USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-13465 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
In Re: MAD TOYZ, III, LLC as titled owner of and for one 2018 38' Statement 380 Open Motorboat bearing hull identification number STTEB112L718, her engines, tackle, and appurtenances, ___________________________________________________ JEFFRY KNIGHT, as owner pro hac vice of and for one 2018 38' Statement 380 Open Motorboat bearing hull identification number STTEB112L718, her engines, tackle, and appurtenances, for Exoneration from or Limitation of Liability, USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
Petitioner-Appellee, versus JOHN DOE, et al.,
Respondents,
NADINE SARAH RUSLI, ERWIN P. RUSLI,
Respondents-Claimants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:20-cv-00911-MSS-AAS ____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Following a boating accident, Mad Toyz, III, LLC and Jeffry Knight filed the instant action, seeking the protections of the Limi- tation of Liability Act, 46 U.S.C. § 30501, et seq. The respondents- appellants, Erwin and Nadine Rusli, moved to dismiss. A USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 3 of 9
21-13465 Opinion of the Court 3
magistrate judge recommended denying the Ruslis’ motion. Disa- greeing, the district court held that the complaint was untimely and dismissed it. Even so, the district court denied the Ruslis’ motion for Rule 11 sanctions against Knight. After careful review, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to issue sanctions. I “Rule 11 authorizes the district court to sanction a party who files a pleading containing a false factual representation if that party knew of, or did not reasonably inquire into, the falsehood.” Mitch- ell v. Nobles, 873 F.3d 869, 875 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b), (c)(1)). The rule also permits sanctions if the offending pleading is “presented for any improper purpose,” or if it is legally frivolous. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1)–(2), (c)(1). Significantly here, we review a district court’s denial of a motion for Rule 11 sanctions only for abuse of discretion. Fuentes v. Classica Cruise Operator Ltd., 32 F.4th 1311, 1321 (11th Cir. 2022). “This scope of review will lead to reversal only if the district court applies an incorrect legal standard, or applies improper pro- cedures, or relies on clearly erroneous factfinding, or if it reaches a conclusion that is clearly unreasonable or incorrect.” Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1223, 1226 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). “Short of that, an abuse of discretion standard recognizes there is a range of choice within which we will not reverse the dis- trict court even if we might have reached a different decision.” Id. USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
II A Before turning to the issue of sanctions, we provide a brief overview of the relevant substantive law. And we note that neither party disputes the district court’s assessment of that law. As all agree, the Limitation of Liability Act allows shipown- ers to limit their liability to “the value of the vessel and pending freight” for tort claims “arising from . . . any loss, damage, or injury by collision, or any act, matter, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture, done, occasioned, or incurred, without the privity or knowledge of the owner.” 46 U.S.C. § 30505(a)–(b). This Court has explained that “[t]he shipowner’s privity or knowledge is not measured against every fact or act regarding the accident; rather, privity or knowledge is measured against the specific negligent acts or unsea- worthy conditions that actually caused or contributed to the acci- dent.” Suzuki of Orange Park, Inc. v. Shubert, 86 F.3d 1060, 1064 (11th Cir. 1996). Normally, when a shipowner “is in control of and operating his pleasure craft,” he will have “privity or knowledge” with respect to its operation. The M/V Sunshine, II v. Beavin, 808 F.2d 762, 765 (11th Cir. 1987) (quoting Fecht v. Makowski, 406 F.2d 721, 722 (5th Cir. 1969)). But we’ve held that “[t]he owner’s pres- ence is not necessarily fatal” to his rights under the Act “if the evi- dence suggests that his conduct was in all respects prudent.” Id. (quotation omitted); cf. also Suzuki, 86 F.3d at 1062 (holding that in a limitations action, the “damage claimants bear the initial bur- den of establishing liability (i.e., negligence or unseaworthiness)”). USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 5 of 9
21-13465 Opinion of the Court 5
In any event, to invoke the Act’s protections, the shipowner must file his limitation action “within 6 months after a claimant gives the owner written notice of a claim.” 46 U.S.C. § 30511(a). Not just any written notice will suffice to trigger the limitations period; as we recently held, the notice must “reveal a ‘reasonable possibility’ that the claim will exceed the value of the offending ves- sel[].” Orion Marine Constr., Inc. v. Carroll, 918 F.3d 1323, 1331 (11th Cir. 2019). B With the law in view, we turn to the Ruslis’ arguments. They assert that Knight’s conduct was sanctionable for three rea- sons. First, Knight “knew his action was not timely as filed.” Sec- ond, “there is no question that [Knight] was in privity with the neg- ligence or conditions which caused the incident.” And third, Knight “persisted in litigating the action with purely dilatory and vexatious conduct for 10 months, despite knowing his allegations were entirely unsupported by the facts and law.” We conclude that none of those arguments suffices to show that the district court abused its discretion when it declined to impose sanctions. Take the timeliness argument first. Knight acknowledged in his amended complaint that the respondents had sent him letters about a potential claim. 1 He alleged, however, that the notices
1 The Ruslis argue at length that Knight should be sanctioned because he failed
to read the letters prior to commencing suit, sending them directly over to his insurance company. But that failure to read is irrelevant to whether the letters USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
“did not contain sufficient information or documents to put [him] on notice that [the] claim alone could reasonably exceed the post- loss value of the Vessel,” which was $325,000. The district court ultimately disagreed and determined that the letters triggered the limitations clock.
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USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-13465 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
In Re: MAD TOYZ, III, LLC as titled owner of and for one 2018 38' Statement 380 Open Motorboat bearing hull identification number STTEB112L718, her engines, tackle, and appurtenances, ___________________________________________________ JEFFRY KNIGHT, as owner pro hac vice of and for one 2018 38' Statement 380 Open Motorboat bearing hull identification number STTEB112L718, her engines, tackle, and appurtenances, for Exoneration from or Limitation of Liability, USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
Petitioner-Appellee, versus JOHN DOE, et al.,
Respondents,
NADINE SARAH RUSLI, ERWIN P. RUSLI,
Respondents-Claimants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:20-cv-00911-MSS-AAS ____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and GRANT, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Following a boating accident, Mad Toyz, III, LLC and Jeffry Knight filed the instant action, seeking the protections of the Limi- tation of Liability Act, 46 U.S.C. § 30501, et seq. The respondents- appellants, Erwin and Nadine Rusli, moved to dismiss. A USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 3 of 9
21-13465 Opinion of the Court 3
magistrate judge recommended denying the Ruslis’ motion. Disa- greeing, the district court held that the complaint was untimely and dismissed it. Even so, the district court denied the Ruslis’ motion for Rule 11 sanctions against Knight. After careful review, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to issue sanctions. I “Rule 11 authorizes the district court to sanction a party who files a pleading containing a false factual representation if that party knew of, or did not reasonably inquire into, the falsehood.” Mitch- ell v. Nobles, 873 F.3d 869, 875 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b), (c)(1)). The rule also permits sanctions if the offending pleading is “presented for any improper purpose,” or if it is legally frivolous. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1)–(2), (c)(1). Significantly here, we review a district court’s denial of a motion for Rule 11 sanctions only for abuse of discretion. Fuentes v. Classica Cruise Operator Ltd., 32 F.4th 1311, 1321 (11th Cir. 2022). “This scope of review will lead to reversal only if the district court applies an incorrect legal standard, or applies improper pro- cedures, or relies on clearly erroneous factfinding, or if it reaches a conclusion that is clearly unreasonable or incorrect.” Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1223, 1226 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). “Short of that, an abuse of discretion standard recognizes there is a range of choice within which we will not reverse the dis- trict court even if we might have reached a different decision.” Id. USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
II A Before turning to the issue of sanctions, we provide a brief overview of the relevant substantive law. And we note that neither party disputes the district court’s assessment of that law. As all agree, the Limitation of Liability Act allows shipown- ers to limit their liability to “the value of the vessel and pending freight” for tort claims “arising from . . . any loss, damage, or injury by collision, or any act, matter, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture, done, occasioned, or incurred, without the privity or knowledge of the owner.” 46 U.S.C. § 30505(a)–(b). This Court has explained that “[t]he shipowner’s privity or knowledge is not measured against every fact or act regarding the accident; rather, privity or knowledge is measured against the specific negligent acts or unsea- worthy conditions that actually caused or contributed to the acci- dent.” Suzuki of Orange Park, Inc. v. Shubert, 86 F.3d 1060, 1064 (11th Cir. 1996). Normally, when a shipowner “is in control of and operating his pleasure craft,” he will have “privity or knowledge” with respect to its operation. The M/V Sunshine, II v. Beavin, 808 F.2d 762, 765 (11th Cir. 1987) (quoting Fecht v. Makowski, 406 F.2d 721, 722 (5th Cir. 1969)). But we’ve held that “[t]he owner’s pres- ence is not necessarily fatal” to his rights under the Act “if the evi- dence suggests that his conduct was in all respects prudent.” Id. (quotation omitted); cf. also Suzuki, 86 F.3d at 1062 (holding that in a limitations action, the “damage claimants bear the initial bur- den of establishing liability (i.e., negligence or unseaworthiness)”). USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 5 of 9
21-13465 Opinion of the Court 5
In any event, to invoke the Act’s protections, the shipowner must file his limitation action “within 6 months after a claimant gives the owner written notice of a claim.” 46 U.S.C. § 30511(a). Not just any written notice will suffice to trigger the limitations period; as we recently held, the notice must “reveal a ‘reasonable possibility’ that the claim will exceed the value of the offending ves- sel[].” Orion Marine Constr., Inc. v. Carroll, 918 F.3d 1323, 1331 (11th Cir. 2019). B With the law in view, we turn to the Ruslis’ arguments. They assert that Knight’s conduct was sanctionable for three rea- sons. First, Knight “knew his action was not timely as filed.” Sec- ond, “there is no question that [Knight] was in privity with the neg- ligence or conditions which caused the incident.” And third, Knight “persisted in litigating the action with purely dilatory and vexatious conduct for 10 months, despite knowing his allegations were entirely unsupported by the facts and law.” We conclude that none of those arguments suffices to show that the district court abused its discretion when it declined to impose sanctions. Take the timeliness argument first. Knight acknowledged in his amended complaint that the respondents had sent him letters about a potential claim. 1 He alleged, however, that the notices
1 The Ruslis argue at length that Knight should be sanctioned because he failed
to read the letters prior to commencing suit, sending them directly over to his insurance company. But that failure to read is irrelevant to whether the letters USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
“did not contain sufficient information or documents to put [him] on notice that [the] claim alone could reasonably exceed the post- loss value of the Vessel,” which was $325,000. The district court ultimately disagreed and determined that the letters triggered the limitations clock. But that disagreement doesn’t suffice to show that Knight’s allegation was deserving of sanctions. See Baker v. Alderman, 158 F.3d 516, 524 (11th Cir. 1998). After all, a “legal claim is frivolous,” and thus sanctionable, only “when it has no rea- sonable chance of succeeding.” Gulisano v. Cohen, 34 F.4th 935, 942 (11th Cir. 2022). And a “factual claim is frivolous when it has no reasonable factual basis,” not when the evidence supporting it is “merely weak.” Id. (quotation omitted). We share the district
“reveal[ed] a ‘reasonable possibility’ of a claim that [would] exceed the value of the vessel[] at issue.” Orion, 918 F.3d at 1338. As explained above the line, Knight’s allegation that the letters didn’t satisfy that objective test wasn’t friv- olous. And to the extent the Ruslis take issue with the original complaint’s failure to mention the letters, that’s not a proper basis for their Rule 11 sanc- tions motion. Knight promptly amended his complaint to acknowledge the letters once they were brought to his attention. And that cured any potential Rule 11 violation in the original complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2) (re- quiring a party to serve a motion for sanctions on the opposing party before filing it, and prohibiting the filing or presentation of the motion “to the court if the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, or denial is withdrawn or appropriately corrected within 21 days after service”); 2 Moore’s Federal Prac- tice - Civil § 11.22[1][b] (2022) (“If the party . . . withdraws or corrects the pa- per within the safe-harbor period, any alleged violation of Rule 11 is cured.”); see also TVPX ARS, Inc. v. Genworth Life & Annuity Ins. Co., 959 F.3d 1318, 1327 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Once an amended complaint is filed, the original plead- ings are considered abandoned and are no longer a part of the plaintiff’s aver- ments.” (cleaned up)). USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 7 of 9
21-13465 Opinion of the Court 7
court’s view that “there was a non-frivolous argument that the written notification at issue failed to trigger the six-month dead- line.” In fact, a magistrate judge agreed with Knight in a report and recommendation that the letters didn’t start the clock. That was because, although one letter referred to “significant monetary damages” and “extensive physical injuries to Nadine Rusli” which “may affect” her ability “to return to work as a nurse,” neither let- ter quantified those damages or detailed the nature of Nadine’s in- juries or medical treatment she had received. We think that Knight’s position, which was adopted by an impartial magistrate judge, was not so unreasonable as to be frivolous. As to the Ruslis’ second argument, they appear to accept that it wouldn’t have been frivolous for Knight to pursue this action if he reasonably believed that he didn’t negligently cause the colli- sion. Cf. Beavin, 808 F.2d at 764–65; Aetna Ins. Co. v. Meeker, 953 F.2d 1328, 1331 (11th Cir. 1992). But, they say, no reasonable per- son could have understood the factual circumstances to have sup- ported Knight’s allegation that “[t]here was no negligence on” his part “that caused or contributed to any alleged injury or loss or damage.” Although we think this is a close call, we don’t believe that the district court abused its discretion. Whether Knight could have reasonably believed that he didn’t negligently cause the accident is a factual issue. And that means we can reverse the district court only if we are “left with the definite and firm conviction that a mis- take has been committed.” TVPX ARS, Inc. v. Genworth Life & USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 8 of 9
8 Opinion of the Court 21-13465
Annuity Ins. Co., 959 F.3d 1318, 1325 (11th Cir. 2020) (quotation omitted). We don’t think that standard is met here. It’s true, as the Ruslis stress, that Knight admitted in his deposition to traveling at “30, 35 miles an hour” and that he estimated he was looking down at his gauges and GPS—rather than straight ahead—for some- where between “30 seconds [and] 60 seconds” before the collision. The district court acknowledged those facts. But as the district court further pointed out, Knight’s civil charges for “careless oper- ation of a vessel” had recently been dismissed with no findings of fault against him. On top of that, the Ruslis hadn’t yet been de- posed in the litigation. So the entire picture wasn’t necessarily clear to Knight when he filed this action—or even prior to its dismissal. His answers during discovery bear that out. In an interrogatory response, Knight claimed that he believed Erwin Rusli was “at fault” because he had apparently “turn[ed] his vessel to port” in the channel “when he was required to give way to [Knight’s] vessel.” During his deposition, Knight elaborated that he held that belief due to the angle of collision, which showed that Rusli had “cross[ed] the front of [his] path.” Knight also testified that he was “looking back and forth” between his gauges and “straight ahead,” and when he was looking up, he didn’t see any other boats in the channel. That complete lack of traffic would have made it more reasonable for him to look down at his instruments momentarily to assist with navigation. And as to the length of time that Knight had been looking down prior to the collision, he clarified in his USCA11 Case: 21-13465 Date Filed: 08/17/2022 Page: 9 of 9
21-13465 Opinion of the Court 9
deposition that he “d[id]n’t know exactly” how long that was. Tak- ing all of that into consideration, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred in finding that Knight could have reasonably thought that the boating accident wasn’t caused by his negligence. The Ruslis’ third and final argument is essentially a repack- aging of the first two. They submit that Knight “vexatiously pur- sued [this] futile action.” But the reason they urge that Knight acted in bad faith is that he litigated a “clearly frivolous” case for 10 months. As already explained, we don’t believe the district court abused its discretion in concluding that Knight’s pursuit of this ac- tion wasn’t frivolous. * * * Even if we might have viewed the sanctions issue differently if presented to us in the first instance, our review here isn’t de novo. We are limited to determining whether the district court abused its discretion. It did not. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.