NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 20 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JENNIFER AGNES LOPEZ, No. 22-55352
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-01947-DOC-SP v.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA; et al., MEMORANDUM*
Defendants-Appellees,
and
DOES, 1 through 10, inclusive,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California David O. Carter, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted October 20, 2023**
Before: BENNETT, SUNG, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Jennifer Lopez De Jongh appeals the district court’s dismissal of her 42
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). U.S.C. § 1983 suit against Gary Miller, the County of Los Angeles (the District
Attorney and Sheriff’s Department), and the State of California (collectively
“Defendants”). Lopez alleges Defendants violated her Fifth, Eighth, and
Fourteenth Amendment rights as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by colluding
and conspiring to take her children from her. She also alleges that Defendants
protected Defendant Gary Miller’s son—the children’s father—from being
incarcerated and registered as a sex offender for sexual abuse of the children. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a dismissal for failure to state
a claim de novo and a denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion. Brown v.
Stored Value Cards, Inc., 953 F.3d 567, 572–73 (9th Cir. 2020). We affirm.
1. The district court properly dismissed all but one of Lopez’s claims
because they were time-barred. Under § 1983, “courts apply the forum state’s
statute of limitations for personal injury actions, along with the forum state’s law
regarding tolling, including equitable tolling.” Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 927
(9th Cir. 2004). The statute of limitations for each of Lopez’s claims is two years.
See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1; Lockett v. County of Los Angeles, 977 F.3d 737,
739 (9th Cir. 2020). Here, the alleged facts that gave rise to Claim 1 through Claim
7 and Claim 9 occurred between 2007 and 2015, more than two years before Lopez
filed her complaint on March 2, 2023. However, the alleged acts that gave rise to
Claim 8 took place on January 14, 2021. Because the allegedly discriminatory acts
2 are discrete, the continuing violations exception does not apply. See Bird v. Dep’t
of Hum. Servs., 935 F.3d 738, 746–47 (9th Cir. 2019). Therefore, all of Lopez’s
claims, except Claim 8, are barred by the statute of limitations.
2. For Claim 8, Lopez alleges that Defendants violated her due process
rights by conspiring to prosecute her for a restraining order violation, and she
contends they are subject to suit for such violations under § 1983. For the reasons
explained below, the district court correctly dismissed Claim 8 with prejudice.
The district court correctly concluded that the State of California and Miller
are not subject to suit under § 1983. Regarding the State, the Supreme Court has
held that “a State is not a person within the meaning of § 1983,” Will v. Mich.
Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 64 (1989), and explained that § 1983 “does not
provide a federal forum for litigants who seek a remedy against a State for alleged
deprivations of civil liberties.” Id. at 66.
Regarding Miller, he is a private citizen, and a private citizen is not subject
to suit under § 1983 unless they “acted under color of state . . . law.” Gomez v.
Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980). To show that Miller acted under color of state
law, Lopez must allege specific facts that are enough to show that Miller
“conspired or acted jointly with state actors to deprive [Lopez] of [her]
constitutional rights.” Radcliffe v. Rainbow Constr. Co., 254 F.3d 772, 783 (9th
Cir. 2001) (citing United Steelworkers v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d 1539,
3 1540 (9th Cir.1989)). Lopez did not properly plead any specific facts that show a
conspiracy or joint action between Miller and a state actor. See Burns v. County of
King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989). Lopez only made a conclusory allegation
of conspiracy, which is not enough. Id. (concluding that “[plaintiff’s] claims
against all the defendants for a conspiracy to violate his constitutional rights
under section 1983 . . . fail because they were supported only by conclusory
allegations”).
The district court also correctly concluded that Los Angeles County, sued as
the Los Angeles County District Attorney and County of Los Angeles Sheriff’s
Department, is entitled to prosecutorial immunity and qualified immunity.
The district court correctly concluded that the District Attorney is entitled to
prosecutorial immunity. Prosecutors are entitled to prosecutorial immunity from
§ 1983 actions “when performing functions ‘intimately associated with the judicial
phase of the criminal process.’” Garmon v. County of Los Angeles, 828 F.3d 837,
842–43 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976)).
Here, the alleged conduct concerns the District Attorney’s decision to prosecute
Lopez. The district court correctly concluded that Lopez failed to plead facts that
show the District Attorney’s alleged conduct was not a prosecutorial decision
intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process. Lopez does
not dispute that determination on appeal.
4 The district court also correctly concluded that the District Attorney and the
Sheriff’s Department are entitled to qualified immunity for Claim 8. To determine
whether a defendant is entitled to qualified immunity, we apply a two-step test: (1)
did “the officer’s conduct violate[] a constitutional right,” and (2) was “the right in
question . . . clearly established at the time of the officer’s actions, such that any
reasonably well-trained officer would have known that his conduct was unlawful.”
Orn v. City of Tacoma, 949 F.3d 1167, 1174 (9th Cir. 2020). The district court
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 20 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JENNIFER AGNES LOPEZ, No. 22-55352
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-01947-DOC-SP v.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA; et al., MEMORANDUM*
Defendants-Appellees,
and
DOES, 1 through 10, inclusive,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California David O. Carter, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted October 20, 2023**
Before: BENNETT, SUNG, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Jennifer Lopez De Jongh appeals the district court’s dismissal of her 42
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). U.S.C. § 1983 suit against Gary Miller, the County of Los Angeles (the District
Attorney and Sheriff’s Department), and the State of California (collectively
“Defendants”). Lopez alleges Defendants violated her Fifth, Eighth, and
Fourteenth Amendment rights as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by colluding
and conspiring to take her children from her. She also alleges that Defendants
protected Defendant Gary Miller’s son—the children’s father—from being
incarcerated and registered as a sex offender for sexual abuse of the children. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a dismissal for failure to state
a claim de novo and a denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion. Brown v.
Stored Value Cards, Inc., 953 F.3d 567, 572–73 (9th Cir. 2020). We affirm.
1. The district court properly dismissed all but one of Lopez’s claims
because they were time-barred. Under § 1983, “courts apply the forum state’s
statute of limitations for personal injury actions, along with the forum state’s law
regarding tolling, including equitable tolling.” Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 927
(9th Cir. 2004). The statute of limitations for each of Lopez’s claims is two years.
See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1; Lockett v. County of Los Angeles, 977 F.3d 737,
739 (9th Cir. 2020). Here, the alleged facts that gave rise to Claim 1 through Claim
7 and Claim 9 occurred between 2007 and 2015, more than two years before Lopez
filed her complaint on March 2, 2023. However, the alleged acts that gave rise to
Claim 8 took place on January 14, 2021. Because the allegedly discriminatory acts
2 are discrete, the continuing violations exception does not apply. See Bird v. Dep’t
of Hum. Servs., 935 F.3d 738, 746–47 (9th Cir. 2019). Therefore, all of Lopez’s
claims, except Claim 8, are barred by the statute of limitations.
2. For Claim 8, Lopez alleges that Defendants violated her due process
rights by conspiring to prosecute her for a restraining order violation, and she
contends they are subject to suit for such violations under § 1983. For the reasons
explained below, the district court correctly dismissed Claim 8 with prejudice.
The district court correctly concluded that the State of California and Miller
are not subject to suit under § 1983. Regarding the State, the Supreme Court has
held that “a State is not a person within the meaning of § 1983,” Will v. Mich.
Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 64 (1989), and explained that § 1983 “does not
provide a federal forum for litigants who seek a remedy against a State for alleged
deprivations of civil liberties.” Id. at 66.
Regarding Miller, he is a private citizen, and a private citizen is not subject
to suit under § 1983 unless they “acted under color of state . . . law.” Gomez v.
Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980). To show that Miller acted under color of state
law, Lopez must allege specific facts that are enough to show that Miller
“conspired or acted jointly with state actors to deprive [Lopez] of [her]
constitutional rights.” Radcliffe v. Rainbow Constr. Co., 254 F.3d 772, 783 (9th
Cir. 2001) (citing United Steelworkers v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d 1539,
3 1540 (9th Cir.1989)). Lopez did not properly plead any specific facts that show a
conspiracy or joint action between Miller and a state actor. See Burns v. County of
King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989). Lopez only made a conclusory allegation
of conspiracy, which is not enough. Id. (concluding that “[plaintiff’s] claims
against all the defendants for a conspiracy to violate his constitutional rights
under section 1983 . . . fail because they were supported only by conclusory
allegations”).
The district court also correctly concluded that Los Angeles County, sued as
the Los Angeles County District Attorney and County of Los Angeles Sheriff’s
Department, is entitled to prosecutorial immunity and qualified immunity.
The district court correctly concluded that the District Attorney is entitled to
prosecutorial immunity. Prosecutors are entitled to prosecutorial immunity from
§ 1983 actions “when performing functions ‘intimately associated with the judicial
phase of the criminal process.’” Garmon v. County of Los Angeles, 828 F.3d 837,
842–43 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976)).
Here, the alleged conduct concerns the District Attorney’s decision to prosecute
Lopez. The district court correctly concluded that Lopez failed to plead facts that
show the District Attorney’s alleged conduct was not a prosecutorial decision
intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process. Lopez does
not dispute that determination on appeal.
4 The district court also correctly concluded that the District Attorney and the
Sheriff’s Department are entitled to qualified immunity for Claim 8. To determine
whether a defendant is entitled to qualified immunity, we apply a two-step test: (1)
did “the officer’s conduct violate[] a constitutional right,” and (2) was “the right in
question . . . clearly established at the time of the officer’s actions, such that any
reasonably well-trained officer would have known that his conduct was unlawful.”
Orn v. City of Tacoma, 949 F.3d 1167, 1174 (9th Cir. 2020). The district court
correctly concluded that Lopez failed to plead facts that show a constitutional
violation. The District Attorney did not violate Lopez’s constitutional right to due
process because the District Attorney’s decision to prosecute Lopez was not based
on an unjustifiable standard. See Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364–365
(1978) (absent reliance on an unjustifiable standard, such as race, religion, or other
arbitrary classification, a prosecutor’s decision to prosecute does not violate due
process). The Sherriff could not violate Lopez’s constitutional right by prosecuting
her for violating the restraining order because the Sherriff had no authority to
decide whether to prosecute Lopez. Lopez does not dispute these facts on appeal.
The district court also correctly concluded that Lopez did not state a Monell
claim against the County. A Monell claim cannot survive without an underlying
constitutional violation. City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986)
(per curiam). Because the constitutional claims upon which Lopez premises her
5 Monell claim were properly dismissed, the Monell claim was also properly
dismissed.
3. Because we conclude that all claims were properly dismissed, we do not
reach Lopez’s arguments about punitive damages.
4. The district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Lopez’s
complaint without leave to amend because amendment would be futile. See
Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009).
AFFIRMED.