Eggleston, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
[75]*75The appellees who were the complainants in the court below, filed their bill in equity against A. S. Jernigan, the appellant, to restrain him from erecting on a lot of land which he had contracted to purchase, a one-story four-family apartment building. The bill alleged that such building was in violation of certain restrictive covenants in a deed or deeds in the defendant’s chain of title. The lower court granted the prayer of the bill and enjoined the erection of the proposed building. Hence this appeal.
The matter is before us on an agreed statement of facts which will be briefly summarized, the parties being sometimes referred to according to the positions occupied by them, respectively, in the lower court.
The defendant (Jernigan) had contracted to purchase lot number 54, in section 2, in a development known as “Cromwell Place,” which is located in a residential area of the city of Norfolk. The lot extends 90 feet along Sir Oliver road and 140 feet along Granby street.
The complainants, Capps and others, are owners in fee simple of other lots in the same subdivision. All of the lots in the subdivision were conveyed subject to certain covenants and restrictions which are copied in the margin.1
[76]*76In the defendant’s chain of title there is an additional covenant or restriction not common to the other lots in the subdivision, that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes, and that the same shall not be used as a parking lot, nor for the purpose of parking automobiles, # # # ."
The covenants or restrictions with which we are particularly concerned are those that “only one residential building * * * shall be erected on any lot” in the subdivision, and that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes, * * *."
In the subdivision ninety houses, each designed to accommodate a single family, and two duplex houses, each designed to accommodate two families, have been erected.
The area, however, in which the subdivision lies had been zoned by the city council as a “Residence B” district, in which the erection of apartment houses was permitted. In accordance with such classification, Jernigan had been granted a permit by the proper city official to erect on his lot the proposed building. There is no evidence that the building, or any part thereof, is to be used for business purposes.
According to the exhibits, the design of the exterior of the proposed building is quite similar to that of the other [77]*77residences, including the duplex houses, which have been erected in the subdivision.
During the laying of the foundation for the Jernigan building the present suit was instituted. While the bill alleged that the structure would violate certain restrictions fixing the building lines applicable to the lot, there was no evidence to support this allegation, and hence we are not concerned with it.
As indicated by its decree, the lower court was of opinion that the defendant was constructing on the lot “a type of building” which violated the covenants and restrictions mentioned. Consequently, it perpetually enjoined him from “erecting or building the proposed four-family apartment or multiple family residence or any other structure than a one-family residence” upon the lot.
The precise question presented to us is whether the erection of this building, designed to house four families, violates the covenants or restrictions that “only one residential building * * * shall be erected on any lot,” or that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes.”
The appellees (the complainants below) argue, and the trial court seems to have held, that when the particular words are read in their setting, along with the other restrictions, they show a purpose of the draftsman to establish and maintain in the area a high-class residential district, limited to the erection of buildings each designed for the accommodation of a single family, and for the exclusion of apartment houses and multiple residence buildings.
On the other hand, the appellant (Jernigan) argues that restrictions of this character should be strictly construed and not extended by implication; that neither apartment houses nor multiple family residences are excluded by express language; that the purpose of the particular language used, restricting the erection of “only one residential building” to a single lot, was to confine the use of the land and buildings thereon to residential purposes, as distinguished from commercial or business purposes; and that it was not intended thereby to exclude the proposed building, which, [78]*78he says, is “a residential building,” and is to be used for “residential purposes.”
Although there are a multitude of cases dealing with restrictions of this character, we have been pointed to none, nor have we been able to find any, limiting the structure to be erected on a single lot to “only one residential building,” the precise words used here. However, the general principles to be applied in interpreting such covenants and restrictions are firmly fixed both in this jurisdiction and elsewhere.
In the recent case of Schwarzschild v. Welborne, 186 Va. 1052, 45 S. E. (2d) 152, this court, through Mr. Justice Buchanan, reviewed the authorities and restated the principles applicable to such cases. We there said (186 Va., at page 1058):
“ * * * while courts of equity will enforce restrictive covenants where the - intention of the parties is clear and the restrictions are reasonable, they are not favored, and the burden is on him who would enforce such covenants to establish that the activity objected to is within their terms. They are to be construed most strictly against the grantor and persons seeking to enforce them, and substantial doubt or ambiguity is to be resolved in favor of the free use of property and against restrictions. (Citing authorities.)
“Of course ‘a thing may be forbidden by necessary implication as clearly and positively as by terms of express inhibition,’ and ‘if it is apparent upon the whole that the instrument carries by definite and necessary implication a certain meaning, then the thing afforded, or denied, by that meaning may be said to be clearly and definitely extended, or forbidden, as if the language used had been in positive and definite terms of affirmation or negation.’ Whitehurst v. Burgess, 130 Va. 572, 107 S. E. 630.”
In the Schwarzschild Case we held that the covenant or restriction that “there shall not be erected more than two (2) dwellings” on a single lot, and that the improvements thereon “shall be a dwelling or two dwellings,” did not either in express terms or by necessary implication inhibit [79]*79the owner of the property from renting rooms in the building for permanent occupancy, since, we said, such building, under the circumstances stated, was the “dwelling” of the tenants or roomers.
It is an elementary rule of construction that the purpose or intent of a written instrument must be determined from the language used in the light of the circumstances under which it was written.
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Eggleston, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
[75]*75The appellees who were the complainants in the court below, filed their bill in equity against A. S. Jernigan, the appellant, to restrain him from erecting on a lot of land which he had contracted to purchase, a one-story four-family apartment building. The bill alleged that such building was in violation of certain restrictive covenants in a deed or deeds in the defendant’s chain of title. The lower court granted the prayer of the bill and enjoined the erection of the proposed building. Hence this appeal.
The matter is before us on an agreed statement of facts which will be briefly summarized, the parties being sometimes referred to according to the positions occupied by them, respectively, in the lower court.
The defendant (Jernigan) had contracted to purchase lot number 54, in section 2, in a development known as “Cromwell Place,” which is located in a residential area of the city of Norfolk. The lot extends 90 feet along Sir Oliver road and 140 feet along Granby street.
The complainants, Capps and others, are owners in fee simple of other lots in the same subdivision. All of the lots in the subdivision were conveyed subject to certain covenants and restrictions which are copied in the margin.1
[76]*76In the defendant’s chain of title there is an additional covenant or restriction not common to the other lots in the subdivision, that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes, and that the same shall not be used as a parking lot, nor for the purpose of parking automobiles, # # # ."
The covenants or restrictions with which we are particularly concerned are those that “only one residential building * * * shall be erected on any lot” in the subdivision, and that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes, * * *."
In the subdivision ninety houses, each designed to accommodate a single family, and two duplex houses, each designed to accommodate two families, have been erected.
The area, however, in which the subdivision lies had been zoned by the city council as a “Residence B” district, in which the erection of apartment houses was permitted. In accordance with such classification, Jernigan had been granted a permit by the proper city official to erect on his lot the proposed building. There is no evidence that the building, or any part thereof, is to be used for business purposes.
According to the exhibits, the design of the exterior of the proposed building is quite similar to that of the other [77]*77residences, including the duplex houses, which have been erected in the subdivision.
During the laying of the foundation for the Jernigan building the present suit was instituted. While the bill alleged that the structure would violate certain restrictions fixing the building lines applicable to the lot, there was no evidence to support this allegation, and hence we are not concerned with it.
As indicated by its decree, the lower court was of opinion that the defendant was constructing on the lot “a type of building” which violated the covenants and restrictions mentioned. Consequently, it perpetually enjoined him from “erecting or building the proposed four-family apartment or multiple family residence or any other structure than a one-family residence” upon the lot.
The precise question presented to us is whether the erection of this building, designed to house four families, violates the covenants or restrictions that “only one residential building * * * shall be erected on any lot,” or that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes.”
The appellees (the complainants below) argue, and the trial court seems to have held, that when the particular words are read in their setting, along with the other restrictions, they show a purpose of the draftsman to establish and maintain in the area a high-class residential district, limited to the erection of buildings each designed for the accommodation of a single family, and for the exclusion of apartment houses and multiple residence buildings.
On the other hand, the appellant (Jernigan) argues that restrictions of this character should be strictly construed and not extended by implication; that neither apartment houses nor multiple family residences are excluded by express language; that the purpose of the particular language used, restricting the erection of “only one residential building” to a single lot, was to confine the use of the land and buildings thereon to residential purposes, as distinguished from commercial or business purposes; and that it was not intended thereby to exclude the proposed building, which, [78]*78he says, is “a residential building,” and is to be used for “residential purposes.”
Although there are a multitude of cases dealing with restrictions of this character, we have been pointed to none, nor have we been able to find any, limiting the structure to be erected on a single lot to “only one residential building,” the precise words used here. However, the general principles to be applied in interpreting such covenants and restrictions are firmly fixed both in this jurisdiction and elsewhere.
In the recent case of Schwarzschild v. Welborne, 186 Va. 1052, 45 S. E. (2d) 152, this court, through Mr. Justice Buchanan, reviewed the authorities and restated the principles applicable to such cases. We there said (186 Va., at page 1058):
“ * * * while courts of equity will enforce restrictive covenants where the - intention of the parties is clear and the restrictions are reasonable, they are not favored, and the burden is on him who would enforce such covenants to establish that the activity objected to is within their terms. They are to be construed most strictly against the grantor and persons seeking to enforce them, and substantial doubt or ambiguity is to be resolved in favor of the free use of property and against restrictions. (Citing authorities.)
“Of course ‘a thing may be forbidden by necessary implication as clearly and positively as by terms of express inhibition,’ and ‘if it is apparent upon the whole that the instrument carries by definite and necessary implication a certain meaning, then the thing afforded, or denied, by that meaning may be said to be clearly and definitely extended, or forbidden, as if the language used had been in positive and definite terms of affirmation or negation.’ Whitehurst v. Burgess, 130 Va. 572, 107 S. E. 630.”
In the Schwarzschild Case we held that the covenant or restriction that “there shall not be erected more than two (2) dwellings” on a single lot, and that the improvements thereon “shall be a dwelling or two dwellings,” did not either in express terms or by necessary implication inhibit [79]*79the owner of the property from renting rooms in the building for permanent occupancy, since, we said, such building, under the circumstances stated, was the “dwelling” of the tenants or roomers.
It is an elementary rule of construction that the purpose or intent of a written instrument must be determined from the language used in the light of the circumstances under which it was written. In the case now before us the restrictions do not in express terms forbid the erection of “an apartment house” or “a multiple family residence.” Nor do they limit the type of a permitted building to “a single family dwelling,” “a single family residence,” “a single family house,” “a single detached dwelling.” None of these or other expressions of like clear import are used.
These restrictions, the record shows, became applicable to the lots in this subdivision in 1929, when apartment houses and multiple family residences were in common use in the city of Norfolk and elsewhere. In subdivisions designed by promoters as highly restricted residential districts, apartment houses are excluded in clear and express terms by restrictive covenants in deeds in the chain of title. For instance, in Elterich v. Leicht Real Estate Co., 130 Va. 224, 227, 107 S. E. 735, 18 A. L. R. 441, decided January, 1921, the restriction in a subdivision likewise located in the city of Norfolk, was that “no flat roofed or double house, * * * or apartment house shall be erected or placed upon the property hereby conveyed.” (Italics supplied.)
By like clear language apartment houses were excluded from certain areas by zoning laws. Thus the Norfolk city zoning ordinance, adopted August 19, 1924, uses the phrase “a single detached dwelling” in defining the permitted uses applicable to highly restricted residential districts.
Neither do we think that the language in the restrictions before us, that “only one residential building * * * shall be erected on any lot” in the subdivision, prohibits by necessary implication the erection of the proposed building.
[80]*80The restriction has a two-fold purpose: (1) To inhibit the erection of more than a single building on a single lot; and (2) To confine the type of the structure and its use2 to that of “a residential building.”
Plainly, the proposed structure conforms to the first-stated purpose, for a single building is to be erected on a single lot. The only question to be determined, then, is whether the proposed structure is “a residential building.”
It is not necessary that we go to a dictionary or a law book to ascertain the meaning of “a residential building.” Giving the words their plain and ordinary meaning, we would say that such a building is one which is used for residential purposes,—that is, one in which people reside or dwell, or in which they make their homes, as distinguished from one which is used for commercial or business purposes.
But if the obvious must be supported by authority or judicial precedent, we find that they are of the same view.
Webster’s New International Dictionary, 2d Ed., defines “residential” as: “Used, serving, or designed as a residence or for occupation by residents; as, a residential hotel.” “Adapted to, or occupied by, residences; as, a residential quarter.” “Of, pertaining to, or connected with, residence or residences; as, residential trade, qualifications, or zones.” “Of or pertaining to a resident.”
The same authority defines “residence” as: “The place where one actually lives or has his home; a person’s dwelling place or place of habitation; an abode. * * * The house where one’s home is; a dwelling house.” See also, Schwarzschild v. Welborne, supra (186 Va., p. 1059).
An “apartment house” is defined by the same dictionary as: “A building containing a number of separate residential suites, but usually having conveniences, such as heat, elevator service, etc., furnished in common.”
Clearly, we think, a building designed for the ac[81]*81commodation and use of four families, such as that with which we are here concerned, is “a residential building,” for it is, as Webster says, “designed as a residence or for occupation by residents.” It is the “residence” of the occupants, because, as that authority says, it is “the house where one’s home is; a dwelling house.”
In Schwarzschild v. Welborne, supra, we cited and quoted a number of leading cases holding that restrictions which confine the use of property to “residential purposes only,”3 do not exclude apartment houses or multiple family residences from the area.
Among the cases there approved was Charlotte Consol. Const. Co. v. Cobb, 195 N. C. 690, 143 S. E. 522, in which it was held that a restriction that a lot of land “shall be used for residential purposes only, * * * and there shall not at any time be more than one residence or dwelling house on said lot,” was not violated by the erection of a four-family apartment house. The court said (143 S. E., at page 524): “A building occupied by four families is no less a dwelling house than one occupied by a single family.”
Similarly, here, a building occupied by four families is no less “a residential building” than one occupied by a single family.
As was also aptly said in Charlotte Consol. Const. Co. v. Cobb, supra (143 S. E., at page 524): “The building which the defendant proposes to erect is a single- structure, intended for residential purposes only. * * * That it is intended to accommodate a number of families does not ipso facto bring it within what is forbidden.”
In Hunt v. Held, 90 Ohio St. 280, 107 N. E. 765, L. R. A. 1915D, 543, Ann. Cas. 1916C, 1051, it was held that a two-family house did not violate the restriction that the property was to be used “for residence purposes only.” In the course of the opinion the court said (107 N. E., at page 766):
“ * * * The word ‘residence,’ as we view it, is equivalent [82]*82to ‘residential’ and was used in contradistinction to ‘business.’ If a building is used as a place of abode and no business carried on, it would be used for residence purposes only whether occupied by one family or a number of families. * * * The word ‘residence’ has reference to the use or mode of occupancy to which the building may be put. If it had been intended that the building was to be for the use of one family only, words indicating such an intention would have been used, as is frequently done, such as ‘a single residence,’ ‘a private residence,’ ‘a single dwelling house.’ * * * ”
We think the same is true here and that the purpose of the draftsman was to confine the use of the property to residential purposes as distinguished from business or commercial purposes.
We find nothing in the language used in any of the other covenants or restrictions, set forth above, to negative this view or to support the argument of the appellees that it was the intent of the language used to exclude by necessary implication a multiple family building from the subdivision. Apartment houses are frequently if not usually located in residential areas.
It follows from what has been said that the additional restriction to which the lot is subject, that “the use of the land shall be restricted to residential purposes,” does not prohibit the erection on the lot of the proposed one-story four-family building. See ■ Schwarzschild v. Welborne, supra. See also, note 3, supra.
The appellees argue, as the stipulation states, that they “relied upon these restrictions in purchasing their 'properties and building their residences.” What they really mean to say is that they relied upon the interpretation which they have placed upon the restrictions. But this reasoning gets us nowhere, because we may assume that the appellant (Jernigan), on his part, relied upon the interpretation which is favorable to his view, for otherwise he would not have run the risk of undertaking the construction of the proposed building.
[83]*83It is argued that under our holding “it is permissible to erect” on the defendant’s lot “a ten or twelve story apartment house,” the operation of which would require a number of servants and mechanics and would “constitute a large business enterprise.”
No such situation confronts us here. We are dealing with no such building and are not concerned with whether the erection and use of such a structure would violate the restrictions applicable to this property. There is no evidence that the use or operation of the proposed building will require the employment of a large corps of servants or mechanics, or that its operation will constitute a large business, or that any part of the structure will be used for business purposes.
According to the stipulated facts the proposed building is a one-story four-family apartment house which is fully and accurately described in the exhibits before us. What we hold, and all we hold, is that this building does not violate the restrictions applicable to the land. Hence, we are of the opinion that the lower court erred in enjoining its erection.
For these reasons the decree appealed from will be reversed and a final decree will be here entered dissolving the injunction and dismissing the bill of complaint.
Reversed and final decree.
Hudgins, C. J., and Gregory and Staples, JJ., dissenting.