Buskirk, J.
When this case was in this court before, the judgment of the court below was reversed, because a demurrer had been sustained to the complaint. When the cause was remanded, one of the plaintiffs, Benjamin F. Jones, having disposed of his interest in the claim to Thomas and James W. Gaff, and the other plaintiff William McEwen, having been adjudged a bankrupt, his assignees and the said 'Gaffs were substituted as plaintiffs, and in all other respects the complaint remains the same as it originally stood.- A demurrer to the complaint was overruled, and the appellant •excepted. An answer, consisting of four paragraphs, was filed; one paragraph, being in denial of the instrument sued on, was sworn to. The record shows that a demurrer was filed to the third and fourth paragraphs, but it does not show •any ruling of the court thereon, nor does it show that any reply was filed. No question arises as to the sufficiency'of the answer, and the presumption is that the appellant waived -a reply to the answer.
The cause was submitted to the court for trial, and resulted in a finding for the appellees. New trial refused, and judgment on finding.
The sufficiency of the complaint and of the evidence to .•.sustain the finding are the only questions presented for our decision.
The complaint is as follows: “ On the 20th day of August, 1867, H. W. Comstock & Co., of the city of Indianapolis, •entered into a contract with B. F. Jones & Co. for the pur[182]*182chase of eight hundred barrels of flour, known as B. F. Jones- & Co.’s XXXX, at eleven dollars per barrel; the flour to be delivered on cars at Columbus, in Bartholomew county, Indiana, and to be paid for on receipt of the bills of lading; that under and pursuant to said contract and agreement between said parties, said B. F. Jones & Co. delivered to defendant, who is a common carrier for hire, and whose line and route extends and runs from Jeffersonville, in said State, via Columbus, to the city of Indianapolis, two hundred barrels-of their said flour, at the said city of Columbus, which was placed on the cars of the defendant to be carried and shipped for said B. F. Jones & Co., the shippers and owners thereof, to said city of Indianapolis; that said H. W. Com-stock & Co. had no interest in, or right to, said flour until the purchase-money therefor was paid; that at the time of placing said flour on defendant’s cars, to be shipped as aforesaid, said firm of H. W. Comstock & Co. was wholly and notoriously insolvent; and said B. F. Jones & Co., as suck owners and shippers of said flour, to retain and hold the custody and control until the purchase-money therefor should be fully paid, at the time they delivered said flour to defendant, as aforesaid, requested the station agent of said defend- ’ ant, at said city of Columbus, to make and execute a bill of lading therefor, containing, among the usual clauses, that the-said flour should be delivered on presentation of the duplicate ; and on the delivery of said flour to defendant as aforesaid, its said agent, under and in pursuance of the request of said B. F. Jones & Co. as aforesaid, with intention to secure the control and possession of said flour in said B. F. Jones & Co. as aforesaid, until the purchase-money for said flour should; be paid, made and delivered a bill of lading therefor to said B. F. Jones & Co. as the owners and shippers thereof, having the control and custody of the same as aforesaid, wherein, defendant agreed to deliver the said flour without unnecessary delay, in like good order to H. W. Comstock & Co., at Indianapolis, in said State, on payment of freight, as pen [183]*183tariff of said company, and presentation of duplicate thereof, which bill of lading is as follows :
“ ‘ Columbus, August 24th, 1867.
‘"Received of B. F. Jones & Co., in apparent good order, except as below specified, to be transported on the J., M. & I. Railroad, the under named articles, marked as per margin, which we agree to deliver, without unnecessary delay, in like good order, to H. W. Comstock & Co., at the regular station at Indianapolis, on payment of freight as per tariff of said company, and presentation of duplicate hereof.
MARKS. WEIGHT. ARTICLES.
B. F. Jones & Co., 200 barrels of flour. On cars
City Mills. No. 3,017—672.
‘"J. R. Woodfill.’
“And said defendant, by its said agent, made and delivered to said B. F. Jones & Co. its second bill of lading, which its said officer marked in writing across the facé of the same, ■ ' duplicate/ but which, in fact, was not a duplicate, inasmuch as the clause, ‘ and presentation of duplicate hereof/ is left out by mistake of said agent, which will be seen by reference, to said original bill of lading and said second bill of lading, marked duplicate, a copy of which is filed, marked ‘ B,’ said defendant intending by said clause, ‘and presentation of duplicate hereof/ in said original bill of lading, to require and bind said defendant to hold said flour until said Com-stock & Co., or other person, should lawfully and properly present said duplicate bill of lading therefor, and not otherwise deliver the said flour to said Comstock & Co., or any other person; and on said 24th day of August, 1867, before the delivery of said flour at said city of Indianapolis, said B. F. Jones & Co. made and drew their draft on said H. W„. Comstock & Co., of Indianapolis, for the sum of two thousand two hundred dollars, the amount of said flour consigned as aforesaid, and on account thereof, payable at Indiana Banking Company’s Bank, at said city of Indianapolis, and immediately produced their said draft, with said intended [184]*184•duplicate bill of lading for said flour attached thereto, at the banking house of plaintiffs, who were doing a banking business as aforesaid, for the purpose of negotiating the same, who then and there, in good faith, discounted the same and paid value therefor to said B. F. Jones & Co., on the faith of said bill of lading, the plaintiffs knowing the form, character, and contents of said original bill of lading, which was then and there, as part of said transaction, endorsed and delivered by said B. F. Jones & Co. to plaintiffs, as collateral security for the payment thereof, and on the 24th day of August, 1867, .said draft, with said-duplicate bill of lading attached, was placed at said Indiana Banking Company’s Bank, at the city ■of Indianapolis, for collection, who, by their agent W. W. Woolen, cashier, presented said draft with said duplicate ■attached, on same day, to said H. W. Comstock & Co., who, •on the 24th day of August, 1867, accepted it by endorsement across the face thereof, but failed and refused to pay the same, or any part thereof; and the same was duly protested for non-payment on the 27th of August, 1867; that said H. W. Comstock & Co. were at the time of said shipment wholly insolvent, and have been continuously since, and are now wholly unable to pay said draft, or any portion thereof, and the same is wholly unpaid.
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Buskirk, J.
When this case was in this court before, the judgment of the court below was reversed, because a demurrer had been sustained to the complaint. When the cause was remanded, one of the plaintiffs, Benjamin F. Jones, having disposed of his interest in the claim to Thomas and James W. Gaff, and the other plaintiff William McEwen, having been adjudged a bankrupt, his assignees and the said 'Gaffs were substituted as plaintiffs, and in all other respects the complaint remains the same as it originally stood.- A demurrer to the complaint was overruled, and the appellant •excepted. An answer, consisting of four paragraphs, was filed; one paragraph, being in denial of the instrument sued on, was sworn to. The record shows that a demurrer was filed to the third and fourth paragraphs, but it does not show •any ruling of the court thereon, nor does it show that any reply was filed. No question arises as to the sufficiency'of the answer, and the presumption is that the appellant waived -a reply to the answer.
The cause was submitted to the court for trial, and resulted in a finding for the appellees. New trial refused, and judgment on finding.
The sufficiency of the complaint and of the evidence to .•.sustain the finding are the only questions presented for our decision.
The complaint is as follows: “ On the 20th day of August, 1867, H. W. Comstock & Co., of the city of Indianapolis, •entered into a contract with B. F. Jones & Co. for the pur[182]*182chase of eight hundred barrels of flour, known as B. F. Jones- & Co.’s XXXX, at eleven dollars per barrel; the flour to be delivered on cars at Columbus, in Bartholomew county, Indiana, and to be paid for on receipt of the bills of lading; that under and pursuant to said contract and agreement between said parties, said B. F. Jones & Co. delivered to defendant, who is a common carrier for hire, and whose line and route extends and runs from Jeffersonville, in said State, via Columbus, to the city of Indianapolis, two hundred barrels-of their said flour, at the said city of Columbus, which was placed on the cars of the defendant to be carried and shipped for said B. F. Jones & Co., the shippers and owners thereof, to said city of Indianapolis; that said H. W. Com-stock & Co. had no interest in, or right to, said flour until the purchase-money therefor was paid; that at the time of placing said flour on defendant’s cars, to be shipped as aforesaid, said firm of H. W. Comstock & Co. was wholly and notoriously insolvent; and said B. F. Jones & Co., as suck owners and shippers of said flour, to retain and hold the custody and control until the purchase-money therefor should be fully paid, at the time they delivered said flour to defendant, as aforesaid, requested the station agent of said defend- ’ ant, at said city of Columbus, to make and execute a bill of lading therefor, containing, among the usual clauses, that the-said flour should be delivered on presentation of the duplicate ; and on the delivery of said flour to defendant as aforesaid, its said agent, under and in pursuance of the request of said B. F. Jones & Co. as aforesaid, with intention to secure the control and possession of said flour in said B. F. Jones & Co. as aforesaid, until the purchase-money for said flour should; be paid, made and delivered a bill of lading therefor to said B. F. Jones & Co. as the owners and shippers thereof, having the control and custody of the same as aforesaid, wherein, defendant agreed to deliver the said flour without unnecessary delay, in like good order to H. W. Comstock & Co., at Indianapolis, in said State, on payment of freight, as pen [183]*183tariff of said company, and presentation of duplicate thereof, which bill of lading is as follows :
“ ‘ Columbus, August 24th, 1867.
‘"Received of B. F. Jones & Co., in apparent good order, except as below specified, to be transported on the J., M. & I. Railroad, the under named articles, marked as per margin, which we agree to deliver, without unnecessary delay, in like good order, to H. W. Comstock & Co., at the regular station at Indianapolis, on payment of freight as per tariff of said company, and presentation of duplicate hereof.
MARKS. WEIGHT. ARTICLES.
B. F. Jones & Co., 200 barrels of flour. On cars
City Mills. No. 3,017—672.
‘"J. R. Woodfill.’
“And said defendant, by its said agent, made and delivered to said B. F. Jones & Co. its second bill of lading, which its said officer marked in writing across the facé of the same, ■ ' duplicate/ but which, in fact, was not a duplicate, inasmuch as the clause, ‘ and presentation of duplicate hereof/ is left out by mistake of said agent, which will be seen by reference, to said original bill of lading and said second bill of lading, marked duplicate, a copy of which is filed, marked ‘ B,’ said defendant intending by said clause, ‘and presentation of duplicate hereof/ in said original bill of lading, to require and bind said defendant to hold said flour until said Com-stock & Co., or other person, should lawfully and properly present said duplicate bill of lading therefor, and not otherwise deliver the said flour to said Comstock & Co., or any other person; and on said 24th day of August, 1867, before the delivery of said flour at said city of Indianapolis, said B. F. Jones & Co. made and drew their draft on said H. W„. Comstock & Co., of Indianapolis, for the sum of two thousand two hundred dollars, the amount of said flour consigned as aforesaid, and on account thereof, payable at Indiana Banking Company’s Bank, at said city of Indianapolis, and immediately produced their said draft, with said intended [184]*184•duplicate bill of lading for said flour attached thereto, at the banking house of plaintiffs, who were doing a banking business as aforesaid, for the purpose of negotiating the same, who then and there, in good faith, discounted the same and paid value therefor to said B. F. Jones & Co., on the faith of said bill of lading, the plaintiffs knowing the form, character, and contents of said original bill of lading, which was then and there, as part of said transaction, endorsed and delivered by said B. F. Jones & Co. to plaintiffs, as collateral security for the payment thereof, and on the 24th day of August, 1867, .said draft, with said-duplicate bill of lading attached, was placed at said Indiana Banking Company’s Bank, at the city ■of Indianapolis, for collection, who, by their agent W. W. Woolen, cashier, presented said draft with said duplicate ■attached, on same day, to said H. W. Comstock & Co., who, •on the 24th day of August, 1867, accepted it by endorsement across the face thereof, but failed and refused to pay the same, or any part thereof; and the same was duly protested for non-payment on the 27th of August, 1867; that said H. W. Comstock & Co. were at the time of said shipment wholly insolvent, and have been continuously since, and are now wholly unable to pay said draft, or any portion thereof, and the same is wholly unpaid. Plaintiffs aver that in a reasonable time, to wit, on the 28th day of August, 1867, plaintiffs produced their said original and duplicate bills of lading for said flour at the office of defendant, at the said city of Indianapolis, and demanded said flour on the same, but defendant failed and refused to deliver the same to plaintiffs, or any part thereof; that defendant prior thereto, to wit, on the'26th of August, 1867, surrendered and delivered all of said flour to said PI. W. Comstock & Co., without presentation of said duplicate or original bill of lading, or other .authority, and in violation of said bill of lading, who on the .same day forwarded the same beyond the limits of the State of Indiana; that said Comstock & Co. did not produce to defendant the original or duplicate bill of lading, or other authority to obtain said flour, and never had possession. [185]*185'thereof; but without the production thereof, said defendant ^delivered and surrendered said flour to said Comstock & Co. without any authority whatever; that said Comstock & Co. were not the owners of the flour, or entitled to the posses.sion thereof; that it was of the value of three thousand two hundred' dollars. Judgment demanded for four thousand ■dollars, with other proper relief.”
When this case was here before, it received a very full and careful consideration. See McEwen v. The Jeffersonville, etc., R. R. Co., 33 Ind. 368. 'The only question then involved was, whether the complaint was sufficient, and it was held to "be good. The complaint in the present action is the same, -except a change of plaintiffs, rendered necessary by the •assignment on the part of one of the original plaintiffs and the bankruptcy of the other. We are asked to overrule the former ruling of this court. We have given the subject very thoughtful consideration, and are entirely satisfied with the ruling of the court upon the clause of the bill of lading which •provides for the delivery “ on presentation of duplicate hereof.” And in support of that ruling we refer to the following additional authorities: Angell on Carriers, sec. 324; McEntee v. The New Jersey Steamboat Co., 45 N. Y. 34; Claflin v. B. & L. R. R. Co., 7 Allen, 341; Conard v. The Atlantic Ins. Co., 1 Pet. 446; The Cayuga Co. National Bank v. Daniels, 47 N. Y. 631; Bailey v. Hudson River R. R. Co., 49 N. Y. 70. The three New York cases have been decided since the former decision in this cause, and fully sustain the former ruling ■of this court.
In the former opinion of this court, something is said in .reference to the legal effect of the clause in the bill of lading ¡providing for the payment of freight. Inasmuch as no question in reference to the payment of freight arises in the ■record, we do not feel called upon to express any opinion, either of approval or disapproval of that portion of the -opinion.
In our opinion, the court committed no error in overruling •the demurrer to the complaint.
[186]*186We next inquire whether the court erred in overruling the-motion for a new trial.
In support of the motion for a new trial, and to show that the court erred in overruling it, it is insisted that there is no-evidence tending to show a transfer of the bill of lading toMcEwen & Jones. .They had possession of it, and the draft which was drawn against it, and these facts made at least a prima facie case for the plaintiffs. See authorities above cited. Also, Gibson v. Stevens, 8 How. 384, 400. In The Bank of Rochester v. Jones, 4 N. Y. 505, referring to Nathans v. Giles, 5 Taunt. 558, it is said: “The property in a cargo for which the master of a ship has signed bills of lading, maybe transferred by delivery, without endorsement of the bill of lading.” See, also, Allen v. Williams, 12 Pick. 297.
The case in 8 How. and the cases in 47 and 49 N. Y., supra, fully establish the proposition that the delivery of the bill of lading transfers the title to the property. A formal assignment is not necessary. In the case in 47 N. Y., supra, it was held, that the delivery of a bill of lading to a bank, for the-purpose of securing the payment of drafts drawn by the consignor upon the consignee, and discounted by the bank, is-, sufficient to transfer the title to the property covered by the bill of lading, subject to be divested by the acceptance and payment of the drafts. In our judgment, the delivery of the bill of lading to, and the payment of the draft by, McEwen 6 Jones vested in them the title to the flour; and it was not divested by the acceptance of the draft by Comstock & Co., they not having paid the same.
Finally, it is insisted that there was no evidence to sustain the averments of the complaint touching the reasons that influenced, and purposes that controlled, the shippers or the carrier in inserting in the bill of lading the clause, “ upon, presentation of the duplicate hereof.”
In our opinion, such averments were unnecessary, and the appellees were not bound to prove them. They did not add anything to the legal effect of the bill of lading. The bill of [187]*187lading fixes and determines the liability of the appellant. The agreement on her part to deliver the flour to the consignee, “ upon presentation of the duplicate hereof,” established the fact that the consignors were the owners of the flour; and when she delivered the flour without the presentation of any bill of lading, she became liable to the consignors, without reference to the reasons which induced the consignors to have such clause inserted. If such condition had not been in the bill of lading, the title to the flour would have vested in Comstock & Co. on the delivery to the carrier ; but being there, the property remained in the consignors until the flour was paid for by the consignee.
We think there was no error in overruling the motion for a new trial.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs.