IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 21–0590
Submitted February 21, 2023—Filed April 14, 2023
J.D. RAY ANDERSON,
Plaintiff,
vs.
IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR WOODBURY COUNTY,
Defendant.
Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Zachary S.
Hindman, Judge.
A defendant convicted of domestic abuse assault, third offense, filed a
petition for writ of certiorari claiming the district court imposed an illegal
sentencing enhancement. WRIT ANNULLED.
Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all justices
joined.
Thomas Hurd of Law Office of Thomas Hurd LLP, Des Moines, for plaintiff.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Nicholas E. Siefert, Assistant Attorney
General, for defendant. 2
WATERMAN, Justice.
In this certiorari proceeding, we must decide whether a defendant
convicted of a third domestic abuse assault is subject to the sentencing
enhancement in Iowa Code section 902.13(1) (2017) that applies to third
offenses. The defendant in this case argues the enhancement does not apply
until a fifth such offense—a so-called “third third.” His theory is that he
committed only his first “third” offense, and needed two more (a second third
followed by a third third) to trigger the enhancement. In our view, the
enhancement means what it says and is triggered by the third offense (in the
defendant’s parlance, his first third). We’ll explain.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
First, here’s what happened. In the early morning hours of October 17,
2017, J.D. Ray Anderson forced open a door and assaulted a woman with whom
he was cohabiting. Anderson tackled the woman, pinned her down, and
attempted to smother her with a pillow. As she struggled, he repeatedly punched
her in the face through the pillow. A neighbor heard muffled cries for help,
entered the couple’s apartment, and found the woman bleeding and crying with
bruises on her face. The neighbor took the woman back to her own apartment
and called 911.
On October 25, the state charged Anderson with domestic abuse assault,
third offense. The trial information specified Anderson’s two prior convictions for
domestic abuse assault and domestic assault causing bodily injury. A jury
convicted Anderson of domestic abuse assault, third offense, on May 31, 2018.
See Iowa Code § 708.2A(4). The district court sentenced Anderson to an 3
indefinite period of incarceration not to exceed five years. The court also provided
that the maximum sentence could be reduced for statutory earned time, work
credits, and program credits. See id. § 901.5(9)(a). The Iowa Department of
Corrections determined the maximum possible reduction was 15%. In other
words, the maximum length of Anderson’s sentence could be no shorter than
85% of five years.
The district court also imposed a mandatory minimum sentence under
Iowa Code section 902.13. Under that provision, Anderson would serve at least
three-fifths of the maximum period of incarceration before becoming eligible for
parole or work release. See id. § 902.13(1)–(2). Thus, Anderson would serve
between three and five years in prison.
Anderson filed a motion to correct illegal sentence. He argued his
three-year mandatory minimum should be reduced by earned time and the
possible reduction of his maximum period of incarceration should not be capped
at 15%. The district court denied Anderson’s motion in its entirety.
Anderson filed a petition for writ of certiorari action, raising a new
argument. For the first time, Anderson argues his sentence is illegal because he
was not convicted of a third domestic abuse assault, third offense. The state filed
a resistance to his petition. We granted Anderson’s petition and the parties filed
briefs. We retained the case.
Anderson’s argument goes like this: because section 902.13(1) provides an
enhanced sentence that is triggered by a third or subsequent conviction under
section 708.2A(4) and that section, in turn, applies only to a third or subsequent
conviction for domestic abuse assault, his sentence is not authorized by the 4
statutes because he did not commit a “third third” offense of domestic abuse
assault.1 Anderson argues any other reading renders the text of
section 902.13(1) superfluous. The state counters that Anderson did not
preserve error on his new argument, and even if he did, the plain meaning of the
text does not produce a “third third” scheme.
II. Standard of Review.
We review illegal-sentence challenges, questions of statutory
interpretation, and original certiorari actions for correction of errors at law.
Noll v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 919 N.W.2d 232, 234 (Iowa 2018).
III. Analysis.
A. Error Preservation. The state contests error preservation, noting the
argument Anderson raises on appeal differs from the arguments he made to the
district court. Anderson argues the rule of error preservation does not apply to
illegal sentences. Although the state is correct on the procedural history,
Anderson is correct on the law. “[W]e do not find a problem with error
preservation because ‘[i]llegal sentences may be challenged at any time.’ ”
State v. Lopez, 907 N.W.2d 112, 122 (Iowa 2018) (second alteration in original)
(quoting State v. Lathrop, 781 N.W.2d 288, 293 (Iowa 2010)); see also Dorsey v.
State, 975 N.W.2d 356, 360 (Iowa 2022) (applying the rule to a claim that
imposing mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole is illegal
1By extension, Anderson argues that his maximum accumulation of earned time should
not be capped at 15% because section 902.13(1) would be inapplicable to him. See Iowa Code § 903A.2(1)(b)(1). 5
under the Federal and Iowa Constitutions); Sandoval v. State, 975 N.W.2d 434,
438 (Iowa 2022) (same as to 18- and 19-year-old offenders).
[A] challenge to an illegal sentence includes claims that the court lacked the power to impose the sentence or that the sentence itself is somehow inherently legally flawed, including claims that the sentence is outside the statutory bounds or that the sentence itself is unconstitutional.
Lopez, 907 N.W.2d at 122 (quoting State v. Bruegger, 773 N.W.2d 862, 871 (Iowa
2009)). Anderson argues the district court enhanced his sentence beyond its
statutory authority because he did not meet the preconditions for enhancement.
That is a challenge to an illegal sentence; Anderson may raise it now through
this certiorari action.
B. Merits. “[A] sentence is illegal if it is not authorized by statute.” State v.
Letscher, 888 N.W.2d 880, 884 (Iowa 2016). We must decide whether sections
708.2A and 902.13 authorize the sentence the district court imposed on
Anderson. To do that, we must construe the statutes. We begin with the text of
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 21–0590
Submitted February 21, 2023—Filed April 14, 2023
J.D. RAY ANDERSON,
Plaintiff,
vs.
IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR WOODBURY COUNTY,
Defendant.
Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Zachary S.
Hindman, Judge.
A defendant convicted of domestic abuse assault, third offense, filed a
petition for writ of certiorari claiming the district court imposed an illegal
sentencing enhancement. WRIT ANNULLED.
Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all justices
joined.
Thomas Hurd of Law Office of Thomas Hurd LLP, Des Moines, for plaintiff.
Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Nicholas E. Siefert, Assistant Attorney
General, for defendant. 2
WATERMAN, Justice.
In this certiorari proceeding, we must decide whether a defendant
convicted of a third domestic abuse assault is subject to the sentencing
enhancement in Iowa Code section 902.13(1) (2017) that applies to third
offenses. The defendant in this case argues the enhancement does not apply
until a fifth such offense—a so-called “third third.” His theory is that he
committed only his first “third” offense, and needed two more (a second third
followed by a third third) to trigger the enhancement. In our view, the
enhancement means what it says and is triggered by the third offense (in the
defendant’s parlance, his first third). We’ll explain.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
First, here’s what happened. In the early morning hours of October 17,
2017, J.D. Ray Anderson forced open a door and assaulted a woman with whom
he was cohabiting. Anderson tackled the woman, pinned her down, and
attempted to smother her with a pillow. As she struggled, he repeatedly punched
her in the face through the pillow. A neighbor heard muffled cries for help,
entered the couple’s apartment, and found the woman bleeding and crying with
bruises on her face. The neighbor took the woman back to her own apartment
and called 911.
On October 25, the state charged Anderson with domestic abuse assault,
third offense. The trial information specified Anderson’s two prior convictions for
domestic abuse assault and domestic assault causing bodily injury. A jury
convicted Anderson of domestic abuse assault, third offense, on May 31, 2018.
See Iowa Code § 708.2A(4). The district court sentenced Anderson to an 3
indefinite period of incarceration not to exceed five years. The court also provided
that the maximum sentence could be reduced for statutory earned time, work
credits, and program credits. See id. § 901.5(9)(a). The Iowa Department of
Corrections determined the maximum possible reduction was 15%. In other
words, the maximum length of Anderson’s sentence could be no shorter than
85% of five years.
The district court also imposed a mandatory minimum sentence under
Iowa Code section 902.13. Under that provision, Anderson would serve at least
three-fifths of the maximum period of incarceration before becoming eligible for
parole or work release. See id. § 902.13(1)–(2). Thus, Anderson would serve
between three and five years in prison.
Anderson filed a motion to correct illegal sentence. He argued his
three-year mandatory minimum should be reduced by earned time and the
possible reduction of his maximum period of incarceration should not be capped
at 15%. The district court denied Anderson’s motion in its entirety.
Anderson filed a petition for writ of certiorari action, raising a new
argument. For the first time, Anderson argues his sentence is illegal because he
was not convicted of a third domestic abuse assault, third offense. The state filed
a resistance to his petition. We granted Anderson’s petition and the parties filed
briefs. We retained the case.
Anderson’s argument goes like this: because section 902.13(1) provides an
enhanced sentence that is triggered by a third or subsequent conviction under
section 708.2A(4) and that section, in turn, applies only to a third or subsequent
conviction for domestic abuse assault, his sentence is not authorized by the 4
statutes because he did not commit a “third third” offense of domestic abuse
assault.1 Anderson argues any other reading renders the text of
section 902.13(1) superfluous. The state counters that Anderson did not
preserve error on his new argument, and even if he did, the plain meaning of the
text does not produce a “third third” scheme.
II. Standard of Review.
We review illegal-sentence challenges, questions of statutory
interpretation, and original certiorari actions for correction of errors at law.
Noll v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 919 N.W.2d 232, 234 (Iowa 2018).
III. Analysis.
A. Error Preservation. The state contests error preservation, noting the
argument Anderson raises on appeal differs from the arguments he made to the
district court. Anderson argues the rule of error preservation does not apply to
illegal sentences. Although the state is correct on the procedural history,
Anderson is correct on the law. “[W]e do not find a problem with error
preservation because ‘[i]llegal sentences may be challenged at any time.’ ”
State v. Lopez, 907 N.W.2d 112, 122 (Iowa 2018) (second alteration in original)
(quoting State v. Lathrop, 781 N.W.2d 288, 293 (Iowa 2010)); see also Dorsey v.
State, 975 N.W.2d 356, 360 (Iowa 2022) (applying the rule to a claim that
imposing mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole is illegal
1By extension, Anderson argues that his maximum accumulation of earned time should
not be capped at 15% because section 902.13(1) would be inapplicable to him. See Iowa Code § 903A.2(1)(b)(1). 5
under the Federal and Iowa Constitutions); Sandoval v. State, 975 N.W.2d 434,
438 (Iowa 2022) (same as to 18- and 19-year-old offenders).
[A] challenge to an illegal sentence includes claims that the court lacked the power to impose the sentence or that the sentence itself is somehow inherently legally flawed, including claims that the sentence is outside the statutory bounds or that the sentence itself is unconstitutional.
Lopez, 907 N.W.2d at 122 (quoting State v. Bruegger, 773 N.W.2d 862, 871 (Iowa
2009)). Anderson argues the district court enhanced his sentence beyond its
statutory authority because he did not meet the preconditions for enhancement.
That is a challenge to an illegal sentence; Anderson may raise it now through
this certiorari action.
B. Merits. “[A] sentence is illegal if it is not authorized by statute.” State v.
Letscher, 888 N.W.2d 880, 884 (Iowa 2016). We must decide whether sections
708.2A and 902.13 authorize the sentence the district court imposed on
Anderson. To do that, we must construe the statutes. We begin with the text of
the statutes in question. Doe v. State, 943 N.W.2d 608, 610 (Iowa 2020). We
consider the text of interrelated parts together as one whole. Antonin Scalia &
Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 167 (2012)
[hereinafter Scalia & Garner]. If the meaning of the text is clear and
unambiguous, our inquiry ends. Doe, 943 N.W.2d at 610.
We read these interrelated statutes together. See id. “On a third or
subsequent offense of domestic abuse assault, a person commits a class ‘D’
felony.” Iowa Code § 708.2A(4). “A person convicted of a violation referred to in 6
subsection 4 shall be sentenced as provided under section 902.13.” Id.
§ 708.2A(7)(b) (2018).2
A person who has been convicted of a third or subsequent offense of domestic abuse assault under section 708.2A, subsection 4, shall be denied parole or work release until the person has served between one-fifth of the maximum term and the maximum term of the person’s sentence as provided in subsection 2.
Id. § 902.13(1).3 Read together, section 708.2A(7)(b) unambiguously provides
that section 902.13(1) applies to all violations of section 708.2A(4), not merely
the third such violation.
So, on a third or subsequent offense of domestic abuse assault, the
offender both “commits a class ‘D’ felony” and “shall be denied parole or work
release until the person has served between one-fifth of the maximum term and
the maximum term of the person’s sentence.” Iowa Code § 708.2A(4), (7)(b); id.
§ 902.13(1). The offense referenced is one and the same; the consequences are
two and separate. Far from adding a second layer of “thirds” to the statutory
scheme, the language of “third or subsequent offense of domestic abuse assault
under section 708.2A, subsection 4” in section 902.13(1) is nothing more than a
belt-and-suspenders approach to guarantee clarity about the offense to which it
applies.
Section 902.13(1) is like other enhanced sentencing provisions found in
chapter 902. For ease of navigation and comprehension, the enhanced
2The statute was effective on the date Anderson committed his offense (October 17, 2017), but was not codified until the following year. 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 83, § 1 (codified at Iowa Code § 708.2A(7)(b) (2018) (effective July 1, 2017)). 3The statute was effective on the date Anderson committed his offense (October 17, 2017),
but was not codified until the following year. 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 83, § 5 (codified at Iowa Code § 902.13(1) (2018) (effective July 1, 2017)). 7
sentencing provisions routinely cross-reference the substantive offense listed
elsewhere in the Code along with a short description of the offense. Chapter 902
is replete with examples.4 Section 902.13(1) is no different: it lists a
cross-reference (to section 708.2A(4)) and a description of the offense there
proscribed (third or subsequent offense of domestic abuse assault). Accordingly,
we will treat section 902.13(1) no differently than the other provisions.
We do not regard the cross-referencing as surplusage. Some redundancy
is permissible. In State v. Thompson, we were faced with a new statute that
provided a represented defendant “shall not file any pro se document” and “[t]he
court shall not consider . . . such pro se filings.” 954 N.W.2d 402, 409 (Iowa
2021) (quoting Iowa Code § 814.6A (2020)). We concluded “shall not consider”
lacked effect because the court cannot consider a document that is not filed. Id.
at 417. We referenced a belt-and-suspenders canon that trumped the canon
against surplusage. Id. at 417–18; see also Scalia & Garner at 59 (“No canon of
4E.g., Iowa Code §§ 902.11(2) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person
serving a sentence for conviction of “operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or a drug under chapter 321J”), .12(1)(a) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person serving a sentence for conviction of “[m]urder in the second degree in violation of section 707.3”), (b) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person serving a sentence for conviction of “[a]ttempted murder in violation of section 707.11, except as provided in section 707.11, subsection 5”), (c) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person serving a sentence for conviction of “[s]exual abuse in the second degree in violation of section 709.3”), (d) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person serving a sentence for conviction of “[k]idnapping in the second degree in violation of section 710.3”), (e) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person serving a sentence for conviction of “[r]obbery in the second degree in violation of section 711.3, except as determined in subsection 4”), (f) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to a person serving a sentence for conviction of “[v]ehicular homicide in violation of section 707.6A, subsection 1 or 2”), (2) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to “a person serving a sentence for a conviction of child endangerment as defined in section 726.6, subsection 1, paragraph ‘b’ ”), (3) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to “[a] person serving a sentence for a conviction for robbery in the first degree in violation of section 711.2”), (4) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to “[a] person serving a sentence for a conviction for robbery in the second degree in violation of section 711.3”), (5) (establishing a minimum sentence applicable to “[a] person serving a sentence for a conviction for arson in the first degree in violation of section 712.2”). 8
interpretation is absolute. Each may be overcome by the strength of differing
principles that point in other directions.”). Courts should not apply the
surplusage canon rigidly because “[s]ometimes drafters do repeat themselves
and do include words that add nothing of substance, either out of a flawed sense
of style or to engage in the ill-conceived but lamentably common
belt-and-suspenders approach.” Thompson, 954 N.W.2d at 417 (quoting Scalia &
Garner at 176–77). Indeed, “legislatures may opt for redundant drafting in
relation to previously enacted statutes.” Id. at 417–18 (quoting Ethan J. Leib &
James J. Brudney, The Belt-and-Suspenders Canon, 105 Iowa L. Rev. 735, 742
(2020)).
So it is here. The new section 902.13(1), enacted in 2017, relates to the
older section 708.2A(4), enacted in 1996. 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 83, § 5 (codified at
Iowa Code § 902.13(1) (2018) (effective July 1, 2017)); 1996 Iowa Acts ch. 1131,
§ 3 (codified at Iowa Code § 708.2A(4) (1997)). One domestic abuse assault, third
offense—not a third third offense—triggers the sentencing enhancement under
section 902.13.5
Nevertheless, Anderson argues differences in language between the
enhanced sentencing provision and other provisions of the same legislation
reveal the legislature meant to enact the “third third” scheme. Specifically, he
touts language providing courts may not defer or suspend a sentence if “[t]he
offense is a violation referred to in section 708.2A, subsection 4,” noting an
5Because the enhanced sentence under section 902.13(1) applies to Anderson, we reject
his argument that his maximum accumulation of earned time should not be capped at 15%. See Iowa Code § 903A.2(1)(b)(1). 9
absence of the “third or subsequent offense” language used in section 902.13(1).
See 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 83, § 10 (codified at Iowa Code § 907.3(1)(a) (2018)). He
goes on to assert “there are ample reasons the legislature might decide to write
the law” in such a contrived fashion.
But Anderson is mistaken for several reasons. First, we do not ask what
the legislature intended; we ask what is the meaning of its enactment. Oliver
Wendell Holmes, The Theory of Legal Interpretation, 12 Harv. L. Rev. 417, 419
(1899) (“We do not inquire what the legislature meant; we ask only what the
statute means.”). Next, Anderson’s argument that differing language elsewhere
in the same legislation demonstrates the legislature’s intent to create the “third
third” scheme is nothing more than an extension of his basic argument that the
“third or subsequent offense” language of section 902.13(1) must mean
something or else be surplusage. As we have explained above, this is not the
case. Finally, we need not resort to policy to aid our construction of this
unambiguous law. See Iowa Code § 4.6(1). To the extent we consider it, we
readily conclude the sound legislative goal was to mandate a minimum
three-year prison term for a third domestic abuse assault.
IV. Disposition.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment and
sentence. We annul the writ of certiorari.
WRIT ANNULLED.