MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be May 14 2018, 9:41 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE James D. Metzger Curtis T. Hill, Jr. The Law Office of Attorney General of Indiana James D. Metzger, LLC Christina D. Pace Indianapolis, Indiana Caroline G. Templeton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jeremy E. Grimes, May 14, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 32A04-1709-CR-2001 v. Appeal from the Hendricks Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Rhett M. Stuard, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 32D02-1702-F2-1
Baker, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 1 of 8 [1] Jeremy Grimes brings an interlocutory appeal following the trial court’s denial
of his motion to suppress evidence, contending that a police officer did not have
reasonable suspicion when he conducted a traffic stop, thereby violating the
federal and state constitutions and making the seizure of the contraband found
in his vehicle unlawful. Finding that the stop was lawful under both the federal
and state constitutions because the officer had reasonable suspicion, we affirm.
Facts 1
[2] At approximately 4:50 a.m. on February 2, 2017, Indiana State Police Officer
Shawn Rawlins and a rookie officer in training were driving eastbound on I-70
between State Road 267 and Ronald Reagan Parkway. Officer Rawlins
observed a vehicle traveling westbound on County Road 600 South, a public
road that runs parallel to the highway. The vehicle appeared to be driving
toward a cell phone tower. When Officer Rawlins saw the vehicle, he thought
that “that vehicle should not be there at that time of the morning.” Tr. Vol. II
p. 8. He testified that “at that time of the morning . . . especially on that access
road, there shouldn’t be any passenger vehicles going down there.” Id. at 29.
[3] Officer Rawlins exited the highway and proceeded to County Road 600 South
to locate the vehicle. Officer Rawlins testified that he is “very familiar with the
area.” Id. at 12. This area is dark and isolated; Officer Rawlins could “just
1 We heard oral argument at Indiana University East on April 17, 2018. We thank the school’s administration, faculty, and students for their hospitality. We also thank counsel for their informative and engaging oral advocacy and subsequent discussion with the students.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 2 of 8 slightly see the back side of” a distribution warehouse. Id. at 10. He testified
that there is constant illegal dumping in that area; that he has found other
vehicles parked in and around that area in which people were engaging in
sexual interactions or illicit drug use; that several times he has observed the lock
on the cell phone tower cut and that copper wire has been ripped out of a
different nearby cell phone tower; and that there have been confirmed
marijuana grows in the area.
[4] As the officer was driving on County Road 600 South, he checked the roads
that intersect with it. As he came up to Bountiful Place, which is a public road
with one residence on it, he could see a small dim light that he thought was
possibly a vehicle’s dome light. He directed his spotlight down Bountiful Place
and saw a dark-colored sedan sitting partially on the roadway. The vehicle
appeared to be the same one the officer had observed from the highway.
Officer Rawlins believed that this vehicle “most likely did not belong to the one
resident on Bountiful Place.” Id. at 28. When the officer turned on his
spotlight, the vehicle turned on its own lights and began moving forward.
Officer Rawlins activated his emergency lights and the “vehicle stopped pretty
much immediately.” Id. at 14. He testified that the vehicle moved “five to ten
feet. . . . [I]t basically rolled forward and stopped.” Id. at 24. At the time,
Officer Rawlins had not observed any traffic infractions.
[5] Officer Rawlins approached the driver’s side of the vehicle, while the rookie
officer approached the passenger side. Grimes was sitting in the driver’s seat,
and a woman was in the passenger’s seat. When Grimes rolled down his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 3 of 8 window, Officer Rawlins immediately smelled a strong odor of burnt
marijuana. Officer Rawlins requested Grimes’s driver’s license and vehicle
registration and asked what he was doing in the area. Both Grimes and the
passenger appeared to be nervous and shaking, but their body movements
appeared to be somewhat lethargic. Grimes had difficulty getting his driver’s
license out of his wallet. Initially, he had difficulty explaining why they were in
the area, but then he stated that they were out driving and talking and had
gotten lost, and that they had pulled over to figure out how to get home.
Officer Rawlins began explaining how they could return to the street they
wanted to reach.
[6] Meanwhile, the rookie officer signaled to Officer Rawlins that drugs were in
plain view in the vehicle. The two officers asked Grimes and the passenger to
exit the vehicle, and the officers placed them in handcuffs. The officers found
marijuana, cocaine, a scale, and a weapon inside the vehicle.
[7] On February 3, 2017, the State charged Grimes with one count of Level 2
felony dealing in cocaine, nine counts of Level 2 felony dealing in a controlled
substance, one count of Level 4 felony dealing in a controlled substance, one
count of Level 4 felony possession of cocaine, eight counts of Level 6 felony
possession of a controlled substance, one count of Level 6 felony dealing in
marijuana, one count of Class B misdemeanor possession of marijuana, and
one count of Class C misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia. On June 19,
2017, Grimes moved to suppress the evidence. On July 5, 2017, a hearing on
his motion took place, during which Officer Rawlins testified that he conducted
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 4 of 8 the traffic stop based on his familiarity with the area and past offenses that have
occurred there. On July 7, 2017, the trial court denied Grimes’s motion. On
August 4, 2017, Grimes filed a motion to correct error, and on August 7, 2017,
the trial court denied that motion. Grimes now brings this interlocutory appeal.
Discussion and Decision [8] Grimes argues that the traffic stop was not supported by reasonable suspicion in
violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and of
Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.
I. Fourth Amendment [9] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals
against unreasonable searches and seizures, so that they may “be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects.” A traffic stop is a “seizure” for purposes
of the Fourth Amendment. Clarke v. State, 868 N.E.2d 1114, 1118 (Ind. 2007).
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be May 14 2018, 9:41 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE James D. Metzger Curtis T. Hill, Jr. The Law Office of Attorney General of Indiana James D. Metzger, LLC Christina D. Pace Indianapolis, Indiana Caroline G. Templeton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jeremy E. Grimes, May 14, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 32A04-1709-CR-2001 v. Appeal from the Hendricks Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Rhett M. Stuard, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 32D02-1702-F2-1
Baker, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 1 of 8 [1] Jeremy Grimes brings an interlocutory appeal following the trial court’s denial
of his motion to suppress evidence, contending that a police officer did not have
reasonable suspicion when he conducted a traffic stop, thereby violating the
federal and state constitutions and making the seizure of the contraband found
in his vehicle unlawful. Finding that the stop was lawful under both the federal
and state constitutions because the officer had reasonable suspicion, we affirm.
Facts 1
[2] At approximately 4:50 a.m. on February 2, 2017, Indiana State Police Officer
Shawn Rawlins and a rookie officer in training were driving eastbound on I-70
between State Road 267 and Ronald Reagan Parkway. Officer Rawlins
observed a vehicle traveling westbound on County Road 600 South, a public
road that runs parallel to the highway. The vehicle appeared to be driving
toward a cell phone tower. When Officer Rawlins saw the vehicle, he thought
that “that vehicle should not be there at that time of the morning.” Tr. Vol. II
p. 8. He testified that “at that time of the morning . . . especially on that access
road, there shouldn’t be any passenger vehicles going down there.” Id. at 29.
[3] Officer Rawlins exited the highway and proceeded to County Road 600 South
to locate the vehicle. Officer Rawlins testified that he is “very familiar with the
area.” Id. at 12. This area is dark and isolated; Officer Rawlins could “just
1 We heard oral argument at Indiana University East on April 17, 2018. We thank the school’s administration, faculty, and students for their hospitality. We also thank counsel for their informative and engaging oral advocacy and subsequent discussion with the students.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 2 of 8 slightly see the back side of” a distribution warehouse. Id. at 10. He testified
that there is constant illegal dumping in that area; that he has found other
vehicles parked in and around that area in which people were engaging in
sexual interactions or illicit drug use; that several times he has observed the lock
on the cell phone tower cut and that copper wire has been ripped out of a
different nearby cell phone tower; and that there have been confirmed
marijuana grows in the area.
[4] As the officer was driving on County Road 600 South, he checked the roads
that intersect with it. As he came up to Bountiful Place, which is a public road
with one residence on it, he could see a small dim light that he thought was
possibly a vehicle’s dome light. He directed his spotlight down Bountiful Place
and saw a dark-colored sedan sitting partially on the roadway. The vehicle
appeared to be the same one the officer had observed from the highway.
Officer Rawlins believed that this vehicle “most likely did not belong to the one
resident on Bountiful Place.” Id. at 28. When the officer turned on his
spotlight, the vehicle turned on its own lights and began moving forward.
Officer Rawlins activated his emergency lights and the “vehicle stopped pretty
much immediately.” Id. at 14. He testified that the vehicle moved “five to ten
feet. . . . [I]t basically rolled forward and stopped.” Id. at 24. At the time,
Officer Rawlins had not observed any traffic infractions.
[5] Officer Rawlins approached the driver’s side of the vehicle, while the rookie
officer approached the passenger side. Grimes was sitting in the driver’s seat,
and a woman was in the passenger’s seat. When Grimes rolled down his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 3 of 8 window, Officer Rawlins immediately smelled a strong odor of burnt
marijuana. Officer Rawlins requested Grimes’s driver’s license and vehicle
registration and asked what he was doing in the area. Both Grimes and the
passenger appeared to be nervous and shaking, but their body movements
appeared to be somewhat lethargic. Grimes had difficulty getting his driver’s
license out of his wallet. Initially, he had difficulty explaining why they were in
the area, but then he stated that they were out driving and talking and had
gotten lost, and that they had pulled over to figure out how to get home.
Officer Rawlins began explaining how they could return to the street they
wanted to reach.
[6] Meanwhile, the rookie officer signaled to Officer Rawlins that drugs were in
plain view in the vehicle. The two officers asked Grimes and the passenger to
exit the vehicle, and the officers placed them in handcuffs. The officers found
marijuana, cocaine, a scale, and a weapon inside the vehicle.
[7] On February 3, 2017, the State charged Grimes with one count of Level 2
felony dealing in cocaine, nine counts of Level 2 felony dealing in a controlled
substance, one count of Level 4 felony dealing in a controlled substance, one
count of Level 4 felony possession of cocaine, eight counts of Level 6 felony
possession of a controlled substance, one count of Level 6 felony dealing in
marijuana, one count of Class B misdemeanor possession of marijuana, and
one count of Class C misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia. On June 19,
2017, Grimes moved to suppress the evidence. On July 5, 2017, a hearing on
his motion took place, during which Officer Rawlins testified that he conducted
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 4 of 8 the traffic stop based on his familiarity with the area and past offenses that have
occurred there. On July 7, 2017, the trial court denied Grimes’s motion. On
August 4, 2017, Grimes filed a motion to correct error, and on August 7, 2017,
the trial court denied that motion. Grimes now brings this interlocutory appeal.
Discussion and Decision [8] Grimes argues that the traffic stop was not supported by reasonable suspicion in
violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and of
Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.
I. Fourth Amendment [9] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals
against unreasonable searches and seizures, so that they may “be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects.” A traffic stop is a “seizure” for purposes
of the Fourth Amendment. Clarke v. State, 868 N.E.2d 1114, 1118 (Ind. 2007).
A traffic stop and limited search is permissible where an officer has at least
reasonable suspicion that a traffic law, or other law, has been violated. Sanders
v. State, 989 N.E.2d 332, 335 (Ind. 2013). We make reasonable suspicion
determinations by looking at the totality of the circumstances of each case to
see whether the detaining officer has a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting legal wrongdoing. Armfield v. State, 918 N.E.2d 316, 319 (Ind. 2009).
In assessing the whole picture, we must examine the facts as known to the
officer at the moment of the stop. Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 264 (Ind.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 5 of 8 2013). We review findings of reasonable suspicion de novo. Id. This is
necessarily a fact-sensitive inquiry. Id.
[10] Grimes argues that Officer Rawlins did not have the particularized and
objective basis required for reasonable suspicion to justify the traffic stop. But
Officer Rawlins observed Grimes’s vehicle at 4:50 a.m. in an isolated area that
often does not have traffic and that is known for criminal activity. Further,
when Officer Rawlins observed the vehicle, he believed that it most likely did
not belong to the sole resident on Bountiful Place. Consequently, when Officer
Rawlins saw the vehicle parked partially on the roadway at the early hour, it
was objectively reasonable for an officer with his knowledge and familiarity
with the area to suspect an occupant of the vehicle to be involved in unlawful
activity. And when Officer Rawlins illuminated the area, the vehicle began to
move forward, giving Officer Rawlins more reason to be suspicious of its
activity. See State v. Belcher, 725 N.E.2d 92, 95 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (finding
that police had reasonable suspicion to conduct stop of person walking at three
a.m. in a high crime area who, upon seeing a police car, changed directions and
did not look at the officers as they approached, and who ran away when an
officer asked to speak with him). Viewed in totality, the circumstances gave
Officer Rawlins a particularized and objective basis on which to form
reasonable suspicion. The traffic stop, therefore, was lawful, and no violation
of the federal constitution occurred.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 6 of 8 II. Article I, Section 11 [11] Grimes also challenges the validity of the traffic stop under Article 1, Section 11
of the Indiana Constitution. This provision is “almost identical in text to its
federal counterpart.” State v. Washington, 898 N.E.2d 1200, 1205 (Ind. 2008).
Nevertheless, Article I, Section 11 requires a separate and independent analysis
as “the Indiana Constitution may protect searches that the federal Constitution
does not.” Id. at 1206. When police conduct is challenged as violating this
section, the burden is on the State to show that the search or seizure was
reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. Id. To determine the
reasonableness of a search or seizure, we balance “1) the degree of concern,
suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred, 2) the degree of intrusion
the method of the search or seizure imposes on the citizen's ordinary activities,
and 3) the extent of law enforcement needs.” Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356,
361 (Ind. 2005).
[12] Considering the totality of the circumstances, the traffic stop was reasonable.
As to the first Litchfield factor, Officer Rawlins had a high degree of suspicion
and concern that Grimes was involved in illegal activity because Grimes’s
vehicle was located in an isolated area known for illegal activity and because of
the early hour. See Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d 775, 786 (Ind. 2001) (“A police
stop and brief detention of a motorist is reasonable and permitted under Section
11 if the officer reasonably suspects that the motorist is engaged in, or about to
engage in, illegal activity.”). As to the second factor, the degree of intrusion on
Grimes was low. A brief stop of an automobile is a “relatively minor”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 7 of 8 intrusion, Litchfield, 824 N.E.2d at 360, and here, any intrusion was at least
initially helpful as Officer Rawlins began giving Grimes directions to a
particular street. Finally, regarding the third factor, the extent of law
enforcement needs was high. Law enforcement officers have a responsibility
“to deter crime, to intercept criminal activity, and to apprehend its
perpetrators.” State v. Washington, 898 N.E.2d 1200, 1206 (Ind. 2008). Officer
Rawlins was familiar with the area and knew of criminal activity that had taken
place there, it was dark, and Grimes was parked partially on the roadway in the
early morning hours—in other words, an ideal time and place for illegal
activity. In sum, Officer Rawlins was not acting unreasonably when he stopped
Grimes’s vehicle, and no violation of Article 1, Section 11 occurred.
[13] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Bailey, J., and May, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 32A04-1709-CR-2001 | May 14, 2018 Page 8 of 8