Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-14829 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:17-cv-80355-JIC
JEAN COULTER,
Plaintiff-Appellant, versus ADT SECURITY SERVICES, APOLLO GLOBAL MANAGEMENT,
Defendants-Appellees.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida __________________________
(July 31, 2018)
Before EDMONDSON, HULL, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges. Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 2 of 9
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Jean Coulter, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
dismissal of her amended complaint against ADT Security Services, Inc. (“ADT”),
in which Plaintiff alleged state law contract and tort claims. The district court,
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), dismissed Plaintiff’s complaint for failure to
state a claim. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.
In 2007, Plaintiff entered into a contract with ADT for the installation and
monitoring of an alarm system at Plaintiff’s Pennsylvania home (“ADT Contract”).
Plaintiff alleged ADT told her that its central monitoring system would perform
daily checks to ensure Plaintiff’s alarm system was functioning properly. The
ADT Contract provided for an initial three-year term after which the contact would
renew automatically each month. After the expiration of the initial three-year
term, Plaintiff says she “agreed to accept the renewal of the initial contract.”
Plaintiff moved to New Jersey in January 2013 but kept her home and alarm
system in Pennsylvania. In March 2013, Plaintiff was unable to communicate with
her alarm system by phone. When Plaintiff reported the issue to ADT, she learned
that ADT’s central monitoring system was in fact performing only monthly -- not
daily -- checks of her alarm system. Plaintiff later found that a wire connecting the
2 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 3 of 9
alarm system to her home’s phone line had become loose, rendering the alarm
system unable to communicate with ADT’s central monitoring system. Despite
this issue, Plaintiff received no reports from ADT that her alarm system was not
functioning.
Plaintiff filed this civil action in March 2017: the timing is important. In her
amended complaint, Plaintiff purported to assert claims against ADT for breach of
express and implied contract, fraud, negligence, unjust enrichment, breach of
fiduciary duty, and for damages. 1 The district court construed Plaintiff’s fraud
claim as two separate claims: (1) a fraudulent inducement claim based on ADT’s
alleged representations in 2007 that Plaintiff’s alarm system would be checked
daily (“2007 fraud claim”); and (2) a claim based on ADT’s alleged
representations in 2013 that Plaintiff’s system was functioning properly when it
was in fact unable to communicate with ADT’s central monitoring system due to a
loose wire (“2013 fraud claim”).
The district court granted ADT’s motion to dismiss and dismissed with
prejudice Plaintiff’s complaint. Applying Florida’s conflict-of-law rules, the
district court determined that Plaintiff’s contract claims, non-fraud tort claims, and
2007 fraud claim were governed by Pennsylvania law and that Plaintiff’s 2013
1 Plaintiff also alleged a violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act. Because Plaintiff raises no challenge to the district court’s dismissal of that claim on appeal, we do not address it. 3 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 4 of 9
fraud claim was governed by New Jersey law. The district court then determined,
in pertinent part, that (1) Plaintiff’s contract claims were barred by the ADT
Contract’s one-year period-of-limitations clause; (2) Plaintiff’s non-fraud tort
claims and 2007 fraud claim were barred by Pennsylvania’s two-year statute of
limitations; and (3) Plaintiff’s 2013 fraud claim was barred by New Jersey’s
economic-loss rule.
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss, accepting
the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff. Allen v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., 790 F.3d 1274, 1277-78
(11th Cir. 2015). When a document -- such as the contract in this appeal -- “is
central to the plaintiff’s claim, its contents are not in dispute, and the defendant
attaches the document to its motion to dismiss, this Court may consider that
document as well.” See id. at 1278. We construe liberally pro se pleadings.
Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
The district court’s resolution of a conflict-of-law issue is a legal question
we review de novo. Grupo Televisa, S.A. v. Telemundo Commc’s Grp., Inc., 485
F.3d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 2007). Here, the district court applied properly the
conflict-of-law rules of the forum state -- Florida -- to determine what state’s
4 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 5 of 9
substantive law to apply to Plaintiff’s claims. See Fioretti v. Mass. Gen. Life Ins.
Co., 53 F.3d 1228, 1235 (11th Cir. 1995).
I. Contract Claims
The district court determined properly that Plaintiff’s contract claims were
governed by Pennsylvania law. Under Florida law, “matters bearing on the
validity and substantive obligations of contracts are determined by the law of the
place where the contract is made (lex loci contractus).” Jemco, Inc. v. UPS, 400
So. 2d 499, 501 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981). Here, the ADT Contract provided
expressly that it was entered into between two Pennsylvania parties and involved
an alarm system to be installed and monitored at a home in Pennsylvania. 2
Because the contract was thus made in Pennsylvania, it is governed by the laws of
that state.
Under Pennsylvania law, a contractual limitation period is enforceable so
long as it is not “manifestly unreasonable.” Hahnemann Univ. Hosp. v. All Shore,
2 We reject Plaintiff’s argument that her monthly renewals of the initial ADT Contract while Plaintiff was later living in New Jersey created a new contract formed in New Jersey. In any event, even if we were to accept Plaintiff’s position that the contract claims should be governed by New Jersey law, the claims would still be time-barred by the ADT Contract’s one-year period-of-limitations clause. See Eagle Fire Prot. Corp. v. First Indem. of Am. Ins. Co., 678 A.2d 699, 704 (N.J. 1996) (New Jersey courts have enforced contract provisions limiting the time parties have to bring suit, including one-year limitation periods). 5 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 6 of 9
Inc., 514 F.3d 300, 306 (3rd Cir. 2008); see 42 Pa.C.S. § 5501(a). Pennsylvania
courts have enforced one-year periods of limitations. See Hosp.
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Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-14829 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:17-cv-80355-JIC
JEAN COULTER,
Plaintiff-Appellant, versus ADT SECURITY SERVICES, APOLLO GLOBAL MANAGEMENT,
Defendants-Appellees.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida __________________________
(July 31, 2018)
Before EDMONDSON, HULL, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges. Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 2 of 9
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Jean Coulter, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s
dismissal of her amended complaint against ADT Security Services, Inc. (“ADT”),
in which Plaintiff alleged state law contract and tort claims. The district court,
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), dismissed Plaintiff’s complaint for failure to
state a claim. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.
In 2007, Plaintiff entered into a contract with ADT for the installation and
monitoring of an alarm system at Plaintiff’s Pennsylvania home (“ADT Contract”).
Plaintiff alleged ADT told her that its central monitoring system would perform
daily checks to ensure Plaintiff’s alarm system was functioning properly. The
ADT Contract provided for an initial three-year term after which the contact would
renew automatically each month. After the expiration of the initial three-year
term, Plaintiff says she “agreed to accept the renewal of the initial contract.”
Plaintiff moved to New Jersey in January 2013 but kept her home and alarm
system in Pennsylvania. In March 2013, Plaintiff was unable to communicate with
her alarm system by phone. When Plaintiff reported the issue to ADT, she learned
that ADT’s central monitoring system was in fact performing only monthly -- not
daily -- checks of her alarm system. Plaintiff later found that a wire connecting the
2 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 3 of 9
alarm system to her home’s phone line had become loose, rendering the alarm
system unable to communicate with ADT’s central monitoring system. Despite
this issue, Plaintiff received no reports from ADT that her alarm system was not
functioning.
Plaintiff filed this civil action in March 2017: the timing is important. In her
amended complaint, Plaintiff purported to assert claims against ADT for breach of
express and implied contract, fraud, negligence, unjust enrichment, breach of
fiduciary duty, and for damages. 1 The district court construed Plaintiff’s fraud
claim as two separate claims: (1) a fraudulent inducement claim based on ADT’s
alleged representations in 2007 that Plaintiff’s alarm system would be checked
daily (“2007 fraud claim”); and (2) a claim based on ADT’s alleged
representations in 2013 that Plaintiff’s system was functioning properly when it
was in fact unable to communicate with ADT’s central monitoring system due to a
loose wire (“2013 fraud claim”).
The district court granted ADT’s motion to dismiss and dismissed with
prejudice Plaintiff’s complaint. Applying Florida’s conflict-of-law rules, the
district court determined that Plaintiff’s contract claims, non-fraud tort claims, and
2007 fraud claim were governed by Pennsylvania law and that Plaintiff’s 2013
1 Plaintiff also alleged a violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act. Because Plaintiff raises no challenge to the district court’s dismissal of that claim on appeal, we do not address it. 3 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 4 of 9
fraud claim was governed by New Jersey law. The district court then determined,
in pertinent part, that (1) Plaintiff’s contract claims were barred by the ADT
Contract’s one-year period-of-limitations clause; (2) Plaintiff’s non-fraud tort
claims and 2007 fraud claim were barred by Pennsylvania’s two-year statute of
limitations; and (3) Plaintiff’s 2013 fraud claim was barred by New Jersey’s
economic-loss rule.
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss, accepting
the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff. Allen v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., 790 F.3d 1274, 1277-78
(11th Cir. 2015). When a document -- such as the contract in this appeal -- “is
central to the plaintiff’s claim, its contents are not in dispute, and the defendant
attaches the document to its motion to dismiss, this Court may consider that
document as well.” See id. at 1278. We construe liberally pro se pleadings.
Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
The district court’s resolution of a conflict-of-law issue is a legal question
we review de novo. Grupo Televisa, S.A. v. Telemundo Commc’s Grp., Inc., 485
F.3d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 2007). Here, the district court applied properly the
conflict-of-law rules of the forum state -- Florida -- to determine what state’s
4 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 5 of 9
substantive law to apply to Plaintiff’s claims. See Fioretti v. Mass. Gen. Life Ins.
Co., 53 F.3d 1228, 1235 (11th Cir. 1995).
I. Contract Claims
The district court determined properly that Plaintiff’s contract claims were
governed by Pennsylvania law. Under Florida law, “matters bearing on the
validity and substantive obligations of contracts are determined by the law of the
place where the contract is made (lex loci contractus).” Jemco, Inc. v. UPS, 400
So. 2d 499, 501 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981). Here, the ADT Contract provided
expressly that it was entered into between two Pennsylvania parties and involved
an alarm system to be installed and monitored at a home in Pennsylvania. 2
Because the contract was thus made in Pennsylvania, it is governed by the laws of
that state.
Under Pennsylvania law, a contractual limitation period is enforceable so
long as it is not “manifestly unreasonable.” Hahnemann Univ. Hosp. v. All Shore,
2 We reject Plaintiff’s argument that her monthly renewals of the initial ADT Contract while Plaintiff was later living in New Jersey created a new contract formed in New Jersey. In any event, even if we were to accept Plaintiff’s position that the contract claims should be governed by New Jersey law, the claims would still be time-barred by the ADT Contract’s one-year period-of-limitations clause. See Eagle Fire Prot. Corp. v. First Indem. of Am. Ins. Co., 678 A.2d 699, 704 (N.J. 1996) (New Jersey courts have enforced contract provisions limiting the time parties have to bring suit, including one-year limitation periods). 5 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 6 of 9
Inc., 514 F.3d 300, 306 (3rd Cir. 2008); see 42 Pa.C.S. § 5501(a). Pennsylvania
courts have enforced one-year periods of limitations. See Hosp. Support Servs.,
Ltd. v. Kemper Grp., Inc., 889 F.2d 1311, 1315, 1317 (3rd Cir. 1989) (citing
Petraglia v. Am . Motorists Ins. Co., 424 A.2d 1360, 1364 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1981)).
That the ADT Contract included a one-year period-of-limitations clause is
undisputed. Based on Plaintiff’s allegations, Plaintiff knew of ADT’s alleged
contractual breaches when she cancelled the ADT Contract in 2013. Because
Plaintiff filed her complaint almost four years later, the district court dismissed
properly Plaintiff’s contract claims as time-barred by the one-year limitations
clause: a clause enforceable under Pennsylvania law.
II. Tort Claims
Florida courts apply the “significant relationship test” to choice-of-law
issues arising from tort claims. Crowell v. Clay Hyder Trucking Lines, Inc., 700
So. 2d 120, 122-23 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (citing Bishop v. Fla. Specialty Paint
Co., 389 So. 2d 999 (Fla. 1980)). Under this test, the court determines which state
has the most significant relationship to the parties and to the alleged tort by
considering (1) where the injury occurred, (2) where the conduct causing the injury
6 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 7 of 9
occurred, (3) the residence of the parties, and (4) where the relationship between
the parties is centered. Id.
The district court determined properly that Pennsylvania law applied to
Plaintiff’s 2007 fraud claim and to her non-fraud tort claims. Plaintiff both
received the alleged fraudulent communication about daily system checks and
acted in reliance on that fraudulent statement by signing the ADT Contract while in
Pennsylvania. Plaintiff also resided in Pennsylvania when the ADT Contract was
entered into, the alarm system was installed in a home in Pennsylvania, and the
parties performed under the contract in Pennsylvania between 2007 and January
2013.
Plaintiff alleges she knew of ADT’s alleged tortious conduct from the
summer of 2013. As a result, Plaintiff’s 2007 fraud claim and non-fraud tort
claims raised in her 2017 complaint were subject to dismissal under Pennsylvania’s
two-year statute of limitations. See 42 Pa. Const. Stat. § 5524(7) (imposing a two-
year statute of limitation on “any . . . action or proceeding to recover damages for
injury to person or property which is founded on negligent, intentional, or
otherwise tortious conduct or any other action or proceeding sounding in trespass,
including deceit or fraud . . . .”).
7 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 8 of 9
About Plaintiff’s 2013 fraud claim, we agree with the district court’s
determination that -- under the “significant relationship test” -- New Jersey law
governs. Plaintiff received the 2013 alleged fraudulent communications -- and
thus sustained injury -- while in New Jersey and as a resident of New Jersey.
Under New Jersey’s economic-loss rule, plaintiffs are barred from
recovering purely economic losses in tort. Travelers Indem. Co. v. Dammann &
Co., Inc., 594 F.3d 238, 244 (3rd Cir. 2010). In other words, a plaintiff is barred
from asserting a tort claim arising from a contractual relationship unless the
breaching party owed a duty independent of the duties that arose under the
contract. Saltiel v. GSI Consultants, Inc., 788 A.2d 268, 315-16 (N.J. 2002).
Because Plaintiff’s 2013 fraud claim is based on ADT’s alleged failure to provide
the contracted-for monitoring services, her claim is barred under New Jersey’s
We reject Plaintiff’s contention that the ADT Contract is voidable on
grounds that Plaintiff was fraudulently induced to enter the ADT Contract.
Because the ADT Contract contained both (1) an integration clause and (2) an
unambiguous description of the services provided by ADT under the contract (the
subject matter of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation), Pennsylvania’s parol
evidence rule prohibits Plaintiff from offering evidence of fraudulent inducement.
8 Case: 17-14829 Date Filed: 07/31/2018 Page: 9 of 9
See Yocca v. Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., 854 A.2d 425, 437 n.26, 438 (Pa.
2004).
AFFIRMED.