IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT J.B., ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) WD84010 ) PAUL C. VESCOVO, III, ET AL., ) Opinion filed: August 31, 2021 ) ) Respondents. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CLAY COUNTY, MISSOURI THE HONORABLE K. ELIZABETH DAVIS, JUDGE
Division Three: Edward R. Ardini, Jr., Presiding Judge, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Judge and W. Douglas Thomson, Judge
J.B. appeals the trial court’s judgment denying his petition for removal from
the Missouri sex offender registry. On appeal, J.B. contends the trial court erred in
determining J.B. was adjudicated for a tier III sexual offense because he pled guilty
to a non-registerable, class A misdemeanor offense in 1997, and designating him as
a tier III offender would lead to an illogical result and a contradiction of the legislative
intent behind the removal process. We affirm. Factual and Procedural History
In 1997, J.B. was charged with sexual abuse in the second degree alleging that
he subjected the alleged victim, to whom he was not married and who was less than
twelve to thirteen, to sexual contact. J.B. pled guilty to the amended misdemeanor
charge of attempted endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree pursuant
to a plea agreement and received a suspended imposition of sentence with a probation
term of two years. Although not initially required to register with the sex offender
registry, due to a statutory change he was later required to do so. In 2014, J.B.
learned of the statutory change requiring him to register and did so. Shortly
thereafter, J.B. filed a petition for declaratory judgment seeking his removal from the
sex offender registry. After a bench trial, the trial court determined that J.B. pled
guilty to a registerable offense and denied his request to be removed from said
registry.1 The trial court’s determination was affirmed in Doe v. Belmar, 564 S.W.3d
415 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018).
Missouri’s Sex Offender Registration Act (“SORA”), section 589.400 et seq.,
effective January 1, 1995, originally imposed lifetime registration requirements for
qualifying offenses with limited exceptions. Dixon v. Missouri State Highway Patrol,
583 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019). In 2018, the General Assembly amended
1 Notably, the trial court’s judgment in that decision provided additional information about the underlying offense from the victim’s testimony, including that the victim, a thirteen-year-old female attending a church camp was ordered by J.B., who was serving in a leadership role as a pastor at the camp, to take off all of her clothes in front of him. J.B. lifted her breasts and touched her vagina. J.B. told the victim that if she told anyone her mother would be disappointed and she would get in trouble. “[W]e are permitted ‘to take judicial notice of our own records and may take judicial notice of the records of other cases when justice so requires.’” Muhammad v. State, 579 S.W.3d 291, 293 n.4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019).
2 SORA and “for the first time divided sexual offenders into three ‘tiers,’ based on the
severity of the offenses of which they were convicted.” Id.; section 589.414.2 “The
2018 amendments specified that only offenders in the highest tier—tier III—would
be subject to a lifetime registration obligation.” Id. Sexual offenders in tiers I and II
are eligible to petition for removal from the registry after fifteen and twenty-five
years, respectively. Section 589.400.4. Section 589.414.7(2)(d) provides that a person
adjudicated for the crime of endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree
under section 568.045, if the offense is sexual in nature,3 is a tier III offender,
requiring registration for life.
On January 14, 2020, J.B. filed his petition for removal from the Missouri sex
offender registry (“Petition”) pursuant to section 589.401 alleging his designation as
a tier III offender is incorrect because (1) the original charged offense of felony sexual
abuse in the second degree, is classified as a tier I offense, and (2) he pled guilty to a
misdemeanor offense of attempted endangering the welfare of a child in the first
degree and the tier III classification contains no other misdemeanor offenses. J.B.
asserted his proper tier classification is tier I because his original charge is listed as
such, and the charge to which he pled guilty is a misdemeanor.
After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court entered its judgment (“Judgment”)
denying the Petition and made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
2All statutory references are to RSMo 2016, as updated by supplement unless otherwise
indicated. 3The underlying offense was previously determined to be sexual in nature, thus requiring
J.B. to register as a sex offender. See generally, Doe, 564 S.W.3d at 421.
3 1. On March 27, 1997, in the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri, [J.B.] was adjudicated for the criminal offense of attempted endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree pursuant to section 568.045 . . .in that [J.B.] attempted to act in a manner that created a substantial risk to the body and health of [Victim] ‘by having her disrobe in front of [J.B.]’
2. Section 589.414 . . . provides, ‘Tier III sexual offenders include . . . [a]ny offender who has been adjudicated for the crime of . . . [e]ndangering the welfare of a child in the first degree under section 568.045 if the offense is sexual in nature[.]’ Section 589.414.7(2)(d), RSMo Supp 2018.
3. Section 589.40[4]4 . . . provides: As used in section 589.400 and 589.425, the following terms mean: ‘Adjudicated’ or ‘adjudication’ . . . a finding of guilt, plea of guilt . . . to committing, attempting to commit[.]
4. Therefore, [J.B.] was adjudicated for a Tier III sexual offense because the offense was sexual in nature[.]
5. As a result, [J.B.] is required to register as a sex offender for his lifetime pursuant to section 589.401.4[.]
6. Neither the classification of the original offense with which [J.B.] was charged nor the fact that the offense for which [J.B.] was adjudicated is a misdemeanor affects the classification of [J.B.’s] offense as a Tier III sexual offense.
J.B. appeals.
Standard of Review
“‘An appellate court will reverse a judgment of a trial court when it is not
supported by substantial evidence, is against the weight of the evidence, or
erroneously declares or applies the law.’” Dixon, 583 S.W.3d at 523 (citation omitted).
“‘Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo.’” Id. (citation omitted).
4 At oral argument, J.B.’s counsel conceded the Judgment contained a typographical error when it referred to section 589.400 instead of section 589.404. 4 “‘Any time a court is called upon to apply a statute, the primary obligation is to
ascertain the intent of the legislature from the language used, to give effect to that
intent if possible, and to consider the words in their plain and ordinary meaning.’”
Id. at 523-24 (citation omitted).
Analysis
In his sole point on appeal, J.B. asserts that the trial court erred in determining
J.B. was adjudicated for a tier III sexual offense because he pled guilty to a non-
registerable, class A misdemeanor offense and designating him as a tier III offender
would lead to an illogical result and a contradiction of the legislative intent behind
the removal process. J.B. does not challenge the registration requirement itself,
which has clearly been determined.
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IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT J.B., ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) WD84010 ) PAUL C. VESCOVO, III, ET AL., ) Opinion filed: August 31, 2021 ) ) Respondents. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CLAY COUNTY, MISSOURI THE HONORABLE K. ELIZABETH DAVIS, JUDGE
Division Three: Edward R. Ardini, Jr., Presiding Judge, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Judge and W. Douglas Thomson, Judge
J.B. appeals the trial court’s judgment denying his petition for removal from
the Missouri sex offender registry. On appeal, J.B. contends the trial court erred in
determining J.B. was adjudicated for a tier III sexual offense because he pled guilty
to a non-registerable, class A misdemeanor offense in 1997, and designating him as
a tier III offender would lead to an illogical result and a contradiction of the legislative
intent behind the removal process. We affirm. Factual and Procedural History
In 1997, J.B. was charged with sexual abuse in the second degree alleging that
he subjected the alleged victim, to whom he was not married and who was less than
twelve to thirteen, to sexual contact. J.B. pled guilty to the amended misdemeanor
charge of attempted endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree pursuant
to a plea agreement and received a suspended imposition of sentence with a probation
term of two years. Although not initially required to register with the sex offender
registry, due to a statutory change he was later required to do so. In 2014, J.B.
learned of the statutory change requiring him to register and did so. Shortly
thereafter, J.B. filed a petition for declaratory judgment seeking his removal from the
sex offender registry. After a bench trial, the trial court determined that J.B. pled
guilty to a registerable offense and denied his request to be removed from said
registry.1 The trial court’s determination was affirmed in Doe v. Belmar, 564 S.W.3d
415 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018).
Missouri’s Sex Offender Registration Act (“SORA”), section 589.400 et seq.,
effective January 1, 1995, originally imposed lifetime registration requirements for
qualifying offenses with limited exceptions. Dixon v. Missouri State Highway Patrol,
583 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019). In 2018, the General Assembly amended
1 Notably, the trial court’s judgment in that decision provided additional information about the underlying offense from the victim’s testimony, including that the victim, a thirteen-year-old female attending a church camp was ordered by J.B., who was serving in a leadership role as a pastor at the camp, to take off all of her clothes in front of him. J.B. lifted her breasts and touched her vagina. J.B. told the victim that if she told anyone her mother would be disappointed and she would get in trouble. “[W]e are permitted ‘to take judicial notice of our own records and may take judicial notice of the records of other cases when justice so requires.’” Muhammad v. State, 579 S.W.3d 291, 293 n.4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019).
2 SORA and “for the first time divided sexual offenders into three ‘tiers,’ based on the
severity of the offenses of which they were convicted.” Id.; section 589.414.2 “The
2018 amendments specified that only offenders in the highest tier—tier III—would
be subject to a lifetime registration obligation.” Id. Sexual offenders in tiers I and II
are eligible to petition for removal from the registry after fifteen and twenty-five
years, respectively. Section 589.400.4. Section 589.414.7(2)(d) provides that a person
adjudicated for the crime of endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree
under section 568.045, if the offense is sexual in nature,3 is a tier III offender,
requiring registration for life.
On January 14, 2020, J.B. filed his petition for removal from the Missouri sex
offender registry (“Petition”) pursuant to section 589.401 alleging his designation as
a tier III offender is incorrect because (1) the original charged offense of felony sexual
abuse in the second degree, is classified as a tier I offense, and (2) he pled guilty to a
misdemeanor offense of attempted endangering the welfare of a child in the first
degree and the tier III classification contains no other misdemeanor offenses. J.B.
asserted his proper tier classification is tier I because his original charge is listed as
such, and the charge to which he pled guilty is a misdemeanor.
After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court entered its judgment (“Judgment”)
denying the Petition and made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
2All statutory references are to RSMo 2016, as updated by supplement unless otherwise
indicated. 3The underlying offense was previously determined to be sexual in nature, thus requiring
J.B. to register as a sex offender. See generally, Doe, 564 S.W.3d at 421.
3 1. On March 27, 1997, in the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri, [J.B.] was adjudicated for the criminal offense of attempted endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree pursuant to section 568.045 . . .in that [J.B.] attempted to act in a manner that created a substantial risk to the body and health of [Victim] ‘by having her disrobe in front of [J.B.]’
2. Section 589.414 . . . provides, ‘Tier III sexual offenders include . . . [a]ny offender who has been adjudicated for the crime of . . . [e]ndangering the welfare of a child in the first degree under section 568.045 if the offense is sexual in nature[.]’ Section 589.414.7(2)(d), RSMo Supp 2018.
3. Section 589.40[4]4 . . . provides: As used in section 589.400 and 589.425, the following terms mean: ‘Adjudicated’ or ‘adjudication’ . . . a finding of guilt, plea of guilt . . . to committing, attempting to commit[.]
4. Therefore, [J.B.] was adjudicated for a Tier III sexual offense because the offense was sexual in nature[.]
5. As a result, [J.B.] is required to register as a sex offender for his lifetime pursuant to section 589.401.4[.]
6. Neither the classification of the original offense with which [J.B.] was charged nor the fact that the offense for which [J.B.] was adjudicated is a misdemeanor affects the classification of [J.B.’s] offense as a Tier III sexual offense.
J.B. appeals.
Standard of Review
“‘An appellate court will reverse a judgment of a trial court when it is not
supported by substantial evidence, is against the weight of the evidence, or
erroneously declares or applies the law.’” Dixon, 583 S.W.3d at 523 (citation omitted).
“‘Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo.’” Id. (citation omitted).
4 At oral argument, J.B.’s counsel conceded the Judgment contained a typographical error when it referred to section 589.400 instead of section 589.404. 4 “‘Any time a court is called upon to apply a statute, the primary obligation is to
ascertain the intent of the legislature from the language used, to give effect to that
intent if possible, and to consider the words in their plain and ordinary meaning.’”
Id. at 523-24 (citation omitted).
Analysis
In his sole point on appeal, J.B. asserts that the trial court erred in determining
J.B. was adjudicated for a tier III sexual offense because he pled guilty to a non-
registerable, class A misdemeanor offense and designating him as a tier III offender
would lead to an illogical result and a contradiction of the legislative intent behind
the removal process. J.B. does not challenge the registration requirement itself,
which has clearly been determined. Doe, 564 S.W.3d at 421. His pending challenge
is solely to his status as a tier III offender.
The primary rule of statutory interpretation is to effectuate legislative intent through reference to the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory language. This Court must presume every word, sentence or clause in a statute has effect, and the legislature did not insert superfluous language. When the words are clear, there is nothing to construe beyond applying the plain meaning of the law. A court will look beyond the plain meaning of the statute only when the language is ambiguous or would lead to an absurd or illogical result.
Kersting v. Replogle, 492 S.W.3d 600, 602 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016) (quoting Bateman v.
Rinehart, 391 S.W.3d 441, 446 (Mo. banc 2013)). “‘A statute is ambiguous when its
plain language does not answer the current dispute as to its meaning.’” Id. at 603
(citation omitted).
We first turn to J.B.’s argument that SORA is a penal statute such that the
Rule of Lenity requires ambiguities within SORA be resolved against the 5 government. “The Rule of Lenity mandates that ‘ambiguity in a penal statute will be
construed against the government or party seeking to exact statutory penalties and
in favor of persons on whom such penalties are sought to be imposed.’” Selig v.
Russell, 604 S.W.3d 817, 825 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020) (quoting J.S. v. Beaird, 28 S.W.3d
875, 877 (Mo. banc 2000)). The Rule of Lenity “‘applies to interpretation of statutes
only if, after seizing everything from which aid can be derived, the court can make no
more than a guess as to what the legislature intended.’” Selig, 604 S.W.3d at 825
(quoting State v. Liberty, 370 S.W.3d 537, 547 (Mo. banc 2012)). Thus, in order to
determine whether to apply the Rule of Lenity, we must first determine whether
there is an ambiguity within the statutes under review such that we are unclear as
to the legislative intent. Here, we find the words of the applicable statutes clear and
free of ambiguity, thereby rendering the Rule of Lenity inapplicable.
Section 589.414.5-7 address the specific tiers within which an offender is
classified based upon which offense the offender has been adjudicated. Each
subsection, in precisely the same language, states “[t]ier [either I, II, or III] sexual
offenders include: Any offender who has been adjudicated for the offense of,” after
which the included sexual offenses are listed. The “offense of” endangering the
welfare of a child in the first degree under section 568.045 is a tier III offense if the
offense is sexual in nature. Section 589.414.7(2)(d).
Key to analyzing section 589.414.7 is the definition of “adjudicated”, which is
found at section 589.404(1), and states: As used in sections 589.400 to 589.425, the
following terms mean: (1) “Adjudicated” or “adjudication”, adjudication of
6 delinquency, a finding of guilt [or] plea of guilty, . . ., to committing, attempting to
commit, or conspiring to commit[.] Thus, were we to replace the defined word
“adjudicated” with its statutory definition, we may read section 589.414.7(2)(d) as
follows, “[t]ier III sexual offenders include . . . (2) [a]ny offender who has [pled guilty]
to [committing, attempting to commit, or conspiring to commit] the offense of . . . (d)
[e]ndangering the welfare of a child in the first degree under section 568.045 if the
offense is sexual in nature. Here, J.B. pled guilty to the offense of attempted
endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree. Clearly then, J.B. was
adjudicated, as that term is defined in section 589.404 and as used in section 589.414,
of endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree because he pled guilty to
attempting to commit such offense. Thus, it is equally clear that J.B. is a tier III
sexual offender. Because section 589.414 is clear and free of ambiguity, the Rule of
Lenity is not applicable.
This analysis also addresses J.B.’s argument that the trial court erred in
finding him a tier III offender because his plea of guilty was to a misdemeanor that
did not require registration at the time. As determined above, it is clear the
legislature intended to designate his offense as a tier III offense, regardless of its
status as a misdemeanor. Section 589.414.7(2)(d). This claim has no merit. Kersting,
492 S.W.3d at 602.
J.B. makes a series of conclusory arguments that placing him in tier III would
lead to an illogical result and a contradiction of legislative intent, including: SORA
should be considered a redemptive statute, and therefore remedial in nature and
7 liberally construed; the legislature simply could not have intended to treat those
convicted of a misdemeanor more severely than those convicted of offenses J.B.
believes to be more serious, and; that it is illogical that he entered into a plea
agreement and pled guilty in 1997 to an ‘attempt’ misdemeanor to avoid sex offender
registration, but he is now subject to lifetime registration. All of J.B.’s arguments
seek to compel this court to construe the statutes in such a way that J.B. is not placed
in tier III. This we cannot do as the statutes are clear and unambiguous. Where, as
here, “the words are clear, there is nothing to construe beyond applying the plain
meaning of the law.” Id. J.B.’s arguments fail to demonstrate any ambiguity in the
referenced statutes. Rather, they are policy arguments which should be made, if
anywhere, to the legislature. Furthermore, while J.B. attacks his placement in tier
III, he fails to provide any reasonable basis on which he could conceivably be placed
in tier I or tier II.
The trial court did not err in classifying J.B. as a tier III sex offender and
denying his Petition. Point is denied.
Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
__________________________________________ W. DOUGLAS THOMSON, JUDGE All concur.