IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED “NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.” PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER, UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS, RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT. OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE ACTION. RENDERED: APRIL 29, 2021 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2020-SC-0239-WC
JBS SWIFT APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM COURT OF APPEALS v. NO. 2019-CA-1670 WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD NO. WC-18-00878
LYNN FIELDS; HON. CHRISTINA D. APPELLEES HAJJAR, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE; AND WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
JBS Swift appeals from the Court of Appeals’ decision upholding an
Administrative Law Judge’s (ALJ) award of permanent partial disability
benefits, temporary total disability benefits, and medical benefits. JBS Swift
argues that the ALJ erred by making findings not supported by substantial
evidence and exceeded the scope of her authority by forming a medical opinion.
Because the ALJ’s findings were supported by substantial evidence, and she
did not exceed the scope of her authority, we disagree. For the reasons stated
below, we affirm the Court of Appeals. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Lynn Fields began working for JBS Swift, a pork processing facility, in
August 1996 as a sanitation supervisor. Thereafter, he moved to various
supervisory positions. Most recently he worked as a supervisor in the casing
department. On June 6, 2016 Fields was assigned to the kill floor because JBS
Swift was short staffed. Fields explained that working on the kill floor was
much more physically demanding than his regular position, which usually
required him to lift up to forty pounds. In the kill room he had to pick up hogs
that weighed up to 165 pounds. While using long hooks to pull hogs that had
fallen off the processing rail to the kill floor he slipped in pooled blood, causing
him to fall on three occasions that day. The first time he fell he landed on the
concrete floor on his left side. During the second and third falls he landed on
his left side and low back. Fields reported his injury to health services and his
general foreman, but he did not immediately seek medical treatment for his
injury and continued to work.
On June 12, 2016 Fields experienced increased, radiating hip and leg
pain and had his son take him to the emergency room. The medical records
from his emergency room visit state he suffered from left hip pain, although
Fields testified he was also experiencing low back pain at the time. Fields did
not seek any further medical treatment until he went to U.S. HealthWorks at
the end of June. On that date, personnel gave him muscle relaxers and
referred him to Frazier Rehab Institute. He stated that at that time he was
2 experiencing constant pain, numbness and tingling in his left leg and low back
pain. He received physical therapy which helped some.
Fields underwent surgery on July 13, 2016 on his left foot for a condition
unrelated to the work incident. He was off work due to that foot surgery until
September 12, 2016. When he returned to work he experienced leg, hip and
low back pain. As a result, he only worked three or four more days with JBS
Swift after his foot surgery. A September 2016 MRI revealed two disc
herniations in his lower back. A month later he began treating with Dr.
Kimathi Doss, a neurosurgeon, who recommended physical therapy and
epidural injections. During a follow-up visit in March 2017 Fields reported
excruciating back pain and unbearable left leg pain.
Because the conservative treatments offered little relief, Dr. Doss
performed a lumbar fusion and discectomy at L5-S1 on November 29, 2017.
Fields testified that after the surgery he has not experienced leg pain, but still
has muscle spasms in his legs, tingling in his feet and constant low back pain.
He also testified that he is unable to lift, sit, or stand for long periods of time
and does not believe he is capable of returning to his pre-injury job either as a
casing department supervisor or kill floor supervisor.
Fields filed a workers’ compensation claim on June 4, 2018. He
underwent independent medical evaluations by Dr. Mark Barrett and Dr.
Russell Travis. Dr. Barrett assessed a 26% whole person impairment and
opined that Fields’s symptoms and the lumbar fusion surgery were causally
related to the work injury. Dr. Travis assessed a 22% whole person
3 impairment but did not believe Fields’s condition was a result of the work
injury.
On April 19, 2019 the ALJ entered an Opinion and Order concluding that
Fields sustained a low back and left hip/leg injury requiring a lumbar fusion.
The ALJ relied on Dr. Barrett’s opinion that attributed Fields’s injury to the
June 6, 2016 falls at work. She assessed a 22% impairment rating, as
assigned by Dr. Travis, and applied the 3 multiplier pursuant to Kentucky
Revised Statute (KRS) 342.730(1)(c)1 due to his inability to return to the work
he was performing at the time of his injury and increased the multiplier by 0.6
because Fields was sixty years old at the time of the injury, KRS
342.730(1)(c)3, for a total enhancement of 3.6.1 The ALJ awarded temporary
total disability benefits, permanent partial disability benefits and medical
expenses. JBS Swift filed a petition for reconsideration requesting additional
findings of fact as to causation and work-relatedness. The ALJ denied the
petition, stating that JBS Swift was asking the ALJ to reweigh the merits of the
claim which did not satisfy the standard for reconsideration.
On appeal the Workers’ Compensation Board (the Board) held that the
ALJ did not err in her analysis of the medical evidence. JBS Swift argued that
Fields first complained of hip and leg pain in September 2016 and therefore
1 Dr. Barrett conceded that his impairment rating assessment was conducted three months prior to “the date that patients are as good as they are going to get after the surgery.” Therefore, the ALJ relied on Dr. Travis’s impairment rating because Dr. Travis placed Fields at maximum medical improvement as of the date of his evaluation, which was September 19, 2018.
4 that injury was unrelated to the work injury that occurred three months prior.
The Board found, however, that Fields complained of left hip and leg pain as
early as June 30, 2016, and that the ALJ properly relied on Dr. Barrett’s
findings and opinions contained in his report and reaffirmed by his deposition
testimony. As to Dr. Travis, the Board observed that he ignored portions of the
Frazier Rehab notes because he only summarized one of the nine pages of the
records from Frazier Rehab. Consequently, the ALJ’s rejection of Dr. Travis’s
opinion was reasonable and supported by the record. Having reviewed the
record, the Board concluded that the ALJ’s findings were amply supported by
substantial medical evidence.
Addressing JBS Swift’s appeal, the Court of Appeals concluded that the
ALJ did not err in relying on Dr. Barrett’s opinion, nor did the Board err in
affirming the ALJ’s Opinion, Order and Award. Substantial medical evidence
supported the ALJ’s factual findings regarding Fields’s medical conditions.
ANALYSIS
Before this Court, JBS Swift continues to argue that the ALJ based her
opinion on inaccurate facts and that she exceeded the scope of her authority by
determining when Fields’s radiculopathy2 began. After review, we reject both of
these arguments.
2 “Radiculopathy describes a range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column.” Johns Hopkins Medicine, Radiculopathy, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/radiculopathy (last visited Apr 9, 2021). The symptoms vary by location in the spine, but frequently include pain, weakness, numbness and tingling. Id.
5 I. The ALJ properly relied on substantial medical evidence.
“[W]here the party with the burden of proof was successful before the
ALJ, the issue on appeal is whether substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s
conclusion.” Whittaker v. Rowland, 998 S.W.2d 479, 481 (Ky. 1999).
“Substantial evidence means evidence of substance and relevant consequence
having the fitness to induce conviction in the minds of reasonable men.”
Smyzer v. B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co., 474 S.W.2d 367, 369 (Ky. 1971). Fields
had the burden of proof before the ALJ, so we must determine whether the
ALJ’s Opinion and Order was supported by substantial evidence. JBS Swift
must show that no evidence of substantial probative value supports the ALJ’s
decision. Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641 (Ky. 1986).
JBS Swift asserts that the parties are entitled to have their claims
“decided upon the basis of correct findings of basic facts.” Cook v. Paducah
Recapping Serv., 694 S.W.2d 684, 689 (Ky. 1985). Additionally, “[w]hen a
physician’s opinion is based on a history that is ‘substantially inaccurate or
largely incomplete,’ that opinion ‘cannot constitute substantial evidence.’”
Eddie’s Serv. Ctr. v. Thomas, 503 S.W.3d 881, 887 (Ky. 2016) (quoting Cepero v.
Fabricated Metals Corp., 132 S.W.3d 839, 842 (Ky. 2004)). JBS Swift takes
issue with Dr. Barrett’s report, claiming he revised and changed his medical
opinion during his deposition. Dr. Barrett’s report was significant to the ALJ’s
disposition of the claim because she relied on it to conclude that Fields
sustained a work-related injury. She also found Fields’s testimony credible.
JBS Swift insists that Dr. Barrett changed his medical opinion during his
6 deposition, rendering the ALJ’s reliance on his report in awarding benefits
improper. We reiterate that the ALJ, as fact-finder, has the sole authority to
determine the quality, character and substance of the evidence. Square D Co.
v. Tipton, 862 S.W.2d 308, 309 (Ky. 1993).
In generating his report Dr. Barrett, an emergency room physician and
general surgeon, reviewed Fields’s medical history and records. He diagnosed
Fields with lumbar pain with radicular symptoms status post L5-S1 fusion
following his slip and fall injury at work. Due to his persistent symptoms Dr.
Barrett evaluated Fields using the range of motion method according to the
Fifth Edition of the American Medical Association’s Guides to the Evaluation of
Permanent Impairment and assessed a 26% whole person impairment. Dr.
Barrett also opined that Fields could not return to the work he was doing at the
time of his injury and restricted him from lifting above ten pounds.
Upon examination Dr. Barrett noted that Fields was leaning forward and
to the side because of lumbar pain and had a decreased range of motion in the
left hip. Dr. Ashok Alur, a physician at a local medical clinic, initially treated
Fields for his foot issue, but also saw him for issues related to the work injury.
Dr. Barrett noted Dr. Alur’s September 15, 2016 note that the back pain began
“three days ago,” but Dr. Barrett also reported that Fields explained the
reference was inaccurate and that he actually told Dr. Alur the pain began
three months prior, not three days prior. After reviewing Fields’s medical
records and examining him, Dr. Barrett opined that Fields “had a new onset of
back pain with radicular symptoms that got progressively worse after a fall on
7 June 6, 2016, while at work.” He concluded that the work fall was a “direct
and precipitate case of his subsequent clinical course and therapeutic care
. . . .”
JBS Swift focuses its argument on the medical records, asserting that
Fields did not experience radiculopathy in his hip until September 2016 based
on Dr. Alur’s note. Dr. Alur’s September 15 treatment note stated that Fields
reported waking up and bending over to retrieve something when he
experienced a significant back spasm that nearly caused him to fall to the floor.
JBS Swift further highlights a September 12, 2016 U.S. Healthworks visit note
stating Fields had pain radiating into the left lower extremity. JBS Swift
proposes that, based on these records, September 12, 2016 was the actual
onset of Fields’s hip and back pain. Our review of the record does not support
this conclusion.
A June 30, 2016 U.S. Healthworks note states Fields “injured left hip 4
weeks ago . . . ” and that his chief complaint regarded his hip and leg. A note
from a July 1, 2016 visit to Frazier Rehab indicates that on that date Fields’s
chief complaint was left hip pain from a slip and fall injury. The same records
also indicate the date of onset as June 6, 2016, the date of Fields’s falls at JBS
Swift’s pork processing facility. Additionally, notes from a July 7, 2016 visit to
Frazier Rehab reflect that Fields reported hip, low back and left leg pain. He
reported the same symptoms again on July 12. Obviously all of these
documented instances predate the September 12 date for onset posited by JBS
Swift.
8 Dr. Barrett’s report constitutes substantial evidence as to Fields’s work-
related injury. In addition to her reliance on Dr. Barrett’s opinion, the ALJ
determined that “Fields was credible and consistently reported to his doctors
that the falls on June 6, 2016 were the precipitating cause of the onset of his
low back and left hip/leg symptoms.” Fields testified that after the falls he
experienced pain on his “side and back area.” He also estimated that
approximately a week after the falls, so well before September 12, he
experienced shooting pain in his legs.
While the initial medical records from U.S. Healthworks and Norton
Emergency Room focus primarily on the hip, Fields’s testimony and medical
records from Frazier Rehab clearly indicate that his low back was also hurt on
the day of the work injury and that he experienced pain in that area about a
week later. “[T]he ALJ’s findings of fact are entitled to considerable deference
and will not be set aside unless the evidence compels a contrary finding.”
Finley v. DBM Technologies, 217 S.W.3d 261, 264 (Ky. App. 2007). Sufficient
medical evidence supported the ALJ’s finding that the three June 6 falls at
work caused Fields’s injury and symptoms. Arguably Dr. Alur’s note could
support a finding that certain symptoms did not begin until September 2016
and were a result of Fields bending to retrieve something at home and having a
back spasm. However, “[a]lthough a party may note evidence which would
have supported a conclusion contrary to the ALJ’s decision, such evidence is
not an adequate basis for reversal on appeal.” Ira A. Watson Dep’t Store v.
Hamilton, 34 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Ky. 2000) (citing McCloud v. Beth-Elkhorn Corp.,
9 514 S.W.2d 46 (Ky. 1974)). This single treatment note, which Fields asserts
was inaccurate based on the history he provided to Dr. Alur, does not
constitute grounds for reversal.
“[A] finding which can reasonably be made is, perforce, not clearly
erroneous. A finding which is unreasonable under the evidence presented is
‘clearly erroneous’ and, perforce, would ‘compel’ a different finding.” Francis,
708 S.W.2d at 643. The ALJ reasonably relied on substantial medical evidence
to support her conclusions.
Related to the first argument JBS Swift also asserts that the ALJ
improperly determined when Fields’s radiculopathy began, a conclusion that is
squarely within the province of medical experts. The ALJ concluded: “This ALJ
relies upon Dr. Barrett to find that Fields sustained a work-related injury on
June 6, 2016, to his low back and left hip/leg, which resulted in the fusion
surgery.” JBS Swift asserts that the obvious inference from this statement is
that the leg pain association with radiculopathy began on June 6. JBS Swift
argues that this amounts to the ALJ relying on an incorrect history of
symptoms and arriving at an incorrect diagnosis.
This Court has held that a medical opinion regarding causation based
upon an inaccurate set of facts does not constitute substantial evidence.
Cepero, 132 S.W.3d 839. However, the facts relied upon by the ALJ were not
incorrect and substantial medical evidence supported the finding that the June
6 work injury led to Fields’s symptoms and subsequent surgery.
10 JBS Swift focuses particularly on when Fields’s medical records use the
term “radiculopathy,” but that is not determinative of causation. As Dr.
Barrett acknowledged, and JBS Swift concedes, hip and leg pain do not
necessarily equate to radiculopathy. A diagnosis of radiculopathy is certainly
not a requirement to Fields’s receiving workers’ compensation benefits, nor is it
relevant to the validity of the ALJ’s opinion as to causation. JBS Swift’s
arguments would require that, for the lumbar fusion surgery to be
compensable, there must be treatment notes from the date of injury
documenting immediate onset of lumbar radiculopathy. This is simply not a
prerequisite to compensability.
Further, as noted by the Court of Appeals, though Fields was first
diagnosed with radiculopathy on September 12, 2016, that does not
necessarily mean he first experienced radiculopathy on that date. Dr. Barrett
acknowledged this in his medical report and again in his deposition.
Additionally, other medical records, noted above, state that Fields complained
of hip and back pain prior to September 12, 2016. Dr. Barrett also
acknowledged his conversation with Fields regarding his medical history in
which Fields explained that Dr. Alur’s September 15, 2016 record with a
history stating he only started experiencing hip and low back pain on
September 12, 2016 was inaccurate. While September 12, 2016 may have
been the first time Fields was officially diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy, it
is apparent that his radicular symptoms had been present since the June 2016
falls at work.
11 JBS Swift also maintains that Dr. Barrett clarified, during his deposition
testimony, that the onset of leg pain indicated when radiculopathy began and
that medical records confirm there was no evidence of leg pain associated with
radiculopathy until September 12, 2016. Again, we note that the July 7, 2016
Frazier Rehab records stated that Fields reported leg pain on that date and
again on July 12. A U.S. Healthworks record from a June 30, 2016 visit states
that Fields was experiencing tenderness of the left thigh. These records
certainly support that his left leg pain began well before September 12.
It is the quality and substance of a physician's testimony, not the use of particular “magic words,” that determines whether it rises to the level of reasonable medical probability, i.e., to the level necessary to prove a particular medical fact. Where there is conflicting medical testimony concerning the cause of a harmful change, it is for the ALJ to weigh the evidence and decide which opinion is the most credible and reliable.
Brown-Forman Corp. v. Upchurch, 127 S.W.3d 615, 621 (Ky. 2004) (citing
Turner v. Commonwealth, 5 S.W.3d 119, 122–23 (Ky. 1999)). The ALJ did not
rely on an inaccurate set of facts in rendering her opinion.
Both arguments in JBS Swift’s appeal are premised on the allegation that
Dr. Barrett corrected his report, changed his testimony, or revised his findings.
But Dr. Barrett did not amend any of the conclusions in his medical report and
certainly did not revise his opinion that the work injury necessitated the
lumbar fusion surgery. At his deposition, Dr. Barrett was simply asked to
confirm the contents of Dr. Alur’s medical records which suggested Fields’s hip
and back pain started in September 2016. As noted, this easily could have
been Dr. Alur’s error as Fields explained to Dr. Barrett that he reported the
12 pain began three months ago, i.e., in June, not three days ago. Dr. Barrett
simply discussed the contents of Dr. Alur’s notes and explained an apparent
discrepancy in what Fields reported and what Dr. Alur noted. He did not
change his opinion.
Moreover, the ALJ did not form her own medical diagnosis but rather
relied on Dr. Barrett in reaching her conclusions. Dr. Barrett noted twice that
the falls at work precipitated the fusion surgery. His acknowledgment of other
medical records from other physicians during his deposition does not equate to
recanting his previous opinion. In fact, during Dr. Barrett’s deposition he
confirmed that he stood by the opinions stated in his original report. The ALJ’s
reliance on Dr. Barrett’s medical opinions was not misplaced, and the Board
did not impermissibly supplement the ALJ’s findings by citing additional
evidence from the record in support of her conclusions. The Board’s role in
reviewing an ALJ’s decision is to determine whether the findings are so
unreasonable under the evidence that they must be reversed as a matter of
law. Ira A. Watson Dep’t Store, 34 S.W.3d at 52. The Board used the
additional medical evidence to illustrate the ALJ’s award was justified and,
contrary to JBS Swift’s argument, did not usurp the ALJ’s role as fact-finder.
CONCLUSION
We find no error in the ALJ’s disposition of this case, which was affirmed
by both the Board and Court of Appeals. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of
13 Appeals’ decision affirming the Board and upholding the ALJ’s Opinion, Order
and Award.
All sitting. All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Walter Elliott Harding Boehl Stopher & Graves, LLP
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE, LYNN FIELDS:
Pierre J. Coolen Morgan & Morgan
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE:
Christina Ditty Hajjar
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD:
Michael Wayne Alvey, Director