NO. 07-10-0130-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
APRIL 19, 2011 _____________________________
JEREMY ALLEN LANDERS,
Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee _____________________________
FROM THE 19TH DISTRICT COURT OF MCLENNAN COUNTY;
NO. 2009-611-C1; HONORABLE RALPH T. STROTHER, PRESIDING _____________________________
Memorandum Opinion _____________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Jeremy Allen Landers was convicted of aggravated sexual assault and
solicitation of a minor. In seeking to have those convictions overturned, he claims that
1) the trial court erred in giving a limiting instruction regarding testimony that the
complainant recanted her allegations, 2) the trial court erred in refusing to admit
evidence showing that the complainant had knowledge of sexual matters before these
alleged events occurred, 3) the trial court erred in not admitting testimony from a psychologist regarding a forensic interview she conducted of the complainant, and 4)
the evidence is factually insufficient to sustain the convictions. We affirm.
Background
Appellant was convicted of offenses against one of his new stepdaughters. The
complainant’s mother elected not to believe the child, and appellant’s defense centered
around the child’s love of her biological father, her dislike of her stepfather, her desire
not to move out of state with her new family, and her alleged recantations.
Issue 1 – Limiting Instruction
In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in giving a limiting
instruction to the jury with respect to testimony regarding the child complainant’s
recantations. Per the instruction, the trial court told the jury that it could consider the
evidence only for impeachment purposes and not as substantive evidence. Appellant
argues that the instruction constituted a comment on the weight of the evidence and
reduced the burden of proof.
At the time the instructions were given, no objection was made by appellant.
That being so, appellant waived any complaint on appeal. Johnson v. State, 709
S.W.2d 345, 347 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, pet. ref’d) (holding that a
complaint as to a limiting instruction was waived when no objection was made to the
trial court). And, to the extent appellant intimates that fundamental error need not be
preserved via objection in the trial court, he cites no authority intimating, much less
holding, that a limiting instruction like that at bar is fundamental error. Indeed, the
authority cited, Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), dealt with the court
informing the jury venire that jury selection was delayed because the defendant was
2 engaging in plea negotiations with the State. Id. at 130. No one suggests that such a
comment was made here. Nor does appellant provide us with any substantive
explanation as to why the instruction should be considered fundamental error, assuming
arguendo that it was error. Thus, we overrule the issue.
Issue 2 – Admission of Evidence as to Sexual Knowledge of the Complainant
Next, appellant complains of the failure of the trial court to admit evidence from
appellant’s own daughter regarding prior conversations she had with the complainant
about sex. One such conversation purportedly included the topic of a “male fingering …
a female.” Another instance allegedly involved a third party teaching the complainant
how to masturbate. Though no formal bill of exception was made, counsel indicated he
would question the daughter as to whether it was true that she and the complainant had
conversations about the noted topics. The State objected on various grounds including
the ground that the evidence was hearsay for which there was no exception. The trial
court sustained the objection. The court also opined that the evidence was subject to
exclusion under Rules of Evidence 608, 609 and 613. Appellant now argues that the
evidence was admissible under Rule 412 of the Texas Rules of Evidence and the
United States Constitution. We overrule the issue.
When ruling upon evidentiary matters, the trial court errs only if it abused its
discretion. Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Discretion is
abused only when the decision falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.
Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). And, the burden lies
with the appellant to establish that. Webb v. State, 991 S.W.2d 408, 418 (Tex. App.–
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d).
3 As previously mentioned, the State objected to the evidence as hearsay. Thus, it
would be incumbent upon appellant to show why the comments were not such.
However, he did not. Instead, he argued that the evidence fell outside the scope of
Rule 412 of the Rules of Evidence, i.e, the rule prohibiting the admission of certain
types of evidence concerning the complainant’s past sexual behavior. While certain
evidence of past activities may be admissible under Rule 412, the latter does not trump
application of the hearsay rules. See Kennedy v. State, 184 S.W.3d 309, 315 (Tex.
App.–Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d) (holding that even if Rule 412 was misapplied by the
trial court, the evidence was nonetheless inadmissible hearsay).
Simply put, the proponent of hearsay excluded by the trial court had the burden
to establish the admissibility of the evidence. Taylor v. State, 263 S.W.3d 304, 309
(Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2007), aff’d, 268 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Appellant failed to do that here. Nor did he attempt to debunk the trial court’s belief that
the evidence was subject to exclusion under Rules 608, 609 and 613 of the Rules of
Evidence. So, we cannot say he satisfied his burden to prove an abuse of discretion.
Issue 3 – Testimony of Psychologist
Appellant also complains of the trial court’s failure to admit testimony from his
forensic expert, Dr. Kristi Compton, who conducted an interview of the complainant at
the request of her mother. We overrule the issue for several reasons.
First, to the extent that appellant contends on appeal that he was deprived of
being able to have Compton “refute or at least put in context much of the testimony by
the State’s experts and . . . to inform the jury as to what type of interviewing techniques
were properly followed or not . . . in the original forensic interview . . .,” he did not make
4 those arguments to the trial court. Thus, they were not preserved for review. TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (stating that to preserve error, the complaint must be made to the
trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that states the grounds for the ruling
that is sought with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint);
see Guevara v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NO. 07-10-0130-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
APRIL 19, 2011 _____________________________
JEREMY ALLEN LANDERS,
Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee _____________________________
FROM THE 19TH DISTRICT COURT OF MCLENNAN COUNTY;
NO. 2009-611-C1; HONORABLE RALPH T. STROTHER, PRESIDING _____________________________
Memorandum Opinion _____________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Jeremy Allen Landers was convicted of aggravated sexual assault and
solicitation of a minor. In seeking to have those convictions overturned, he claims that
1) the trial court erred in giving a limiting instruction regarding testimony that the
complainant recanted her allegations, 2) the trial court erred in refusing to admit
evidence showing that the complainant had knowledge of sexual matters before these
alleged events occurred, 3) the trial court erred in not admitting testimony from a psychologist regarding a forensic interview she conducted of the complainant, and 4)
the evidence is factually insufficient to sustain the convictions. We affirm.
Background
Appellant was convicted of offenses against one of his new stepdaughters. The
complainant’s mother elected not to believe the child, and appellant’s defense centered
around the child’s love of her biological father, her dislike of her stepfather, her desire
not to move out of state with her new family, and her alleged recantations.
Issue 1 – Limiting Instruction
In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in giving a limiting
instruction to the jury with respect to testimony regarding the child complainant’s
recantations. Per the instruction, the trial court told the jury that it could consider the
evidence only for impeachment purposes and not as substantive evidence. Appellant
argues that the instruction constituted a comment on the weight of the evidence and
reduced the burden of proof.
At the time the instructions were given, no objection was made by appellant.
That being so, appellant waived any complaint on appeal. Johnson v. State, 709
S.W.2d 345, 347 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, pet. ref’d) (holding that a
complaint as to a limiting instruction was waived when no objection was made to the
trial court). And, to the extent appellant intimates that fundamental error need not be
preserved via objection in the trial court, he cites no authority intimating, much less
holding, that a limiting instruction like that at bar is fundamental error. Indeed, the
authority cited, Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), dealt with the court
informing the jury venire that jury selection was delayed because the defendant was
2 engaging in plea negotiations with the State. Id. at 130. No one suggests that such a
comment was made here. Nor does appellant provide us with any substantive
explanation as to why the instruction should be considered fundamental error, assuming
arguendo that it was error. Thus, we overrule the issue.
Issue 2 – Admission of Evidence as to Sexual Knowledge of the Complainant
Next, appellant complains of the failure of the trial court to admit evidence from
appellant’s own daughter regarding prior conversations she had with the complainant
about sex. One such conversation purportedly included the topic of a “male fingering …
a female.” Another instance allegedly involved a third party teaching the complainant
how to masturbate. Though no formal bill of exception was made, counsel indicated he
would question the daughter as to whether it was true that she and the complainant had
conversations about the noted topics. The State objected on various grounds including
the ground that the evidence was hearsay for which there was no exception. The trial
court sustained the objection. The court also opined that the evidence was subject to
exclusion under Rules of Evidence 608, 609 and 613. Appellant now argues that the
evidence was admissible under Rule 412 of the Texas Rules of Evidence and the
United States Constitution. We overrule the issue.
When ruling upon evidentiary matters, the trial court errs only if it abused its
discretion. Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Discretion is
abused only when the decision falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.
Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). And, the burden lies
with the appellant to establish that. Webb v. State, 991 S.W.2d 408, 418 (Tex. App.–
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d).
3 As previously mentioned, the State objected to the evidence as hearsay. Thus, it
would be incumbent upon appellant to show why the comments were not such.
However, he did not. Instead, he argued that the evidence fell outside the scope of
Rule 412 of the Rules of Evidence, i.e, the rule prohibiting the admission of certain
types of evidence concerning the complainant’s past sexual behavior. While certain
evidence of past activities may be admissible under Rule 412, the latter does not trump
application of the hearsay rules. See Kennedy v. State, 184 S.W.3d 309, 315 (Tex.
App.–Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d) (holding that even if Rule 412 was misapplied by the
trial court, the evidence was nonetheless inadmissible hearsay).
Simply put, the proponent of hearsay excluded by the trial court had the burden
to establish the admissibility of the evidence. Taylor v. State, 263 S.W.3d 304, 309
(Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2007), aff’d, 268 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Appellant failed to do that here. Nor did he attempt to debunk the trial court’s belief that
the evidence was subject to exclusion under Rules 608, 609 and 613 of the Rules of
Evidence. So, we cannot say he satisfied his burden to prove an abuse of discretion.
Issue 3 – Testimony of Psychologist
Appellant also complains of the trial court’s failure to admit testimony from his
forensic expert, Dr. Kristi Compton, who conducted an interview of the complainant at
the request of her mother. We overrule the issue for several reasons.
First, to the extent that appellant contends on appeal that he was deprived of
being able to have Compton “refute or at least put in context much of the testimony by
the State’s experts and . . . to inform the jury as to what type of interviewing techniques
were properly followed or not . . . in the original forensic interview . . .,” he did not make
4 those arguments to the trial court. Thus, they were not preserved for review. TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (stating that to preserve error, the complaint must be made to the
trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that states the grounds for the ruling
that is sought with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint);
see Guevara v. State, 97 S.W.3d 579, 583 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (holding that the
grounds asserted on appeal must comport with those uttered at trial, otherwise they are
waived).
Second, and in response to the trial court’s suggestion regarding how various
statements made by the complainant to the expert were to be presented, appellant’s
trial counsel said, “that’s fine.” This is of import because the method suggested did not
include the expert personally testifying. Thus, appellant effectively acquiesed in the trial
court’s decision to deny the expert opportunity to testify. He cannot now complain about
something to which he agreed; if anything, that constitutes invited error. Willeford v.
State, 72 S.W.3d 820, 824 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref’d) (stating that an
appellant cannot complain about error he invited).
Issue 4 – Sufficiency of the Evidence
Via his last issue, appellant purports to attack the factual sufficiency of the
evidence underlying his convictions. We overrule the issue for several reasons.
First, there is no longer a factual sufficiency review. The Court of Criminal
Appeals dispensed with it in Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
Second, and to the extent that the allegation about the absence of evidence
corroborating the child victim’s testimony can be read as a challenge against the legal
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the solicitation verdict, we note the following. It is
5 true that one cannot be convicted of solicitation under section 15.031 of the Texas
Penal Code “on the uncorroborated testimony of the minor allegedly solicited unless the
solicitation is made under circumstances strongly corroborative of both the solicitation
itself and the actor's intent that the minor act on the solicitation.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§15.031(c) (Vernon Supp. 2010). But, as expressed in the statute, independent
corroboration is needed only if the solicitation is not made under circumstances which
are themselves strongly corroborative of both the solicitation and actor’s intent. And,
while appellant argues that there is no evidence corroborating the victim’s testimony, he
does not contest whether the circumstances of the solicitation themselves strongly
corroborate both the solicitation and actor’s intent. And, until he argues and establishes
that they do not, independent corroborative evidence is unnecessary.
Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.
Brian Quinn Chief Justice
Do not publish.