we again apply this analysis and conclude that the trial court’s ruling would have been the same beyond a reasonable doubt even in the absence of the invalid aggravating factors.
White, 565 So.2d at 702. The Florida Supreme Court was cautious, and it has expressly engaged in harmless error analysis. The Florida Supreme Court concluded, beyond a reasonable doubt, that White would not have escaped the death sentence.
Especially given the absence of mitigating factors here, the Florida Supreme Court has written enough and has acted on the question of harmless error in accord with Sochor and Clemons. Having looked at the record, we accept Florida’s judgment and affirm the district court’s denial of relief for this claim.
III.
As his final claim for relief, White submits that his death sentence should be reversed because the jury instructions at the penalty phase and certain arguments by the prosecutor impermissibly shifted the burden of proof to the defense. In particular, White refers to the court’s instructions to the jury that in rendering their advisory sentence, they must determine “whether sufficient mitigating circumstances'exist to outweigh any aggravating circumstances found to exist.” White never raised this issue on direct appeal; he presented this matter to the state courts for the first time in his 1990 habeas corpus petition. And the Florida Supreme Court found this claim procedurally barred. White, 565 So.2d at 703.
In Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 1043, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989), the Supreme Court held that procedural default by a federal habeas petitioner bars consideration of a federal claim on habeas review if the “last state court rendering a judgment in the case ‘clearly and expressly’ states that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar.” As noted above, the Florida Supreme Court addressed the precise issue presented here and expressly found it procedurally barred. White, 565 So.2d at [1228]*1228703. White has demonstrated no “cause” for such default such that a consideration on the merits is required to prevent a “miscarriage of justice,” nor has he shown “actual prejudice” from the alleged constitutional defect in the jury instructions. Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 537, 106 S.Ct. 2661, 2668, 91 L.Ed.2d 434 (1986). Therefore, we affirm the district court’s order.
For all the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district, court.